US3873380A - Process for making copper-containing oriented silicon steel - Google Patents
Process for making copper-containing oriented silicon steel Download PDFInfo
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- US3873380A US3873380A US402228A US40222873A US3873380A US 3873380 A US3873380 A US 3873380A US 402228 A US402228 A US 402228A US 40222873 A US40222873 A US 40222873A US 3873380 A US3873380 A US 3873380A
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- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- copper
- steel
- silicon steel
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
- H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/14766—Fe-Si based alloys
- H01F1/14775—Fe-Si based alloys in the form of sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
- C21D8/1216—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the working step(s) being of interest
- C21D8/1233—Cold rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
- C21D8/1244—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the heat treatment(s) being of interest
- C21D8/1272—Final recrystallisation annealing
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A grain-oriented silicon steel made by constituting a silicon steel to contain from about 2.24.0% silicon and from about 0.24-0.75% copper, hot rolling it to a thickness of about 0.075-0.l inches, cold rolling in one cold reduction to a thickness of 0.025 inches or less and then texture annealing for a time sufficient for secondary recrystallization and grain growth to be effected is disclosed.
- the alloy Textilrehannea gglg prior art processes required hot reductions of the steel ecte at tlemperatures m t e flange O followed by cold rolling in several reductions with inand preferably at about 2150 termediate anneals to preserve the high permeability DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION and low core loss character of the silicon steel,
- This invention is a process for producing grainwith similar conventional steps.
- the steels were constioriented silicon steels which employs a single cold rolltuted, cast and hot rolled by conventional means to ing step and is accordingly much more economical than thicknesses between 0.075 and 0.1 inches.
- rolled band was then treated conventionally to remove
- the process of this invention includes constituting a scale and heat treated before cold rolling. silicon steel to contain from about 2.20-4.0% silicon
- the heat treated and descaled steel was then cold and from about 0.240.75% copper. In this specificarolled directly to gauge, i.e.
- compositions in Table 1 indicate that all one single cold reduction to a thickness of0.025 inches steels include the critical silicon composition of the or less.
- the cold rolled strip is then texture annealed present invention, but some contain less than the critifor a time sufficient for secondary recrystallization and cal amount of copper and some contain in excess of the grain growth to be effected. critical amount of copper.
- the steels of this invention Copper is known to bean ingredient of silicon steel were rolled to four different gauges ranging from the and with the increased usage of scrap, copper is present maximum thickness of the invention, 0.025 inches to a in trace amounts in almost all silicon steels. However, gauge of 0.0108 inches. Specimens of each steel at in the process of the present invention it hasbeen each thickness were analyzed for permeability and core found that a very limited and critical range of copper loss with the exception of two specimens at 0.0108 must be present to obtain the desirable properties from inches which were not suitable for analysis. These data the simplified process that involves a single coldrolling are set forth in the following table.
- alloys containing in excess of 0.75% copper are characterized by large core losses and low permeability compared with the same alloys containing the critical quantity of copper. To a lesser but very definite extent, the alloys having less than the critical quantity of copper also exhibit greater core losses than equivalent alloys containing copper in the critical range.
- the process of the present invention provides for an economical method for making highly oriented silicon steel, a process employing a single cold rolling step instead of multiple cold rolling steps with intermediate annealing.
- the process has been demonstrated to depend upon the presence of critical amounts of copper and silicon within the silicon steel and upon cold rolling to a gauge less than 0.025 inches.
- the process as thus set forth permits obtaining oriented silicon steel with a single cold roll and is therefor a great improvement over prior art processes requiring multiple cold rolling steps with intermediate heat treatments.
- a process for producing grain-oriented silicon steel which comprises:
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A grain-oriented silicon steel made by constituting a silicon steel to contain from about 2.2-4.0% silicon and from about 0.240.75% copper, hot rolling it to a thickness of about 0.075-0.1 inches, cold rolling in one cold reduction to a thickness of 0.025 inches or less and then texture annealing for a time sufficient for secondary recrystallization and grain growth to be effected is disclosed.
Description
nite States atent Malagari, Jr.
[ PROCESS FOR MAKING COPPER-CONTAINING ORIENTED SILICON STEEL [75] Inventor: Frank A. Malagari, Jr., Freeport,
[73] Assignee: Allegheny Ludlum llndustries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.
[22] Filed: Oct. 1, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 402,228
Related U.S. Application Data [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 229,233, Feb. 11,
1972, abandoned.
[52] U.S. Cl 148/111, 148/3155, 148/112 [51] int. Cl. H011 1/04 [58] Field of Search 148/111, 112, 110, 31.55;
[56] References Cited UNlTED STATES PATENTS 2,209,687 7/1940 Crafts 148/111 2,287,466 6/1942 Carpenter 148/111 1 Mar. 25, 1975 2,561,945 7/1951 Payson 148/112 2,867,557 1/1959 Crede et a1. 148/111 3,008,856 11/1961 Mobios 148/111 3,130,091 4/1964 Carpenter et a1 148/111 3,165,428 l/l965 Albert et a1 148/111 3,671,337 6/1972 Kumai et a1. 148/111 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Kussmann, et 211.; Gekupferter Stahl fur Dynamo-und Transformatorenbleche, in Stahl und Elsen, 1930, pp.
Primary ExaminerWalter R. Satterfield Attorney, Agent, or FirmVincent G. Gioia [57] ABSTRACT A grain-oriented silicon steel made by constituting a silicon steel to contain from about 2.24.0% silicon and from about 0.24-0.75% copper, hot rolling it to a thickness of about 0.075-0.l inches, cold rolling in one cold reduction to a thickness of 0.025 inches or less and then texture annealing for a time sufficient for secondary recrystallization and grain growth to be effected is disclosed.
5 Claims, N0 Drawings PROCESS FOR MAKING COPPER-CONTAINING ORIENTED SILICON STEEL CROSS REFERENCE This application is a continuation-impart of pend- 5 found that when the critical composition limits of copmg Patent application 229,233, filed 1 per are not employed or when the critical process steps 1972 now 9 for preparing the silicon steel in final useful form are not employed, obtaining highly oriented silicon steel BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION with good permeability and low core losses cannot be A product that has become known as silicon steel is aCcomPllshel, widely used because it can be made with very desirable Although 8 1 Steels X large amounts of magnetic propertiss Silicon steels have high permea sil con, the silicon steels of this inyention are those conbility to magnetic flux and small core losses and are taming from PP 224L098 Preferably therefor very useful in electrical devices involving elec-i l slhcon' There a @knwnshlp between tmmagnetism silicon and copper such that the des rable high permea- Although all silicon steels have good magnetic propp and low Core 1055 cbamqtensnc of an q q erties, the silicon steels with the best magnetic proper- Steel be retameq a process.u.smg a Smgle ties are those that are known as oricnted silicon steels. cold reducuon. .when the crmqal compositions of both Oriented silicon steels have cube-on-edge crystal struc- 2O and slhcon are not In the ranges Set forth ture that is oriented in the direction of rolling. To obherein tain silicon steels with a high degree of orientation, The final mixture antealmg y accomphshed prior art processes require very careful control of the accordance pn.0r an and n at a temper: chemistry of the steel and the sequence of process steps 2 and for a time sultablfi for h spegfic 5 p used to produce it in a thin, flat strip. For example, 3 the alloy Textilrehannea gglg prior art processes required hot reductions of the steel ecte at tlemperatures m t e flange O followed by cold rolling in several reductions with inand preferably at about 2150 termediate anneals to preserve the high permeability DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION and low core loss character of the silicon steel,
A "5? 2 01351111. 1.153111: ZZZ 53?: 1113333501 accor n e THE INVENTION dance with this invention; however, all were produced This invention is a process for producing grainwith similar conventional steps. The steels were constioriented silicon steels which employs a single cold rolltuted, cast and hot rolled by conventional means to ing step and is accordingly much more economical than thicknesses between 0.075 and 0.1 inches. The hot more extensive processes. rolled band was then treated conventionally to remove The process of this invention includes constituting a scale and heat treated before cold rolling. silicon steel to contain from about 2.20-4.0% silicon The heat treated and descaled steel was then cold and from about 0.240.75% copper. In this specificarolled directly to gauge, i.e. to 0.025 inches or less, tion all compositions are described in terms of percent after which it was texture annealed at 2,150F. by weight of the total composition unless otherwise The copper and silicon content of these steels and specified. The silicon steel is hot rolled to a thickness data obtained from analyzing them are set forth in of from about 0.075-0.1 inches and then cold rolled in Table l. The compositions in Table 1 indicate that all one single cold reduction to a thickness of0.025 inches steels include the critical silicon composition of the or less. The cold rolled strip is then texture annealed present invention, but some contain less than the critifor a time sufficient for secondary recrystallization and cal amount of copper and some contain in excess of the grain growth to be effected. critical amount of copper. The steels of this invention Copper is known to bean ingredient of silicon steel were rolled to four different gauges ranging from the and with the increased usage of scrap, copper is present maximum thickness of the invention, 0.025 inches to a in trace amounts in almost all silicon steels. However, gauge of 0.0108 inches. Specimens of each steel at in the process of the present invention it hasbeen each thickness were analyzed for permeability and core found that a very limited and critical range of copper loss with the exception of two specimens at 0.0108 must be present to obtain the desirable properties from inches which were not suitable for analysis. These data the simplified process that involves a single coldrolling are set forth in the following table.
TABLE 1 Magnetic Quality for Various Gauges .025" .0 85" .014" .0108" WPP at ,u. at WPP at ,u. at WPP at p, at WPP at [.L at Si (C/I) Cu(7z') 15KB 10H 15KB 10H 15KB 10H 15KB 10H 2.50 .0l 1.80 1672 1.26 1620 N 1550 1.25 1460 2.72 .0l 1.33 1731 .97 1729 .93 1580 .98 1511 3.00 .01 1.46 1722 1.03 1692 1.04 1529 1.19 1454 3.20 .0l 1.46 1720 1.00 1690 1.04 1540 1.20 1450 3.20 .15 1.54 1590 1.32 1550 1.04 1530 Magnetic Quality for Various Gauges .025 0108 WPP at p. at WPP at p at WPP at p. at WPP at p. at Si (7() Cu('7c) 15KB 10H KB 10H 15KB 10H 15KB 10H It is evident from the data in Table 1 that alloys containing in excess of 0.75% copper are characterized by large core losses and low permeability compared with the same alloys containing the critical quantity of copper. To a lesser but very definite extent, the alloys having less than the critical quantity of copper also exhibit greater core losses than equivalent alloys containing copper in the critical range.
The more desirable core losses and permeabilities of the alloys of this invention are obtained as the final gauge gets thinner. It is clear from the data that the desirable low core loss and high permeability properties increase rapidly as the thickness of the final cold rolled gauge increases from .0108 inches to 0.025 inches.
In summary, the process of the present invention provides for an economical method for making highly oriented silicon steel, a process employing a single cold rolling step instead of multiple cold rolling steps with intermediate annealing. The process has been demonstrated to depend upon the presence of critical amounts of copper and silicon within the silicon steel and upon cold rolling to a gauge less than 0.025 inches. The process as thus set forth permits obtaining oriented silicon steel with a single cold roll and is therefor a great improvement over prior art processes requiring multiple cold rolling steps with intermediate heat treatments.
It is evident that the usual methods for producing silicon steels conventionally employed will be used in the process of this invention. It is also contemplated that the compositions of silicon steels employed in this invention will include conventionally used materials to provide their own functions and will exclude those materials known to be destructive of the magnetic properties of silicon steels.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for producing grain-oriented silicon steel which comprises:
A. hot rolling a silicon steel consisting essentially of from about 2.20-4.0% silicon and from about 0.240.75% copper to a thickness of from about 0.0750. 10 inches,
B. cold rolling the hot rolled steel in one cold reduction to 0.025 inch thickness or less, and
C. texture annealing the cold rolled steel at a temperature of from about 2,0002,300F and for a time sufficient for secondary recrystallization and grain growth to be effected.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the steel contains,
about 0.3 to 0.5% copper.
3. The process of claim 1 in which the steel contains between about 2.5 and 3.0% silicon.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein texture annealing is effected at 2,150F.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said texture annealing is effected for a time sufficient to produce a product having a permeability of at least 1,550 ,u. at 10 H and a 99m lass a o t W @9 K
Claims (5)
1. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING GRAIN-ORIENTED SILICON STEEL WHICH COMPRISES: A. HOT ROLLING A SILICON STEEL CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF FROM ABOUT 2.20-4.0% SILICON AND FROM ABOUT 0.24-0.75% COPPER TO A THICKNESS OF FROM ABOUT 0.075-0.10 INCHES, B. CODL ROLLING THE HOT ROLLED STEEL IN ONE COLD REDUCTION TO 0.025 INCH THICKNESS OR LESS, AND C. TEXTURE ANNEALING THE COLD ROLLED STEEL AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 2,000*-2,300*F AND FOR ATIME SUFFICIENT FOR SECONDARY RECRYSTALLIZATION AND GRAIN GROWTH TO BE EFFECTED.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the steel contains about 0.3 to 0.5% copper.
3. The process of claim 1 in which the steel contains between about 2.5 and 3.0% silicon.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein texture annealing is effected at 2,150*F.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said texture annealing is effected for a time sufficient to produce a product having a permeability of at least 1,550 Mu at 10 H and a core loss of at most 1.40 WPP at 15 KB.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US402228A US3873380A (en) | 1972-02-11 | 1973-10-01 | Process for making copper-containing oriented silicon steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US22923372A | 1972-02-11 | 1972-02-11 | |
| US402228A US3873380A (en) | 1972-02-11 | 1973-10-01 | Process for making copper-containing oriented silicon steel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3873380A true US3873380A (en) | 1975-03-25 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US402228A Expired - Lifetime US3873380A (en) | 1972-02-11 | 1973-10-01 | Process for making copper-containing oriented silicon steel |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US3873380A (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4054470A (en) * | 1976-06-17 | 1977-10-18 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Boron and copper bearing silicon steel and processing therefore |
| US4753692A (en) * | 1981-08-05 | 1988-06-28 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet and process for producing the same |
| US4946519A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1990-08-07 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Semi-processed non-oriented electromagnetic steel strip having low core loss and high magnetic permeability, and method of making |
| US5013372A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1991-05-07 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Semi-process non-oriented electromagnetic steel strip having low core loss and high magnetic permeability, and method of making |
| US5609696A (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1997-03-11 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels |
| US6068708A (en) * | 1998-03-10 | 2000-05-30 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels having good cleanliness and magnetic properties |
| US6217673B1 (en) | 1994-04-26 | 2001-04-17 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels |
| US7736444B1 (en) | 2006-04-19 | 2010-06-15 | Silicon Steel Technology, Inc. | Method and system for manufacturing electrical silicon steel |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2209687A (en) * | 1938-07-25 | 1940-07-30 | Electro Metallurg Co | Sheared silicon electrical steel sheet |
| US2287466A (en) * | 1939-12-05 | 1942-06-23 | American Rolling Mill Co | Process of producing high permeability silicon steel |
| US2561945A (en) * | 1949-10-08 | 1951-07-24 | Crucible Steel Co America | High-strength nonmagnetic steels |
| US2867557A (en) * | 1956-08-02 | 1959-01-06 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method of producing silicon steel strip |
| US3008856A (en) * | 1957-02-16 | 1961-11-14 | Ver Deutsche Metallwerke Ag | Process for the production of sheets or strips with oriented magnetic properties from silicon and/or aluminum containing iron alloys |
| US3130091A (en) * | 1958-04-28 | 1964-04-21 | Armco Steel Corp | Non-oriented silicon-iron sheet stock and process of making it |
| US3165428A (en) * | 1962-12-27 | 1965-01-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Production of thin goss oriented magnetic materials |
| US3671337A (en) * | 1969-02-21 | 1972-06-20 | Nippon Steel Corp | Process for producing grain oriented electromagnetic steel sheets having excellent magnetic characteristics |
-
1973
- 1973-10-01 US US402228A patent/US3873380A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2209687A (en) * | 1938-07-25 | 1940-07-30 | Electro Metallurg Co | Sheared silicon electrical steel sheet |
| US2287466A (en) * | 1939-12-05 | 1942-06-23 | American Rolling Mill Co | Process of producing high permeability silicon steel |
| US2561945A (en) * | 1949-10-08 | 1951-07-24 | Crucible Steel Co America | High-strength nonmagnetic steels |
| US2867557A (en) * | 1956-08-02 | 1959-01-06 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method of producing silicon steel strip |
| US3008856A (en) * | 1957-02-16 | 1961-11-14 | Ver Deutsche Metallwerke Ag | Process for the production of sheets or strips with oriented magnetic properties from silicon and/or aluminum containing iron alloys |
| US3130091A (en) * | 1958-04-28 | 1964-04-21 | Armco Steel Corp | Non-oriented silicon-iron sheet stock and process of making it |
| US3165428A (en) * | 1962-12-27 | 1965-01-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Production of thin goss oriented magnetic materials |
| US3671337A (en) * | 1969-02-21 | 1972-06-20 | Nippon Steel Corp | Process for producing grain oriented electromagnetic steel sheets having excellent magnetic characteristics |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4054470A (en) * | 1976-06-17 | 1977-10-18 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Boron and copper bearing silicon steel and processing therefore |
| US4753692A (en) * | 1981-08-05 | 1988-06-28 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet and process for producing the same |
| US4863532A (en) * | 1981-08-05 | 1989-09-05 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Grain-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet |
| US4946519A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1990-08-07 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Semi-processed non-oriented electromagnetic steel strip having low core loss and high magnetic permeability, and method of making |
| US5013372A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1991-05-07 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Semi-process non-oriented electromagnetic steel strip having low core loss and high magnetic permeability, and method of making |
| US5609696A (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1997-03-11 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels |
| USRE35967E (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1998-11-24 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels |
| US6217673B1 (en) | 1994-04-26 | 2001-04-17 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels |
| US6068708A (en) * | 1998-03-10 | 2000-05-30 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Process of making electrical steels having good cleanliness and magnetic properties |
| US7736444B1 (en) | 2006-04-19 | 2010-06-15 | Silicon Steel Technology, Inc. | Method and system for manufacturing electrical silicon steel |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STEEL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004779/0642 Effective date: 19860805 |
|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004855/0400 Effective date: 19861226 |