US3888621A - Monitoring and controlling kiln operation in calcination of coke - Google Patents

Monitoring and controlling kiln operation in calcination of coke Download PDF

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Publication number
US3888621A
US3888621A US460463A US46046374A US3888621A US 3888621 A US3888621 A US 3888621A US 460463 A US460463 A US 460463A US 46046374 A US46046374 A US 46046374A US 3888621 A US3888621 A US 3888621A
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Prior art keywords
kiln
locality
coke
burning
combustion
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US460463A
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English (en)
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Merlyn Morris Williams
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Alcan Research and Development Ltd
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Alcan Research and Development Ltd
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Priority to US460463A priority Critical patent/US3888621A/en
Priority to DK149475A priority patent/DK149475A/da
Priority to FR7511190A priority patent/FR2267365B1/fr
Priority to IT22229/75A priority patent/IT1037213B/it
Priority to ES436487A priority patent/ES436487A1/es
Priority to AU80029/75A priority patent/AU8002975A/en
Priority to BR2838/75A priority patent/BR7502231A/pt
Priority to YU00925/75A priority patent/YU92575A/xx
Priority to SU752147446A priority patent/SU648113A3/ru
Priority to DE19752515807 priority patent/DE2515807B2/de
Priority to CA224,397A priority patent/CA1052313A/en
Priority to NL7504338.A priority patent/NL159187B/xx
Priority to GB15082/75A priority patent/GB1503701A/en
Priority to JP4474775A priority patent/JPS5315921B2/ja
Priority to AR258369A priority patent/AR224603A1/es
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0028—Regulation
    • F27D2019/0034—Regulation through control of a heating quantity such as fuel, oxidant or intensity of current
    • F27D2019/004—Fuel quantity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0028—Regulation
    • F27D2019/0034—Regulation through control of a heating quantity such as fuel, oxidant or intensity of current
    • F27D2019/004—Fuel quantity
    • F27D2019/0046—Amount of secondary air to the burner
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27M—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS OF THE CHARGES OR FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS
    • F27M2001/00—Composition, conformation or state of the charge
    • F27M2001/04—Carbon-containing material

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Calcination of petroleum coke in a rotary kiln is monitored by optical pyrometer inspection, inward from the coke discharge end, at a plurality of places spaced longitudinally inside the kiln, with the improved result of enabling the kiln to be controlled so that desired readings at one of the places, e.g., nearest the coke discharge end, are not impeded or falsified by flame and smoke conditions caused by burning of volatiles. Since pyrometer readings are found to produce a special signal due to flame or smoke, the use of the plural inspections permits detecting the location of such conditions and controlling the kiln to keep the flame and smoke from reaching the place of desired readings.
  • This invention relates to the calcination of coke, particularly petroleum coke such as intended to provide carbon for making electrodes or the like. Calcining operations of this sort are commonly performed in a rotary kiln into which the green petroleum coke in suitable particulate form is fed at one end, for delivery of treated product at the other end. In the kiln, the coke is calcined at high temperature, to drive off the volatiles and shrink the coke to a predetermined, desired density.
  • the calcined product is useful for carbon elements and structures, notably for various situations of electrical function, such as in high temperature electrochemical operations, and most particularly for anodes and lining compositions in aluminum reduction cells.
  • the calcining process is endothermic, and desired results require adequate heating but very preferably without appreciable combustion of the carbon itself.
  • a prime indicator of desired operation is found to be the temperature of the calcined or nearly-calcined material, for example as it approaches the end of the kiln.
  • a considerable amount of heat is obtained by burning the released volatiles, i.e., ordinarily a substantial proportion of them.
  • the excess of volatiles is carried off in the countercurrent flow of all gases including combustion products, out the gas discharge, which is the feed end of the kiln, and such excess of volatiles can be recovered or otherwise made available for external utilization.
  • the effect of variations in feed or nature of the green coke can be controlled by changing the feed rate or changing the time of passage through the kiln, i.e., by altering rotation speed.
  • changes in calcining effect revealed by unsatisfactory temperature in the discharge section of the kiln may be corrected by altering the amount of heat, as for instance with increase of the amount of air supplied into the kiln for burning volatiles, and most usually with addition or increase of supplemental fuel-fired heat.
  • one practice is to read the coke temperature as above, on a continuous or like basis.
  • departure of the temperature below a predetermined value such as l,250C
  • a predetermined value such as l,250C
  • the burner cuts out.
  • the amount of air that is advantageously supplied to the interior of the kiln at an intermediate region or regions, for the desired combustion of the volatiles, the object being to obtain a substantial quantity of heat without having so much air that oxidizing conditions prevail in the sense of promoting combustion of the carbon itself.
  • This optically detectable disturbance being the beginning of the volatile burning operation in the path of travel of air and gas toward the feed end, can be variously described as a wall of flame or a smoke curtain, and may have an appearance of mingled flame and smoke extending substantially across the kiln, so as to obscure or confuse an attempted inspection of interior regions of the kiln at and beyond the curtain.
  • this combustion disturbance tends to move lengthwise of the kiln, and particularly when the air supply is low, may move down the coke path, toward the discharge end, to and beyond the locality where temperature is measured by the optical pyrometer.
  • the signals of the pyrometer become abnormal, being characterized by a rapid, substantial fluctuation. This represents a false or meaningless reading of temperature and may correspondingly produce a false control of the supplemental burner, for example to bring it into operation when it would not be needed, thereby drawing in more fuel to compete for the already inadequate oxygen in the kiln. Since insufficient oxygen or air is often responsible for the downward travel of the smoky curtain, the unwanted operation of the burner can lead to a worsening of conditions, reducing the actual combustion of volatiles and impairing rather than improving the kiln operation.
  • the present invention is designed to obviate these difficulties and to provide a superior way of monitoring, i.e., controlling kiln operation, by the use of temperature readings.
  • the invention embraces a process wherein radiant energy inspection. i.e., by optical pyrometer means, is maintained at a plurality of successive localities along the kiln. notably in that portion of the kiln which can be considered the downstream region of the coke path. and advantageously in a portion which approaches the downstream end.
  • the optical inspection procedure being so aimed and utilized as to provide for continued maintenance of the significant kiln temperature readings, without interference by the combustion disturbance as it may undesirably tend to travel along the interior of the kiln and thus occupy an unwanted locality.
  • the invention provides for monitoring the operation of a kiln by optical pyrometer inspection. e.g., from the discharge end.
  • This operation comprises effecting such inspection of a first kiln locality suitable for temperature reading sig nificant of kiln operation, e.g., in the last half, and indeed preferably in the last quarter, of the kiln, the locality being downstream of a place where the volatile combustion is desired to occur, or at least downstream of the place below which such combustion and its disturbance should not move.
  • the procedure also includes effecting such inspection at another kiln locality, upstream in the coke path, from the first locality of inspection but downstream also of the permitted place of disturbance.
  • each optical pyrometer inspection is such that if the wall of smoke and flame embraces the inspected locality or comes downstream of it, the temperature signal will have a characteristic instability which is distinctive of the local occurrence of the combustion disturbance.
  • the temperature readings of the second, more upstream pyrometer are observed, by the attendant or automatically, and if they are characterized by an abnormal condition, the operation to maintain monitoring is brought into play, as by altering the calcining conditions of the kiln so that the volatile combustion zone is caused to move upstream and to depart from a location where it obscures the second or higher locality of optical pyrometer inspection.
  • An unusually effective adjustment for such purpose, manually or automatically, is to increase the supply of air to the interior of the kiln for enhanced burning of volatiles. This may be effected by adjusting the blower arrangements conventionally attached to the side of the kiln for introducing air at intermediate localities.
  • the obscuring combustion disturbance is caused to move back up the kiln (toward the feed end) so as to serve the primary purpose of preventing such disturbance from ever reaching the first locality of pyrometer inspection; the tempera ture readings from the latter are thus kept accurate for their desired function ofindicating the operating condition of the kiln.
  • the adjustment in itself usually serves corrective functions, e.g., in restoring the locality of volatile combustion to a desired place and restoring the extent of such combustion to a desired value.
  • the basic control is preferably exercised over the air supply to the kiln, e.g.. to increase such air when the combustion disturbance has been detected at the second pyrometer inspection locality.
  • the volatile burning zone is caused to move upward of the kiln. away from the second inspection locality, as will be determined by absence of the abnormal or unstable temperature signal.
  • the monitoring procedure basically involves adjusting conditions so that when the abnormal signal appears, it is caused to disappear, and at the same time the process achieves the primary object of preventing the combustion disturbance from ever reaching (by further downstream travel) the first locality of temperature inspection, which is deemed of major importance for primary control of kiln operation.
  • a further feature of the invention embraces a more elaborate monitoring procedure and system. specifically including provision for inspection by optical pyrometer means at a.third kiln locality, further upstream (toward the coke feed end) than the second of the localities described above.
  • This further locality is advantageously chosen as appropriate for combustion of volatiles. or more strictly, as lying within a zone which in desired, normal operation of the kiln would be obscured by the curtain of combustion disturbance, and thus would normally result in the characteristic instability, i.e., fluctuation, of the temperature signals resulting from inspection there.
  • the object is to maintain unaffected readings from the first locality, so that the desired continuous or frequent measurement of calcined coke temperature is obtained.
  • the control or interpretation from the readings of the other two localities is that if both localities yield the abnormal instability of temperature signal, adjustment is effected, as by increasing supply of combustion air in the kiln by the blowers or by other alteration of kiln conditions, so that the combustion disturbance or curtain moves back up the kiln and the reading of the second locality becomes stable.
  • the control is conveniently exercised so that instability is maintained at the third locality. thus placing the burning of volatiles or the front or beginning of such burning at a position upstream (as the coke travels) of the second inspection locality but at or downstream of the third locality.
  • the operation can include response to disappearance of abnormal instability in the signals from the third locality, such that the flow of air is somewhat decreased, or other suitable adjustment made, to cause the combustion curtain to move along the kiln to such locality. That is to say. if all three pyrometer readings become stable. the combustion curtain can be considered to be moved too far up the kiln, and the above or other change of condition can then be desirable to move the combustion region back downstream. It will be understood that this more complete operation and system, involving three pyrometer readings, is believed to be advantageous, for maximum stability of kiln function. Very effective kiln operation and control, however. are attainable with the simpler provision of two inspections, especially in that in many cases unwanted upstream movement of the combustion disturbance does not ordinarily occur or tends to be self-correcting.
  • the described procedures are highly effective for monitoring kiln operation. especially in order to permit true temperature reading near the discharge end, continuously or as frequently as may be desired, for a variety of purposes, whether to control the supply of supplemental heat or indeed to control or record the state of kiln operation regardless of the use of such heat.
  • the present improvements not only embrace the described procedures, but novel apparatus including the combinations of instrumentalities as herein set forth.
  • FIG. I is a diagrammatic view, showing a rotary kiln mostly in longitudinal vertical section and illustrating the operations and arrangements of a first form of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a like diagrammatic view of a rotary kiln illustrating a second form of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 a rotary kiln I0 is shown into which granular petroleum coke is fed through an appropriate duct I2 at one end, and the calcined coke is caused to be discharged at the opposite end 14, e.g., by gravity down through a suitable outlet 15.
  • the kiln is arranged with a slope downwards, of suitable small angle, from the feed to discharge ends so that as it is com tinuously rotated around the longitudinal axis through appropriate drive means such as a pinion and ring gear arrangement illustrated at 16, the granular coke advances as a continuous bed 17 along the inside bottom of the kiln.
  • supplemental heat is directed into the kiln, e.g., from the discharge end 14, such heat being illustrated by the fuel burner 18 directed to project flaming or otherwise hot gaseous products of combustion into the kiln, upstream of the coke travel, it being understood that air is also supplied, at least as necessary for the combustion of the fuel, and that the path of gases through the kiln is countercurrent to the feed of coke, all such gases being discharged at the feed end 13.
  • At least a substantial quantity of the air employed for combustion of the volatile material removed from the coke by calcining is conveniently supplied at intermediate localities of the kiln.
  • a plurality of air supply means can be used, one arrangement is shown including a fan or blower 20 carried by the shell of the kiln l0 and rotating with it.
  • the blower 20 delivers air into an annular distributor or manifold 21 from which a plurality of openings or tuyeres 22 permit introduction of the air.
  • This sytem is appropriately arranged, as will be known, so that the air is introduced without undue disturbance of the travelling coke bed 24.
  • the normal operation of calcining petroleum coke in a kiln of this sort involves continuous feed of the coke particles, which are caused to travel as a substantial bed in the bottom of the kiln, by reason of the rotation of the latter, so that they eventually discharge over the end 14 of the cylindrical kiln shell.
  • the travelling coke is effectively calcined, becoming essentially pure carbon with at least nearly all of the material driven off.
  • the quality of the product is also measurable by its density, i.e., so-called real density, which increases substantially by reason of the heating during the calcining process.
  • an optical pyrometer 30 may be aimed, i.e., focused, to a portion of the kiln wall some distance in from the kiln end 14, so that this pyrometer, viewing such locality 32 of the coke bed or adjacent wall through the kiln end, provides signals which represent the temperature at the locality.
  • optical pyrometers of suitable nature are well known and that they are preferably used, in suitable focus, for optically reading the radiating condition (e.g.. in visible and infrared light radiation) of the observed locality, the latter being deemed to constitute a socalled black body.
  • the response of the pyrometer is read out as signals having values. as temperature, corresponding to the optical radiation of the inspected place.
  • pyrometers While in the situation of the calcining procedure, such pyrometers may be focused on the coke bed itself, as indicated for simplicity in the drawings, it is ordinarily preferable to make inspection of some immediately adjacent portion of the interior kiln wall, e.g., where it has just left the coke bed, for more even determination, which can be taken as substantially equal to the coke temperature, or differing from it by a small, constant amount for which allowance is made.
  • the pyrometer 30 may be connected to suitable control instrumentalities 33 which in turn govern the operation of the burner 18, as by initiating burning when the temperature falls below a given value and interrupting burning when it substantially exceeds such value.
  • combustion disturbance which can be considered to occur at 26 and to have a front 260 optically detectable, even visible, from the discharge end of the kiln. That is to say, this combustion disturbance is represented by a wall or curtain of smoke or flame, indeed usually a mixture of both, across the kiln. So long as this combustion disturbance remains upstream (relative to coke travel) of the temperature-inspection locality 32, the kiln operation is readily controlled, but it has a tendency to move longitudinally of the kiln, particularly in the downstream direction, toward the discharge end 14.
  • the burner 18 because of a false reading, ay be brought into operation when such is not desired, or alternatively if there is a false high reading, there may be a failure of the burner to be started. In either case, the desired control of process conditions is greatly impaired. Particularly if the burner is fired when it is unneeded (as most usually occurs when the smoke 26a reaches 32), the result is to bring in more fuel, which competes for the already inadequate oxygen within the kiln, and instead of reducing the smoky curtain or moving it back, there is a worsening of kiln conditions. In such case, of course, the kiln conditions really did not require more heat, and to say the least, the firing of the burner represented inefficiency without useful effect.
  • the system of FIG. 1 includes a second optical pyrometer 34, also inspecting the interior of the kiln from the discharge end 14, but focused upon a locality 36 further upstream than the locality 32.
  • this may be a suitable locality of the coke bed 24 or advantageously an adjacent locality of the rotating kiln wall, i.e., a place just traversed by the coke.
  • This pyrometer yields signals which, if obscured by the combustion disturbance 260, have the characteristic rapid fluctuation described above, i.e., abnormal instability, which is readily recognized. Normally. it is desired that the combustion disturbance remain upstream, i.e., closer to the coke feed and gas removal end 13.
  • this monitoring procedure insures that the disturbance is always kept well upstream of the chief temperature-sensing locality 32, whereby the desired control of the kiln operation, including specifically the stated control of the burner 18, is made possible without false action. That is to say, the detection of the disturbance at the locality 34, and the described corrective action can always be effected well before the disturbance might move all the way down to the region 32.
  • FIG. 1 shows connections of the pyrometer to a control device 37 (having appropriate electronic or other means to discriminate between abnormal, fluctuating signals and normal, level signals), whereby the fan or other air supply means 20 is adjusted, for example to increase the air supply when the pyrometer signals from 36 are abnormal and to maintain such increased air flow as long as necessary, and preferably at least until the signals have remained at a restored, level state for a considerable time.
  • a control device 37 having appropriate electronic or other means to discriminate between abnormal, fluctuating signals and normal, level signals
  • FIG. 2 Another form of the invention is shown in FIG. 2, including an additional step or feature in the monitoring operation which is of advantage in a number of situations.
  • a rotary kiln 40 having coke feed 42 at one end 43 which also discharges gases, so arranged as before that by rotation of the downward sloping kiln 40 with means such as shown in FIG. 1 but not here, the coke bed is advanced to the discharge end 44 for removal in a duct 45.
  • Supplemental heat for calcining the coke in the bed 47 is provided by a burner 48, it being understood that principal heat is derived by burning the released volatile materials with the aid of air supply instrumentalities such as shown at 50 and 51, at successive localities lengthwise of the kiln,
  • the system is provided with a first optical pyrometer 60 functioning to inspect a locality 62 to read the desired coke temperature that is of primary significance for control of kiln operation.
  • a second pyrometer 64 which senses a locality 66, upstream in the coke path from the first locality 62.
  • a third pyrometer which senses the temperature of the coke bed at a third locality 72 still further upstream from the second locality 66. All of these localities of sensing, where the pyrometers may actually be focused on adjacent portions of the wall, are disposed in a portion of the kiln well within the second half (toward the discharge end 44) and indeed usually well within 40 or 50 feet of such end.
  • the kiln is controlled so that the wall of flame or smoke, i.e., the combustion disturbance 74, is maintained at a place between the localities 72 and 66, considered lengthwise of the kiln.
  • an abnormal, fluctuating signal is continuously received from the locality 72, while level or even signals are produced by inspection of localities 66 and 62.
  • this situation is intended to persist, i.e., to represent desired operating conditions.
  • the arrangement in FIG. 2 contemplates a corrective action to restore the combustion disturbance to its intended place at or just downstream of locality 72.
  • This can be by appropriate adjustment of kiln operation in one or another of the ways indicated above, e.g., to speed up the passage of coke or most advantageously by decreasing the air supply at the intermediate localities.
  • the operation of the procedure of FIG. 2 involves sensing the localities 66 and 72 with pyrometers 64 and 70. If both pyrometers show an abnormal, fluctuating signal, adjustment of the air supply can be made to move the combustion disturbance upstream toward the feed end until only the locality 72 yields a fluctuating signal at the pyrometer 70. If neither of the pyrometers 64 and 70 show an abnormal sig nal, this situation calls for reverse corrective action, for example by decreasing the air supply to the interior of the kiln, so that the combustion disturbance will move downstream of the coke bed travel (toward the discharge end] and again obscure the locality 72, restoring the readings of the pyrometers 70 and 64 to their intended state. As will be seen, the process of FIG.
  • the reading from the locality of FIG. 2 by pyrometer 60 can be employed for general kiln control, as for example in bringing the burner 48 into and out of operation according as the temperature falls below or rises above a desired value (which may. in all cases, be a single temperature, or sometines a range) this being achieved automatically via the control 75 if desired.
  • a desired value which may. in all cases, be a single temperature, or sometines a range
  • the process in FIG. 2 fulfills a further, effective function in relation to the control of the combustion of volatiles, in that the position of the combustion front can be maintained at a desired place, against movement in either direction lengthwise of the kiln.
  • this control can be exercised manually, or automatically by means similar to that described above for FIG.
  • control system 77 which is sensitive to the nature of signals in the readouts from the pyrometers 64 and 70, for effecting increase or decrease of air through the fans 50, 51, or in monitoring no change, as has been explained above.
  • various instrumentalities such as the optical pyrometers, fuel burner, air supply means, and other parts of the kiln, are shown diagrammatically, and being well known instrumentalities, need no further details.
  • other modes of optical pyrometer inspection can be employed, as for example by employing a single pyrometer device which is arranged to scan the required two or three localities (in FIG. I or FIG. 2), so as to obtain selectable periodic readings which can function in somewhat similar fashion to continuous readings, unusually effective operation is achieved with separate pyrometer means for each locality of inspection, as illustrated,
  • Rotary kilns of suitable type for calcining petroleum coke may range in length, for example, from 100 to 200 feet and may preferably have a slope of approximately one fourth to 1 inch (for example, one half inch) per linear foot, or more or less as may suit requirements.
  • the main pyrometer 18, for sensing the primary control temperature of kiln operation was focused on a place (identified at 32) 25 feet inside the kiln, from the discharge end, at the interface between the coke bed and the brick lining of the kiln.
  • the second pyrometer 30 for determining the location of the combustion disturbance was focused at a locality 36 about 40 feet inward from the discharge end, actually on the kiln lining structure, next to the coke bed, at the region of the'air-supply tuyere 22 nearest to the discharge end.
  • the specific kiln in which the process was so used in FIG. 1 was 127 feet long and had two air supply fans, respectively supplying air to the interior through ducting to respective groups of inlets (note FIG. 2), the inlets in each group being spread helically along the kiln.
  • One group of inlets was spread between 46 and 52 feet from the feed end 13, and the second group of six inlets was spaced approximately 4 feet apart, with the last inlet being 87 feet from the feed end.
  • the process was practiced effectively, and adjustment of the amount of air supply by the fans was effective to keep the wall of flame or smoke 26a well away from the primary point 32 of temperature observation and indeed, as desired, upstream of the second locality 36 of pyrometer inspection. This enabled the kiln operation to be effectively controlled by the burner at a desired temperature of l,250C for locality 32, in the manner which has been described.
  • An arrangement for utilizing the process of FIG. 2 involves locating the successive places of inspection, 62, 66, and 72, respectively, for example, at distances of 20 feet, 30 feet, and 40 feet from the discharge end 44 of the kiln.
  • the function is to keep the combustion disturbance generally between the locality 72 and 66, and in any event to restore it to such place, all before it can get far away and with complete assurance that it never reaches a primary place of temperature oobservation, i.e. locality 62.
  • a de sired temperature e.g. l.250C, may be maintained there. as by control of the burner 48 or other kiln conditions.
  • the invention affords an effective mode of monitoring kiln operation for calcining petroleum coke, per mitting efficient control of the kiln atmosphere, so as to accomplish the desired calcining job, yielding a high density product with minimum of residual volatile, while economically using the available heat and avoiding significant combustion of the carbon itself.
  • a method as defined in claim 1 which includes d. effecting said optical pyrometer inspection of a third kiln locality which is upstream of the second locality and is representative of the desired place for said burning and disturbance,
  • said adjustment is condition of kiln operation being effected to maintain instability of temperature signals in said third locality inspection and to prevent or remove said instability as to said second locality inspection, whereby to tend to keep said combustion disturbance upstream of the second locality but not upstream of the third locality.
  • a method as defined in claim I in which said adjustment to cause the volatile burning and disturbance to move upstream along the coke path comprises one or more of: adjusting the rotation of the kiln to a lower rate; increasing supply of air into the kiln said burning; adjusting feed of coke into the kiln to a lower rate.
  • a method as defined in claim I which includes providing a controllable supply of heat by combustion of fuel, directed into the discharge end of the kiln for coaction with the heat of said burning of volatiles in calcining the coke, and controlling said discharge end supply of heat in accordance with said inspection of said first kiln locality, to maintain the temperature at said locality substantially at a predetermined value,
  • a method as defined in claim 6 in which air is supplied at one or more intermediate locations of the kiln, for use in said burning of volatiles, and in which said discharge end supply of heat comprises directing hot gases of combustion into the kiln and said control of said heat supply comprises initiating same when the temperature at the first locality falls below said predetermined value and interrupting same when said temperature rises above said valuev 8.
  • the intermediate supply of air is adjustable and in which the step of adjusting the condition of kiln operation to control said combustion disturbance comprises adjusting said air supply, including increasing said supply to cause the place of said burning and combustion to move in a direction upstream of the coke path.
  • a method as defined in claim 6 which includes d. effecting said optical pyrometer inspection of a third kiln locality which is upstream of the second locality and is representative of the desired place for said burning and disturbance,
  • said adjustment in condition of kiln operation being effected to maintain instability of temperature signals in said third locality inspection and to prevent or remove said instability as to said second locality inspection, whereby to tend to keep said combustion disturbance upstream of the second locality but not upstream of the third locality.
  • control of said heat supply comprising initiating same when the temperature at the first locality falls below said predetermined value and interrupting same when said temperature rises above said value
  • said step of adjusting the condition of kiln operation to control said combustion disturbance comprises adjusting said air supply, including increasing said supply to cause the place of said burning and combustion to move in a direction upstream of the coke path,
  • a method as defined in claim 5 which includes furnishing heat when desired by burning a stream of fuel and directing same into the discharge end, and controlling said furnished heat to maintain the temperature as detected at the first locality substantially at a predetermined value, by respectively initiating and interrupting said burning when the detected temperature falls below and rises above said value.
  • Apparatus for calcining coke comprising a. a rotary kiln having a coke feed end and a coke discharge end and arranged for travel of gases countercurrent to the travel of coke, b. adjustable means for supplying air at least at one locality intermediate the ends of the kiln, for use in burning volatiles removed from the coke, the place of said burning being observable by combustion disturbance of said burning, optical pyrometer means for inspecting the interior of the kiln from the discharge end at a plurality of localities to yield temperature signals, said pyrometer means yielding a distinctive instability of temperature signals when inspecting a locality at or upstream of such combustion disturbance, said pyrometer means comprising d.
  • Apparatus as defined in claim 12 in which g. said pyrometer means also includes third means for inspecting the kiln interior at a third locality upstream of the second locality, to produce temperature signals indicative of presence or absence of combustion disturbance at said locality, and
  • said means controlled by said pyrometer means is also responsive to presence or absence of such distinctive instability of temperature signals from the third means, for so adjusting the air supply means as to maintain the said instability of signals from the third means, for keeping the combustion disturbance at a position which. while upstream of the second locality, is not upstream of the third locallty.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
  • Coke Industry (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
  • Radiation Pyrometers (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
US460463A 1974-04-12 1974-04-12 Monitoring and controlling kiln operation in calcination of coke Expired - Lifetime US3888621A (en)

Priority Applications (15)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US460463A US3888621A (en) 1974-04-12 1974-04-12 Monitoring and controlling kiln operation in calcination of coke
DK149475A DK149475A (xx) 1974-04-12 1975-04-08
IT22229/75A IT1037213B (it) 1974-04-12 1975-04-10 Calcinazione di cocke
ES436487A ES436487A1 (es) 1974-04-12 1975-04-10 Un procedimiento para la calcinacion de coque de petroleo.
AU80029/75A AU8002975A (en) 1974-04-12 1975-04-10 Calcination of coke
FR7511190A FR2267365B1 (xx) 1974-04-12 1975-04-10
YU00925/75A YU92575A (en) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Process for the calcination of crude oil coke
SU752147446A SU648113A3 (ru) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Способ управлени процессом обжига нефт ного кокса в наклонной вращающейс печи
BR2838/75A BR7502231A (pt) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Processo aperfeicoado para a calcinacao de coque de petroleo
DE19752515807 DE2515807B2 (de) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Verfahren zum kalzinieren von feuchtem erdoelkoks
CA224,397A CA1052313A (en) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Calcination of coke
NL7504338.A NL159187B (nl) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Werkwijze voor het calcineren van petroleumcokes.
GB15082/75A GB1503701A (en) 1974-04-12 1975-04-11 Calcination of coke
JP4474775A JPS5315921B2 (xx) 1974-04-12 1975-04-12
AR258369A AR224603A1 (es) 1974-04-12 1975-04-14 Procedimiento para la obtencion de un producto de coque de cualidades uniformes,mediante la calcinacion de coque de petroleo

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US460463A US3888621A (en) 1974-04-12 1974-04-12 Monitoring and controlling kiln operation in calcination of coke

Publications (1)

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US3888621A true US3888621A (en) 1975-06-10

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Country Link
US (1) US3888621A (xx)
JP (1) JPS5315921B2 (xx)
AR (1) AR224603A1 (xx)
AU (1) AU8002975A (xx)
BR (1) BR7502231A (xx)
CA (1) CA1052313A (xx)
DE (1) DE2515807B2 (xx)
DK (1) DK149475A (xx)
ES (1) ES436487A1 (xx)
FR (1) FR2267365B1 (xx)
GB (1) GB1503701A (xx)
IT (1) IT1037213B (xx)
NL (1) NL159187B (xx)
SU (1) SU648113A3 (xx)
YU (1) YU92575A (xx)

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4022569A (en) * 1975-12-05 1977-05-10 Alcan Research And Development Limited Calcination of coke
US4043746A (en) * 1974-09-19 1977-08-23 Polysius Ag Method for the heat treatment of fine-grained materials containing alkali compounds
US4083752A (en) * 1976-11-10 1978-04-11 Monsanto Company Rotary retort
US4176010A (en) * 1976-07-28 1979-11-27 Wintershall Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing petroleum coke calcinate
US4198273A (en) * 1976-07-28 1980-04-15 Wintershall Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus for producing petroleum coke calcinate
US4255135A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-03-10 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Apparatus for preheating a rotatable fluidizable bed
US4288215A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-09-08 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Method and apparatus for preheating a rotatable fluidizable bed
WO1982000875A1 (en) * 1979-11-05 1982-03-18 G Grim Method and apparatus for preheating a rotatable fluidizable bed
EP0092006A1 (en) * 1982-04-21 1983-10-26 Bloom Engineering Company, Inc., A ladle preheat station and a method of measuring the temperature of a ladle therein
US4451352A (en) * 1981-07-20 1984-05-29 Automated Production Systems Corporation Process of producing oil by pyrolysis
US4690569A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-09-01 Qualtronics Corporation Thermal profile system
US4716532A (en) * 1985-03-13 1987-12-29 Fives-Cail Babcock Clinker manufacture control using falling clinker colorific energy measurement
US4741694A (en) * 1984-02-17 1988-05-03 Reynolds Metals Co. Method for calcining carbonaceous materials
US4759033A (en) * 1987-07-01 1988-07-19 Weyerhaeuser Company Temperature measurement of hot mineral product by induced fluorescence
US4817008A (en) * 1986-06-04 1989-03-28 Fives-Cail Babcock Method of regulating a cement manufacturing installation
US4834648A (en) * 1987-09-17 1989-05-30 Angelo Ii James F Rotary calcining kiln
US5145361A (en) * 1984-12-04 1992-09-08 Combustion Research, Inc. Burner and method for metallurgical heating and melting
US5375535A (en) * 1993-01-11 1994-12-27 Ash Grove Cement Company Method and apparatus for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5451255A (en) * 1992-07-14 1995-09-19 Cadence Environmental Energy, Inc. Method for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5632616A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-05-27 Cadence Environmental Energy, Inc. Method and apparatus for injecting air into long cement kilns
US6050203A (en) * 1988-11-23 2000-04-18 Cadence Enviromental Energy, Inc. Method for use of solid waste as fuel for cement manufacture
US6113387A (en) * 1997-08-14 2000-09-05 Global Stone Corporation Method and apparatus for controlling kiln
US6113386A (en) * 1998-10-09 2000-09-05 North American Manufacturing Company Method and apparatus for uniformly heating a furnace
US6474984B2 (en) 2000-11-20 2002-11-05 Metso Minerals Industries, Inc. Air injection for nitrogen oxide reduction and improved product quality
US20040214123A1 (en) * 2001-12-07 2004-10-28 Powitec Intelligent Technologies Gmbh Method for monitoring a combustion process, and corresponding device
US20090191498A1 (en) * 2000-09-11 2009-07-30 Hansen Eric R Method of mixing high temperature gases in mineral processing kilns
EP2710099A1 (en) * 2011-05-18 2014-03-26 Bioendev AB Method for monitoring and control of torrefaction temperature
US9580665B2 (en) 2011-05-18 2017-02-28 Bioendev Ab Countercurrent oxygen enhanced torrefaction

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4092098A (en) * 1976-11-01 1978-05-30 Monsanto Company Method and apparatus for improved in situ combustion of pyrolysis gases in a kiln
US5456761A (en) * 1993-07-15 1995-10-10 Alcan International Limited High temperature and abrasion resistant temperature measuring device

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2292243A (en) * 1940-10-01 1942-08-04 Babcock & Wilcox Co Kiln control
US3647195A (en) * 1970-05-01 1972-03-07 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Apparatus for and method of controlling rotary kiln operation

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2292243A (en) * 1940-10-01 1942-08-04 Babcock & Wilcox Co Kiln control
US3647195A (en) * 1970-05-01 1972-03-07 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Apparatus for and method of controlling rotary kiln operation

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4043746A (en) * 1974-09-19 1977-08-23 Polysius Ag Method for the heat treatment of fine-grained materials containing alkali compounds
US4022569A (en) * 1975-12-05 1977-05-10 Alcan Research And Development Limited Calcination of coke
US4176010A (en) * 1976-07-28 1979-11-27 Wintershall Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing petroleum coke calcinate
US4198273A (en) * 1976-07-28 1980-04-15 Wintershall Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus for producing petroleum coke calcinate
US4083752A (en) * 1976-11-10 1978-04-11 Monsanto Company Rotary retort
US4288215A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-09-08 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Method and apparatus for preheating a rotatable fluidizable bed
WO1982000875A1 (en) * 1979-11-05 1982-03-18 G Grim Method and apparatus for preheating a rotatable fluidizable bed
US4255135A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-03-10 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Apparatus for preheating a rotatable fluidizable bed
US4451352A (en) * 1981-07-20 1984-05-29 Automated Production Systems Corporation Process of producing oil by pyrolysis
EP0092006A1 (en) * 1982-04-21 1983-10-26 Bloom Engineering Company, Inc., A ladle preheat station and a method of measuring the temperature of a ladle therein
US4741694A (en) * 1984-02-17 1988-05-03 Reynolds Metals Co. Method for calcining carbonaceous materials
US5145361A (en) * 1984-12-04 1992-09-08 Combustion Research, Inc. Burner and method for metallurgical heating and melting
US4716532A (en) * 1985-03-13 1987-12-29 Fives-Cail Babcock Clinker manufacture control using falling clinker colorific energy measurement
US4690569A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-09-01 Qualtronics Corporation Thermal profile system
US4817008A (en) * 1986-06-04 1989-03-28 Fives-Cail Babcock Method of regulating a cement manufacturing installation
WO1989000282A1 (en) * 1987-07-01 1989-01-12 Weyerhaeuser Company Temperature measurement of hot mineral product by induced fluorescence
US4759033A (en) * 1987-07-01 1988-07-19 Weyerhaeuser Company Temperature measurement of hot mineral product by induced fluorescence
US4834648A (en) * 1987-09-17 1989-05-30 Angelo Ii James F Rotary calcining kiln
US6050203A (en) * 1988-11-23 2000-04-18 Cadence Enviromental Energy, Inc. Method for use of solid waste as fuel for cement manufacture
US5451255A (en) * 1992-07-14 1995-09-19 Cadence Environmental Energy, Inc. Method for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5454715A (en) * 1992-07-14 1995-10-03 Cadence Environmental Energy, Inc. Method for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5569030A (en) * 1992-07-14 1996-10-29 Cadence Environmental Energy, Inc. Method for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5375535A (en) * 1993-01-11 1994-12-27 Ash Grove Cement Company Method and apparatus for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5649823A (en) * 1993-01-11 1997-07-22 Ash Grove Cement Company Apparatus for improved manufacture of cement in long kilns
US5632616A (en) * 1994-11-28 1997-05-27 Cadence Environmental Energy, Inc. Method and apparatus for injecting air into long cement kilns
US6113387A (en) * 1997-08-14 2000-09-05 Global Stone Corporation Method and apparatus for controlling kiln
US6113386A (en) * 1998-10-09 2000-09-05 North American Manufacturing Company Method and apparatus for uniformly heating a furnace
US20090191498A1 (en) * 2000-09-11 2009-07-30 Hansen Eric R Method of mixing high temperature gases in mineral processing kilns
US8267685B2 (en) * 2000-09-11 2012-09-18 Cadence Environment Energy, Inc. Method of mixing high temperature gases in mineral processing kilns
US6474984B2 (en) 2000-11-20 2002-11-05 Metso Minerals Industries, Inc. Air injection for nitrogen oxide reduction and improved product quality
US6875014B2 (en) 2001-12-07 2005-04-05 Powitec Intelligent Technologies Gmbh Method for monitoring a combustion process, and corresponding device
US20040214123A1 (en) * 2001-12-07 2004-10-28 Powitec Intelligent Technologies Gmbh Method for monitoring a combustion process, and corresponding device
EP2710099A1 (en) * 2011-05-18 2014-03-26 Bioendev AB Method for monitoring and control of torrefaction temperature
EP2710099A4 (en) * 2011-05-18 2015-03-11 Bioendev Ab METHOD FOR MONITORING AND CONTROLLING A TORREFICATION TEMPERATURE
US9580665B2 (en) 2011-05-18 2017-02-28 Bioendev Ab Countercurrent oxygen enhanced torrefaction
US9926507B2 (en) 2011-05-18 2018-03-27 Bioendev Ab Method for monitoring and control of torrefaction temperature

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK149475A (xx) 1975-10-13
FR2267365B1 (xx) 1980-01-25
JPS50143801A (xx) 1975-11-19
GB1503701A (en) 1978-03-15
YU92575A (en) 1982-02-28
AU8002975A (en) 1976-10-14
JPS5315921B2 (xx) 1978-05-29
CA1052313A (en) 1979-04-10
ES436487A1 (es) 1977-01-01
SU648113A3 (ru) 1979-02-15
DE2515807A1 (de) 1975-10-23
DE2515807B2 (de) 1976-09-16
IT1037213B (it) 1979-11-10
AR224603A1 (es) 1981-12-30
BR7502231A (pt) 1976-02-10
NL159187B (nl) 1979-01-15
FR2267365A1 (xx) 1975-11-07
NL7504338A (nl) 1975-10-14

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