US3874843A - Method of and device for heating and fixing a toner image - Google Patents

Method of and device for heating and fixing a toner image Download PDF

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Publication number
US3874843A
US3874843A US357097A US35709773A US3874843A US 3874843 A US3874843 A US 3874843A US 357097 A US357097 A US 357097A US 35709773 A US35709773 A US 35709773A US 3874843 A US3874843 A US 3874843A
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United States
Prior art keywords
roll
rolls
fixing
stop
movably supported
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Expired - Lifetime
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US357097A
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English (en)
Inventor
Sakae Fujimoto
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Ricoh Co Ltd
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Ricoh Co Ltd
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Priority to US05/525,682 priority Critical patent/US3951585A/en
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Publication of US3874843A publication Critical patent/US3874843A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
    • G03G15/2064—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat combined with pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
    • G03G15/206—Structural details or chemical composition of the pressure elements and layers thereof

Definitions

  • Griffin & Moran 1 1 ABSTRACT A method and a device using a pair of fixing rolls at least one of which is heated so that the two rolls are brought into pressing engagement with each other by thermal expansion of the heated r011.
  • a copy sheet bearing a toner image formed thereon is fed between the two rolls so as to fix the toner image by thermal fusion.
  • the quickest and most positive method for fixing a toner image formed on a copy sheet as by transferprinting comprises directly heating the toner image by at least one heating roll to cause the toner image to adhere to the copy sheet or supporter by fusion.
  • a copy sheet on which a toner image is formed is passed between a pair of heating rolls to bring the toner image into direct contact with high temperature surfaces of the heated heating rolls.
  • the copy sheet is both heated by and pressed between the rolls, this combination of heat and pressure serving to effect the desired fixing of the toner image.
  • a known form of toner image fixing apparatus comprises an upper fixing roll having an outer layer of material such as silicone rubber and a lower fixing roll fabricated of metal with a smooth surface. disposed to press an advancing image-bearing copy sheet between them. Means such as a coil heater is mounted within the interior of at least one of the rolls for heating the same.
  • the outer surface of the upper fixing roll, which engages the image-bearing surface of the copy sheet, is treated so as to be non-tacky for prevention of offset. Offset, as will be understood, is a condition wherein toner from one copy sheet partially adheres to a fixing roll and is transferred thereby to the next succeeding copy sheet.
  • the two fixing rolls are maintained in pressing contact with each other and rotated in opposite directions while a toner-image-bearing copy sheet or a succession of such sheets are advanced between them, one or both rolls being heated by the aforementioned heating means for heating the toner images.
  • the roll having an outer layer of silicone rubber or like material may become permanently deformed; such deformation results in irregularity of pressing contact between the rolls upon rotation thereof, and consequent variation in pressure on a toner image passing therebetween. That is to say, the
  • thermal expansion of the rolls is not much when the rolls are brought into engagement with each other because the temperature of the rolls is low. However, the rolls will undergo thermal expansion and their diameter will increase as heating progresses. Thus. the force with which the upper fixing roll bears against the lower fixing roll shows a change as heating of the rolls progresses, provided that the pressure applied to the rolls remains constant. This may lead to the development of slip between the copy sheet and the lower fixing roll when the sheet moves between the two fixing rolls because the lower fixing roll is a drive roller. When this happens. the copy sheet will be broken or the image on the sheet will be distorted.
  • the upper fixing roll and lower fixing roll have the same peripheral velocity at the point of contact between them during the time the toner image on the copy sheet is fused and adheres to the copy sheet.
  • This invention has as its object the provision of a method of and a device for heating and fixing a toner image which utilize thermal expansion of the heating rolls to expose the fixing rolls to pressure only when they are heated.
  • the fixing rolls are out of pressing engagement with each other when they are not heated and brought into pressing engagement with each other only when they are heated and undergo thermal expansion.
  • the fixing rolls are free from the danger of undergoing permanent deformation.
  • the device according to the invention is very simple in construction.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a heating and fixing device using a pair of fixing rolls of the prior art
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of heating and fixing apparatus comprising one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a side view of heating and fixing apparatus comprising another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows the operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a side view of heating and fixing apparatus comprising still another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a fragmentary detail view of a modified stop element for the embodiment of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 7 is a similar view of a modified stop element for the embodiment of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 8 is a similar view of a modified stop element for the embodiment of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary form of prior art apparatus for fixing a toner image.
  • a copy sheet I on which a toner image P is formed is conveyed in the direction of an arrow a along a path of travel of copy sheets on which an upper fixing roll 2 is disposed.
  • the copy sheet 1 is disposed such that its image-bearing surface is brought into direct contact with the peripheral surface ofthe roll 2.
  • the upper fixing roll 2 is supported at its central portion by a shaft on which a metallic tubular shaft 4 is mounted. A heat source for heating the roll 2 so that it may serve as a heating roll is built in the tubular shaft 4.
  • the heat source comprises a coil heater 5 which is wound on a glass rod 6 disposed on the center axis of tubular shaft 4.
  • the outer layer 8 of the roll has an outer peripheral surface which is treated to be nontacky so as to prevent occurrence of an offset phenomenon.
  • the offset phenomenon tends to occur when toner powders of the image on the preceding copy sheet are fused by heating and become tacky. When fused, part of the toner image may adhere to the periphery of the heating roll and be transferred to the next following sheet whose toner image may adhere in part to the periphery of the heating roll and be transferred to the next following copy sheet. This cycle is referred to as an offset phenomenon. Occurrence of this phenomenon is not desirable and should be prevented by all means in fixing a toner image by using heating rolls in electrophotography.
  • a lower fixing roll 3 Disposed beneath the upper fixing roll 2 constructed as aforementioned is a lower fixing roll 3 for a nonimage-bearing surface of the copy sheet 1 to be brought into contact with the outer periphery of the roll 3.
  • the roll 3 is a metallic roll whose outer peripheral surface is finished to be as smooth as glass. It has built in its central portion a heat source similar to that provided in the upper roll 2. That is, a coil heater 10 is wound on a glass rod 11 disposed on the center axis ofa tubular shaft 9 mounted on a shaft extending through the central portion of roll 3, so that the roll 3 can serve as a heating roll.
  • the two rolls 2 and 3 constructed as aforementioned are maintained in pressing contact with each other and rotate in opposite directions as indicated by arrows b and c.
  • the copy sheet 1 on which the toner image P is formed is passed between the two rolls 2 and 3 with its image bearing surface facing upwardly.
  • the toner image P thereon is brought into contact with the outer periphery of the'roll 2 heated by coil heaters 5 and 10.
  • the toner image P is fused and adheres to the copy sheet 1.
  • the toner image is fixed by heat as well as by pressure applied to the copy sheet by the rolls.
  • the two fixing rolls are maintained in pressing engagement with each other at their peripheries in order to promote fixing of the toner image in the fixing device described above.
  • the upper fixing roll 2 has its cover layer made of silicone rubber or other like material, its peripheral surface may undergo permanent transformation if it is maintained in pressing engagement with the peripheral surface of the lower fixing roll.
  • the upper fixing roll may move at all times in irregular rotary motion when it is placed in service, thereby interfering with fixing of the toner image.
  • expedients have been devised for moving one roll away from the other when the device is not in use, but these prior art expedients are mechanically complex and introduce other problems.
  • the upper fixing roll 2 which is of the same 3 construction as the upper fixing roll described above, is supported on a bearing 12 which in turn is supported for vertical movement by a side plate (not shown).
  • the roll 2 is driven in the direction of an arrow b by a drive (not shown).
  • the lower fixing roll 3 Disposed below the upper fixing roll 2 is the lower fixing roll 3 which is of the same construction as the lower fixing roll described above and which is supported on a bearing 13 which in turn is supported by a side plate (not shown).
  • the upper roll 2 rests on and bears against the lower roll 3 by its own weight, and the latter rotates in the direction of an arrow 0 when the former is driven in the direction of arrow b without being heated.
  • An arrester 14 is mounted on the bearing 12 for the upper roll 2 to preclude an increase in the interaxial distance L between the two rolls 2 and 3 when they are heated and undergo expansion.
  • the arrester 14 has a base 14a pivotally supported by a shaft 15, and a free end portion 14b extending from the base 14a and disposed on the bearing 12. Disposed above the free end portion 14b is a stop 7 comprising a screw threaded into an immovable member 19. The stop 7 performs the function of adjusting the interaxial distance L.
  • the stop 7 is adjusted in its threadable connection with the immovable member 19 such that a front end 7a thereof is spaced apart from the free end portion 14b of arrester 14 a distance A.
  • the distance A is set such that it is smaller in value than an increase in the axial distance L which will be caused to occur by the increase in the diameters of the rolls 2 and 3 owing to heating.
  • the two rolls 2 and 3 are heated to effect fixing and are set rotating in opposite directions as indicated by the arrows b and c. As the temperature of the two rolls increases and reaches a fixing temperature range, they undergo expansion due to heat and their diameters increase in value. As a result, the upper roll 2 moves upwardly, and the arrester 14 is also moved upwardly by the bearing 12 till its free end portion 14b abuts against the stop 7. Thereafter upward movement of the bearing 12 is precluded. However, the two rolls 2 and 3 continue to expand as they are heated until their temperature reaches a predetermined fixing temperature (about C). Thus the expansion of the rolls after the free end portion 14b is brought into abutting engagement with the stop 7 is converted into a force with which the two rolls are brought into pressing engagement with each other. As
  • the two rolls 2 and 3 are brought into pressing engagement with each other by precluding an increase in the interaxial distance L caused by heating of the rolls 2 and 3 by means of the stop 7 through the arrester 14.
  • the free end portion 14b may be fixed if the value of an increase in the interaxial distance L caused by heating ofthe rolls 2 and 3 is known. If this is the case, the arrester 14 will be spaced apart from the bearing 12 a distance X when the two rolls 2 and 3 are not heated.
  • FIG. 3 the arrester 14 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is replaced by a presser 24 mounted on the bearing 12 supporting the upper fixing roll 2.
  • the presser 24 has a base 24a pivotally supported by the shaft 15, and a free end portion 24b extending from the base 24a and disposed above the bearing 12.
  • Connected to the free end portion 24b is one end of a compression spring 16 which is secured at the other end to an adjusting screw 17 normally to urge the pressure 24 to move downwardly. Downward movement ofthe presser 24 is, however.
  • a gap D between the bearing 12 and free end portion 24 by suitably adjusting the stop 18 in its threadable connection with the immovable member 19.
  • the gap D may vary depending on the thermal expansion coefficients of the upper and lower rolls 2 and 3, and the gap D has a suitable value when the rolls 2 and 3 are not heated.
  • the adjusting screw 17 to which the other end of spring 16 is secured is threaded into an immovable member 21, with the other end of spring 16 being connected to the front end of screw 17 threadably connected to the immovable member 21.
  • the invention utilizes the thermal expansion of the fixing rolls to cause the rolls to bear against each other. Since the upper fixing roll 2 is driven, no slip is produced between the copy sheet and the peripheral surfaces of the fixing rolls while the rolls bear against each other.
  • the temperatures of the rolls 2 and 3 show a reduction and the rolls undergo contraction till normal values are restored to their diameters.
  • This causes the bearing 12 to move downwardly, and at the same time the presser 24 is moved clockwise about the shaft 15 by the biasing force of spring 16 till its free end portion 24b abuts against the stop 18 and becomes stationary.
  • the free end portion 24b becomes stationary.
  • the gap D is produced between the bearing 12 and the presser 24 as shown in FIG. 3. Accordingly, the fixing rolls 2 and 3 are free from the danger of undergoing permanent transformation, because the upper roll 2 rests on and bears against the lower roll 3 only by its weight when they are not heated.
  • the upper fixing roll 2 to which the drive force is transmitted is moved upwardly as the rolls undergo thermal expansion.
  • the bearing 12 supporting the upper fixing roll 2 to which the drive force is transmitted is fixed to the side plate, and pressure is applied to the bearing 13 supporting the lower fixing roll 3 by means ofa presser 34 in the form ofa bell-crank which moves the bearing up and down as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the lower fixing roll 3 is supported by the side plate for vertical movement, one arm 34a of the presser 34 pivoted at 15 extends to be disposed beneath the bearing 13, and the spring 16 is mounted between the other arm 34b and the adjusting screw 17 to urge the presser 34 to move counterclockwise about the pivot 15 by its biasing force.
  • the stop 18 disposed above the arm 34a comprises a screw threaded into the immovable member 19 from above.
  • the lower roll 3 is moved downwardly by the upper roll 2 which undergoes expansion when heated, annd a reaction to the force moving the lower roll 3 downwardly is produced by the biasing force of spring 16 so as to urge the lower roll 3 to move upwardly.
  • the peripheral surfaces of the two rolls 2 and 3 maintained in contact with each other are caused to bear against each other.
  • the presser 34 is caused to move counterclockwise about the pivot 15 by the biasing force of spring 16 till the arm 34a abuts against the stop 18. This moves the bearing13 upwardly so that the periphery of the lower fixing roll 3 is brought to a position which it is disposed near the periphery of the upper fixing roll 2.
  • the upper and lower rolls are both heated. It is to be understood. however. that only one of such rolls may be heated.
  • the stops 7 and 18 for adjusting the interaxial distance ofthe two rolls are each in the form of a screw. Other means. however. such as an eccentric cam 40 (FIG. 6). 41 (FIG. 7) or 42 (FIG. 8) can be used (in the embodiments of FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, respectively) as the stops 7 and 18.
  • An apparatus for heating and fixing a toner image comprising a. a pair of fixing rolls adapted to have a copy sheet with a toner image formed thereon fed therebetween.
  • said limiting means comprising means for restraining movement of the axis of said movably supported roll away from the other of said rolls only beyond a point at which the rolls are in contact when said one heated roll has been radially thermally expanded by a predetermined amount owing to heating by said heating means.
  • said restraining means comprises a stop disposed in a position in which it precludes movement of the movably supported fixing roll away from the other of said rolls beyond said point.
  • said movably supported fixing roll is disposed abofe the other fixing roll. and including a bearing supporting and movable with said movably supported fixing roll, and wherein said restraining means comprises an arrester member having a pivotally supported base and a free end portion extending from said base and disposed on said bearing supporting the movably supported fixing roll, and a stop disposed above said free end portion of said arrester member.
  • said restraining means comprises a presser member having a pivotally supported base and a free end portion extending from said base and disposed above said bearing supporting the movably supported fixing roll and within a range of movement of said bearing. a spring urging said presser member to move toward said bearing. and a stop for preventing downward movement of said free end portion of said presser member beyond a predetermined position.
  • said movably supported fixing roll is disposed below the other fixing roll. and including a bearing supporting and movable with said movably supported fixing roll. and wherein said restraining means comprises a pivotally supported belI-crank having one arm disposed for engagement with said bearing. a spring for exerting a biasing force to urge said bell crank to cause said one arm to move upwardly said bearing supporting the movably supported fixing roll. and a stop adapted to prevent upward movement of said one arm beyond a predetermined position.
  • stop comprises a cam
  • stop comprises an immovable member threaded therein.
  • stop comprises a cam
  • stop comprises an immovable member threaded therein.
  • An apparatus according to claim 4 including an immovable member and a screw threaded therein for adjusting the biasing force of said spring.
  • An apparatus including an immovable member and a screw threaded therein for adjusting the biasing force of said spring.
  • said supporting means includes a bearing supporting and movable with said movably supported roll
  • said restraining means includes a pivoted arrester member engageable with said bearing for opposing movement of the axis of said movably supported roll away from the other of said rolls, and means for opposing movement of said arrester member with said movably supported roll away from the other roll only beyond a position corresponding to said point at which the rolls are in contact with said one heated roll radially thermally expanded by said predetermined amount
  • said opposing means including a stop for preventing movement of said arrester member in one direction beyond said position and said stop being adjustable to vary said position.
  • said opposing means comprises an adjustable stop for enwherein said wherein said and a screw wherein said wherein said and a screw gaging said arrester member to prevent movement the arrester member moves when the axis of said movably supported roll moves away from the other of said rolls.
  • Apparatus as defined in claim 16. wherein said ported roll toward the other of said rolls, and an adjustable stop for engaging said arrester member to prevent movement thereof beyond said position in the direction in which said arrester member is urged by said forceopposing means comprises means for applying to said 5 applying means.
  • arrester member a force for urging said movably sup-

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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US357097A 1972-05-11 1973-05-04 Method of and device for heating and fixing a toner image Expired - Lifetime US3874843A (en)

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US05/525,682 US3951585A (en) 1972-05-11 1974-11-20 Method of heating and fixing a toner image

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JP4699772A JPS5612873B2 (en)) 1972-05-11 1972-05-11

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JP (1) JPS5612873B2 (en))
CA (1) CA1010494A (en))
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GB (1) GB1422014A (en))

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3951585A (en) * 1972-05-11 1976-04-20 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Method of heating and fixing a toner image
US3998584A (en) * 1974-06-15 1976-12-21 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic fusing apparatus
US4009953A (en) * 1974-11-06 1977-03-01 Ing. C. Olivetti & C., S.P.A. Fixing unit for electrostatic copiers
US4079227A (en) * 1975-09-25 1978-03-14 Rank Xerox Ltd. Contact heat fixing apparatus for electrophotographic reproduction machines
US4087676A (en) * 1975-12-26 1978-05-02 Rank Xerox Ltd. Fixing apparatus with heat and pressure for electrophotographic copiers
US4119831A (en) * 1977-03-14 1978-10-10 Rank Xerox, Ltd. Contact pressure adjusting device in heating pressing fixing apparatus for electrophotographic copiers
US4136613A (en) * 1975-04-30 1979-01-30 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Fixing apparatus for electrostatic photography
US4197445A (en) * 1978-09-27 1980-04-08 Xerox Corporation Roll fuser apparatus and system therefor
US4212631A (en) * 1977-10-22 1980-07-15 Agfa-Gevaert, A.G. Toner fusing arrangement
US4259920A (en) * 1977-08-05 1981-04-07 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Toner image pressure-fixing device
US4426411A (en) 1978-03-23 1984-01-17 Yoshitaka Sasaki Method of fabricating a steel pressure roll for use in a pressure-fixation apparatus
US4457998A (en) * 1982-02-08 1984-07-03 Xerox Corporation Composition with uncrosslinked polymer contained in a crosslinked polymer network
US4753543A (en) * 1985-06-24 1988-06-28 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electrostatic printing apparatus with heated adjustable pressure toner fixing rolls

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5346456B2 (en)) * 1974-06-15 1978-12-14
JPS62146176U (en)) * 1986-03-11 1987-09-16

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3291466A (en) * 1964-09-30 1966-12-13 Xerox Corp Xerographic fixing device
US3449548A (en) * 1966-12-30 1969-06-10 Xerox Corp Fusing device
US3452181A (en) * 1967-12-27 1969-06-24 Eastman Kodak Co Roll fusing device for xerographic material
US3498596A (en) * 1968-05-24 1970-03-03 Xerox Corp Heat fixing apparatus for fusible material
US3751216A (en) * 1971-11-26 1973-08-07 Xerox Corp Fuser roll assembly
US3754819A (en) * 1971-12-30 1973-08-28 Xerox Corp Apparatus for placing rollers in contact in a pressure fuser assembly

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3291466A (en) * 1964-09-30 1966-12-13 Xerox Corp Xerographic fixing device
US3449548A (en) * 1966-12-30 1969-06-10 Xerox Corp Fusing device
US3452181A (en) * 1967-12-27 1969-06-24 Eastman Kodak Co Roll fusing device for xerographic material
US3498596A (en) * 1968-05-24 1970-03-03 Xerox Corp Heat fixing apparatus for fusible material
US3751216A (en) * 1971-11-26 1973-08-07 Xerox Corp Fuser roll assembly
US3754819A (en) * 1971-12-30 1973-08-28 Xerox Corp Apparatus for placing rollers in contact in a pressure fuser assembly

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3951585A (en) * 1972-05-11 1976-04-20 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Method of heating and fixing a toner image
US3998584A (en) * 1974-06-15 1976-12-21 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic fusing apparatus
US4009953A (en) * 1974-11-06 1977-03-01 Ing. C. Olivetti & C., S.P.A. Fixing unit for electrostatic copiers
US4136613A (en) * 1975-04-30 1979-01-30 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Fixing apparatus for electrostatic photography
US4079227A (en) * 1975-09-25 1978-03-14 Rank Xerox Ltd. Contact heat fixing apparatus for electrophotographic reproduction machines
US4087676A (en) * 1975-12-26 1978-05-02 Rank Xerox Ltd. Fixing apparatus with heat and pressure for electrophotographic copiers
US4119831A (en) * 1977-03-14 1978-10-10 Rank Xerox, Ltd. Contact pressure adjusting device in heating pressing fixing apparatus for electrophotographic copiers
US4259920A (en) * 1977-08-05 1981-04-07 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Toner image pressure-fixing device
USRE32126E (en) * 1977-08-05 1986-04-29 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Toner image pressure-fixing device
US4212631A (en) * 1977-10-22 1980-07-15 Agfa-Gevaert, A.G. Toner fusing arrangement
US4426411A (en) 1978-03-23 1984-01-17 Yoshitaka Sasaki Method of fabricating a steel pressure roll for use in a pressure-fixation apparatus
US4197445A (en) * 1978-09-27 1980-04-08 Xerox Corporation Roll fuser apparatus and system therefor
US4457998A (en) * 1982-02-08 1984-07-03 Xerox Corporation Composition with uncrosslinked polymer contained in a crosslinked polymer network
US4753543A (en) * 1985-06-24 1988-06-28 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electrostatic printing apparatus with heated adjustable pressure toner fixing rolls

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5612873B2 (en)) 1981-03-25
DE2323730A1 (de) 1973-11-22
JPS498255A (en)) 1974-01-24
FR2184070A1 (en)) 1973-12-21
FR2184070B1 (en)) 1976-05-28
DE2323730B2 (de) 1977-03-24
CA1010494A (en) 1977-05-17
GB1422014A (en) 1976-01-21

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