US3885082A - Electric arc furnace side-wall protection arrangement - Google Patents

Electric arc furnace side-wall protection arrangement Download PDF

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Publication number
US3885082A
US3885082A US461693A US46169374A US3885082A US 3885082 A US3885082 A US 3885082A US 461693 A US461693 A US 461693A US 46169374 A US46169374 A US 46169374A US 3885082 A US3885082 A US 3885082A
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Prior art keywords
furnace
lining
magnetic
particles
magnet
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Expired - Lifetime
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US461693A
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English (en)
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Bertil Hanas
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ABB Norden Holding AB
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ASEA AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
    • H05B7/02—Details
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/18—Charging particulate material using a fluid carrier

Definitions

  • An electric arc furnace has a side wall lining with at least one portion bombarded by the arc flare from one of the furnace arcing electrodes.
  • a magnet is posimagnetic particles are fed to its inside, the magnet forming a magnetic flux field traveling through this [H1 3,885,082 [4 1 May 20, 1975 lining portion and on the latter's inside magnetically holding the particles to form an arc flare shield protecting this portions inside from the arc flare.
  • the wall thickness of this portion is reduced from its outside inwardly to form a recess in its outside and in which the magnet is positioned to reduce the distance the flux field must travel to the inside to hold cuted in length without risking possible overheating of the lining, permitting the use of a less powerful magwall of the lining portion protected by the flare shield, and equipment is provided for controlling the feed maintenance of the effectiveness of the shield.
  • the water-cooled plate internally has magnetic pole piece extensions for the pole pieces for the electromagnet core or cores and which form magnetic pathgg -tbr the flux which must travel through the water-cooled box.
  • An electric arc furnace conventionally comprises a shell containing a non-metallic refractory lining, and it has a cover or roof through which electrodes pass with lower ends reaching down to form arcs between the lower arcing ends of the electrodes and a metal melt in the bottom or hearth portion of the lining.
  • electrodes usually arranged in triangular formation. This positions the electrodes close enough to the furnace side wall lining above the melt, so that the adjacent portions of the lining are bombarded by the arc flares.
  • flares are in the form of both radiation and particles which bombard the portions of the side wall lining adjacent to the arcs. If the electrodes are positioned to form a straight line of electrodes, it is the flares from the end electrodes which bombard the adjacent portions of the side wall lining.
  • any portion of the side wall lining bombarded by an arc flare is subjected to more heat and more rapid erosion and wear than the balance of the lining. It is, of course, undesirable to have portions of the lining rendered unserviceable prior to the balance of the lining.
  • Damage to the lining of the shell of an electric arc furnace by are flare during steel making is reduced by providing a powerful magnetic field in the vicinity of the lining sidewall area subjected to the intensive heat from the arc flare and then feeding pieces, pellets or fragments of magnetically attracted ferrous material, such as iron ore or metal pieces, pellets or fragments past the magnetized lining area to the mo]- ten metal and slag bath in the bottom or hearth of the furnace.
  • This magnetic flux causes the falling fragments, such as concentrated iron ore pellets, to be captured by and to adhere temporarily to the lining of the furnace until their temperatures reach the socalled Curie point of about 700C. at which their capability of being magnetically attracted ceases.
  • pellets fall into the molten bath but are immediately replaced by fresh pellets falling past the magnetized wall and thus providing a continuous shield of pellets or other magnetizable fragments which provide substantial protection to the sidewalls or lining of the furnace.
  • the portions of the furnace between the electromagnets providing the magnetic flux and the furnace lining at the locations subjected to damaging arc flare are preferably formed of nonmagnetic material, so as to maintain the magnetic flux flow through the furnace wall and lining at its maximum value.”
  • the magnetic flux produced by the electromagnets must travel through the thick nonmetallic refractory side wall lining before forming the flux field useful for holding the magnet particles forming the flare shield. This makes it necessary to use undesirably large electromagnet assemblies and, of course, requires an undesirably high consumption of current. Even so, as indicated by the patent, the magnetic particles must be in the form of pellets or fragments, such as concentrated iron ore pellets. It has been considered that concentrate iron ore in powdered form cannot be used satisfactorily.
  • the present invention may be regarded as an improvement on the patented proposal using the electromagnets on the outside of the furnace side wall lining, at the bombarded portions, in conjunction with the feed of ferro-magnetic particles into the flux fields thus created on the insides bombarded by the arc flares.
  • This improvement comprises the formation of a recess in the outer surface of each affected furnace side wall lining portion, so that this portion has a reduced wall thickness as compared to the balance of the lining.
  • the travel path of the flux through the lining is reduced in extent, permitting the use of smaller electromagnet structures to provide a flux field on the inside for holding the magnetic particles effectively and, of course, a reduction in the electric power consumption that was previously required.
  • a water-cooled plate is interposed between the electromagnetic structure and this wall portion and in contact with the latter's inside. The thickness of this plate need not be very great, permitting the electromagnet structure pole piece to be positioned inside of the recess and thus substantially closer to the inside of the bombarded lining portion.
  • a temperature sensor is built into this portion and connected to a feed rate controller for the feed of ferro-magnetic particles. This is done in such a way as to make the feed rate of the particles into the magnetic field on the inside of the furnace lining side wall, increase as the temperature of the thinned wall portion increases, and to decrease when the tempera.- ture drops below a value indicating that the wall portion is at lower temperatures. As the ferro-magnetic particles are heated to their Curie points, become nonmagnetic and fall, new fresh particles of lower temperatures are thus fed as replacements. With the thickness, and therefore protective effectiveness, of the flare shield maintained at a substantially constant value, the portion of reduced wall thickness can be relied on to have a service life substantially as long, if not as long, as the balance of the furnace lining.
  • the magnetic flux path length through the lining can be very substantially shortened, and with an electromagnetic structure or assembly of the size and power as formerly required, a very intensive flux field of great force may be maintained on the inside of the lining where the protection is needed against the arc flare.
  • This makes it possible to use a feed of powdered concentrated iron ore for the creation and maintenance of the arc flare shielding, although concentrated iron ore in the form of pellets or fragments of substantial size, as well as ferro-magnetic metal pieces, such as steel scrap particles, may be used,
  • the water-cooled plate must have a certain thickness to be effective in cooling the inside of the side wall portion with which it contacts. To this extent the flux path between the electromagnet pole piece ends, or the ends of its solenoid cores, cannot be positioned so that the flux travel path or paths must be only as long as the thinned wall portion is thick. Therefore, according to the present invention, the water-cooled plate or box, whether or not it has outer walls made of non-magnetic metal, is internally provided with magnetic pole piece extensions extending from its outer wall which may be substantially in contact with the electromagnets pole pieces, transversely with respect to the plate and to the plate s inner wall, which is in contact with the outside of the portion of the furnaces side wall lining which is reduced in thickness.
  • a water-cooled plate is internally provided with transverse baffle walls for the purpose of controlling the flow of internal cooling water as required to obtain the maximum cooling action possible.
  • baffle or internal walls particularly if thickened and made of magnetic metal, may form the pole piece extensions internally within the plate, providing the baffles or walls are co-extensive with the front and back walls of the plate and form integral extensions for the magnetic circuit.
  • the entire water-cooled plate may be made of magnetic metal, if desired.
  • the cooling plate outer walls are made of non-magnetic metal and the magnetic metal baffles which function to carry the flux between these walls are arranged in separate groupings, the effect of two or more distinctly separated pole piece extensions may be provided for two or more pole pieces of an electromagnet on the outside of the cooling plate.
  • FIG. 1 is a vertical section of an electric arc furnace to which the invention is applied;
  • FIG. 2 is a vertical section through one of the watercooled plates, this view being partly in perspective;
  • FIG. 3 is a vertical section through a prior art watercooled plate.
  • the furnace vessel is indicated as having a lower portion or hearth l and a side wall 2 which extends upwardly from this portion 1, a removable cover 3 covering the top of the vessel.
  • the furnace vessel normally has a steel shell on its outside with the portions 1 and 2 formed by a nonmetallic, refractory lining, only this lining being shown by the drawing.
  • Cantilever arm 4 mounts the electrodes 11 which are suspended through openings in the cover 3.
  • each of the electrodes forms an are 110, the extremely hot lower end portion of the electrode producing the arc flare 12 consisting of thermal radiation and possibly particles, the intensity of the bombardment action depending on the power applied to form the are 110.
  • the arcs are, of course, between the bottom ends of the electrodes and the metal melt 13 in the lower or hearth portion 1 of the vessel.
  • the bombarded portion of the side wall, of which there are more than one, is indicated at 14 as being formed by refractory bricks from which the entire side wall lining 2 may also be formed.
  • the inside surface of this portion 14 is flush with the generally cylindrical plane of the inside of the furnace side wall lining 2.
  • the furnace lining is formed with a recess 14a so that this portion 14 has a reduced wall thickness.
  • this reduced wall thickness is very substantially thinner than the balance of the side wall lining 2.
  • its inside is in contact with hollow watercooled cooling plate or box 15.
  • a continuous circulation of cooling water is maintained in this plate or box 15 as indicated by the arrows A-A.
  • this plate or box 15 is shown as being possibly somewhat thicker than should be used; the plate or box 15 takes up as little space in the horizontal direction as is possible, consistent with adequate cooling of the thinned wall portion 14.
  • the recess 14a and the relative thinness of the side wall portion 14 and of the plate or box 15, permit the pole pieces 16 and 17 of an electromagnet assembly, to
  • pole pieces are shown as provided by a core with which an electrically powered solenoid 8 is associated.
  • Prior art knowledge of electromagnet design may be used, but the pole piece ends which create the flux field should be positioned inside of the recess 14a, with the flux path travel distance shortened as much as possible.
  • the furnaces steel shell should have openings or cutouts to provide the necessary clearance for the recess 14a, and for installation of the water-cooled plate 15, and insertion of the pole piece ends, if not the major part of the electromagnet assembly, in the recess 14a.
  • the feed for the ferro-magnetic particles which in the case of this invention may be powdered concentrate iron ore as well as iron ore pellets or fragments, is through a suitable feeder 18 in the furnace cover 3. There may be a plurality of these feeders, or feeders in the form of circular segments may be used.
  • the feed of the material is under the control of a feed controller 19 which may be an electrically controllable valve. With the controllable valve or feed controller, the temperature sensor is shown at 20 as controlling this valve or controller 19 via a proportional or proportional integrating type of amplifier 21.
  • the sensor 20 may be of the type disclosed by the Otto von Krusenstierna et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,512,413, dated May 19, 1970.
  • the control circuitry is such that the feed through the feeder 18 increases if the wall temperature of the portion 14 increases, with the feed of particles decreasing if the wall temperature at 14 decreases.
  • the supply of ferro-magnetic particles, required to replace particles heated above their Curie points and falling, is made automatically responsive to the wall temperature of the portion 14, assuring the maintenance of an arc flare shield adequate to protect the thinned portion 14 against overheating; this protection is in addition to that afforded by the cooling plate or box 15.
  • this feed via the feeder or duct 18, may be reinforced by a stream of carrier gas of suitable composition and under the pressure of a compressor or blower (not shown), in which case, assuming the compressor or blower is powered by an electric motor, the motor speed may be varied under the control of the sensor 20.
  • a relatively high speed stream of the ferro-rnagnetic particles in powdered fonn can be used to advantage.
  • the magnetic adhesive force drawing the particles against the wall portion 14 in its inside may be made very intense.
  • Curie points is to be understood as meaning that for the composition of the ferro-magnetic material used, this reference is intended to mean the temperature or temperatures where there is change from a magnetic phase to a non-magnetic phase. Under practical furnace operating conditions, the points can be detected because the particles will fall into the melt and require replacement. It is well known that the length of the path through which magnetic flux must travel determines the intensity or strength of the flux field at the location where this field is to do useful work, which in the present instance is the attraction and holding of the ferro-magnetic particles.
  • the watercooled plate or box 15 is shown as having the magnetic metal baffles or walls arranged as two groups, 22 and 23, the group 22 being aligned with the pole piece 16 and the group 23 being aligned with the pole piece 17.
  • These baffles 22 extend transversely between the front and back walls of the plate 15 continuously and without gaps and may be made thicker than shown by the schematic drawings of this application.
  • the baffles form two distinct pole piece extensions for the pole pieces 16 and 17, to establish a typical flux field indicated at F by the curved arrows.
  • the baffles or walls, forming these pole piece extensions made thick enough, the effect is close to that of the pole pieces 16 and 17 being in contact with the inside of the wall portion 14 of reduced thickness.
  • FIG. 3 shows the conventional baffle arrangement for a cooling plate, the baffles 24 in this instance failing to reach from the front to the back side walls of the plate. Any such arrangement would form interruptions from the magnetic travel path.
  • the bafiles may at judicious points be formed with holes 25 effecting the necessary intercommunication between the baffles where required. These holes will have some effect on the continuity of the magnetic path, but this effect will be minimal. It would also be possible to provide external manifolding of the ends of the channels defined by the continuous baffles of the present invention.
  • An electric arc furnace comprising at least one electrode having an end forming an are producing an arc flare, a side wall lining having at least one portion having an inside positioned to be bombarded by said flare, said portion having an outside, a magnet having pole-piece ends on said outside forming a magnet flux field traveling through said portion and beyond said inside and on said inside holding ferro-magnetic particles forming a flare shield until the particles are heated to their Curie point temperatutes, and a feeder for feeding said field with replacement ferro-magnetic particles at temperatures lower than their Curie point temperatures; wherein the improvement comprises said lining having an outer surface in which a recess is formed at said portion so that said portion has a reduced wall thickness through which said flux field must travel, and means between said magnet and recess for watercooling said portion of reduced wall thickness, said water-cooling means including magnetic pole piece extensions extending substantially from said pole piece ends to said inside of said portion.
  • said means is a water-cooled plate positioned against said outside be tween the latter and said magnet pole piece ends, said plate having interspaced inner and outer side walls, said inner wall being substantially in contact with the inside of said portion and said outer wall being at least adjacent to said pole piece ends, and between said inner and outer walls said plate having continuously extending therebetween magnetic metal pole piece extensions for said pole piece ends.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
US461693A 1973-04-19 1974-04-17 Electric arc furnace side-wall protection arrangement Expired - Lifetime US3885082A (en)

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3984617A (en) * 1974-03-10 1976-10-05 Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget Electric arc furnace
US4091228A (en) * 1976-05-19 1978-05-23 United States Steel Corporation Water cooled shell for electric arc furnaces
US4149024A (en) * 1974-07-23 1979-04-10 Asea Aktiebolag Arc furnace for reducing metal oxides and method for operating such a furnace
US4181812A (en) * 1977-03-28 1980-01-01 Asea Aktiebolag Iron oxide melt reduction furnace and method
US4221922A (en) * 1977-12-06 1980-09-09 Sanyo Special Steel Co., Ltd. Water cooled panel used in an electric furnace
US4453253A (en) * 1981-06-10 1984-06-05 Union Carbide Corporation Electric arc furnace component
US5526374A (en) * 1993-11-08 1996-06-11 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Direct current electric arc furnace
US20050041719A1 (en) * 2003-08-23 2005-02-24 Aune Jan Arthur Electrode arrangement as substitute bottom for an electrothermic slag smelting furnace

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3619467A (en) * 1970-04-23 1971-11-09 Daniel J Goodman Electric arc furnace and method of protecting the refractory lining thereof
US3743752A (en) * 1971-02-02 1973-07-03 Daido Steel Co Ltd Method of suppressing hot spot in arc furnace and apparatus therefor
US3777043A (en) * 1973-01-17 1973-12-04 Neill Corp O Apparatus and method for cooling a refractory lining

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3619467A (en) * 1970-04-23 1971-11-09 Daniel J Goodman Electric arc furnace and method of protecting the refractory lining thereof
US3743752A (en) * 1971-02-02 1973-07-03 Daido Steel Co Ltd Method of suppressing hot spot in arc furnace and apparatus therefor
US3777043A (en) * 1973-01-17 1973-12-04 Neill Corp O Apparatus and method for cooling a refractory lining

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3984617A (en) * 1974-03-10 1976-10-05 Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget Electric arc furnace
US4149024A (en) * 1974-07-23 1979-04-10 Asea Aktiebolag Arc furnace for reducing metal oxides and method for operating such a furnace
US4091228A (en) * 1976-05-19 1978-05-23 United States Steel Corporation Water cooled shell for electric arc furnaces
US4181812A (en) * 1977-03-28 1980-01-01 Asea Aktiebolag Iron oxide melt reduction furnace and method
US4221922A (en) * 1977-12-06 1980-09-09 Sanyo Special Steel Co., Ltd. Water cooled panel used in an electric furnace
US4453253A (en) * 1981-06-10 1984-06-05 Union Carbide Corporation Electric arc furnace component
US5526374A (en) * 1993-11-08 1996-06-11 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Direct current electric arc furnace
US20050041719A1 (en) * 2003-08-23 2005-02-24 Aune Jan Arthur Electrode arrangement as substitute bottom for an electrothermic slag smelting furnace
US6980580B2 (en) * 2003-08-23 2005-12-27 Alcoa Inc. Electrode arrangement as substitute bottom for an electrothermic slag smelting furnace

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SE372404B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-12-16

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