US3871880A - Organic photoconductor for electrophotography - Google Patents
Organic photoconductor for electrophotography Download PDFInfo
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- US3871880A US3871880A US311221A US31122172A US3871880A US 3871880 A US3871880 A US 3871880A US 311221 A US311221 A US 311221A US 31122172 A US31122172 A US 31122172A US 3871880 A US3871880 A US 3871880A
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- acid
- photoconductive
- dicarbazolyl
- fluorenone
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
- G03G5/0627—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered
- G03G5/0629—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered containing one hetero atom
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
- Y10S430/001—Electric or magnetic imagery, e.g., xerography, electrography, magnetography, etc. Process, composition, or product
- Y10S430/10—Donor-acceptor complex photoconductor
Definitions
- ABSTRACT Photoconductive materials are prepared from an N- aryl carbazole compound and a Lewis acid.
- the materials are charge transfer complexes with the N-aryl carbazole such as N-phenylcarbazole acting as an electron donor and the Lewis acid such as 2. 4. 7-trini' tro-9-fluorenone acting as an electron acceptor.
- the molar ratio of the donor to the acceptor can be in the range from 1:0.5 to 1:1.
- the developing material is normally attracted to those portions of the layer which retain a charge, thereby forming a powder image corresponding to the latent electrostatic image.
- the powder image may then be transferred to paper or any other receiving surface.
- the powder image is permanently bonded to the paper by any suitable fixing means.
- a heating process called fusing, is used, as described in U.S. patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. as 2,357,809, 2,89l,Ull and 3,079,342.
- a third type plate inherently photoconductive polymers are used; frequently in combination with sensitizing dyes or Lewis acids to form photoconductive insulating layers. Again, in these plates at least one photoconductive insulating component is necessary in the formation of the layer. While the concept of sensitizing photoconductors is itself commercially useful, it does have the drawback of being limited to only those materials already having substantial photoconductivity.
- the polymeric and binder-type organic photoconductor plates of the prior art generally have the inherent disadvantages of high cost of manufacture, brittleness, and poor adhesion to supporting substrates.
- a number of these photoconductive insulating layers have low temperature distortion properties which make them undesirable in an automatic electrophotographic apparatus which often includes powerful lamps and thermal fusing devices which tend to heat the xerographic plate.
- the choice of physical properties has been limited by the necessity of using only inherently photoconductive materials.
- inorganic pigment-binder plates are limited in usefulness because they are often opaque and are thus limited to use in systems where light transmission is not re' quired. Inorganic pigment-binder plates have the fur ther disadvantage of being non-reusable due to high fatigue and rough surfaces which make cleaning difficult. Still another disadvantage is that the materials used have been limited to those having inherent photoconductive insulating properties.
- X and Y are each selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, Br and NO and wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, napthyl and phenanthryl.
- the phenyl is advantageously a substituted phenyl having the following structural formula:
- R and R are selected from the group consisting of H, N and COOH; R is selected from the group consisting of H, N(CH C.,H N0 oNO CH H.,-NH, o-NH -C,,H,NH. and Br.
- the photoconductive material adaptable for use in electrophotographic processes includes an electron donor and an electron acceptor in the form of a charge transfer complex While the mechanism ofthe complex chemical interreaction involved in the present process is not completely understood, it is believed that a charge transfer complex" is formed having absorption bands characteristic of neither of the two components considered individually. The mixture of the two non or poorly photoconductive components seems to have a synergistic effect which is much greater than additive.
- the electron acceptor may be any suitable Lewis acid and the preferred group of Lewis acids are 2, 4, 7-trinitro-9-fluorenone; 2. 4, 5, 7-tetranitro-9- fluorenone; 2, 6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; 2, S-dinitro- 9-lluorenone; l.5-dichloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene; 2, -dichloro pbenzoquinone; 2, 3. o-trichloro-pbenzoquinone; 2-chloro-3. S-dinitropyridine; 2,4,5, 7, Q-pentanitroindeue; 2, l-alpha 7lluorene-l l, 12- dione; 2.
- quinones such as P- benzoquinone, chloranil, naphthoquinone-(l,4), 2,3- dichloronaphthoquinone-(1,4), anthraquinone, 2- methylanthraquinone, l,4-dimethylanthraquinone, chloroanthraquinone, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid, l,S-dichloroanthraquinone, l-chloro4- nitroanthraquinone, phenanthrenequinone, acenapthenequinone.
- quinones such as P- benzoquinone, chloranil, naphthoquinone-(l,4), 2,3- dichloronaphthoquinone-(1,4), anthraquinone, 2- methylanthraquinone, l,4-dimethylanthraquinone, chloroanthr
- dialdehyde biphenyl-4-aldehyde
- organic phosphonic acid such as 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzene-phosphonic acid, nitrophenols, such as 4-nitrophenol, and picric acid
- acid anhydrides for example, acetic-anhydride.
- succinic anhydride maleic anhydride.
- di-bromo maleic acid anhydride di-bromo maleic acid anhydride.
- metal halides of the metals and metalloids of the groups IE, I] through to group VIII of the periodical system for example: aluminum chloride. zinc chloride. ferric chloride, tin tetrachloride, (stannic chloride), arsenic trichloride. stannous chloride. antimony pentachloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide. calcium bromide, calcium iodide, strontium bromide. chromic bromide, manganous chloride, cobaltous chloride, cobaltic chloride. cupric bromide. ceric chloride.
- thorium chloride arsenic tri-iodine
- boron halide compounds for example: boron trifluoride, and boron trichloride
- ketones such as acetophenone. benzophenone. 2-acetylnaphthalene, benzil, benzoin, 5- benzoyl acenaphthene, biacene-dione, 9-acetylanthracene.
- Additional Lewis acids are mineral acids such as the hydrogen halides, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid; organic carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid and' the substitution products thereof, monochloro-acetic acid. dichloroacetic acid. trichloro-acetic acid. phenylacetic acid, and 6-methylcoumarinylacetic acid (40); maleic acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, l-(4-diethyl-aminobenzoyl)-benzene-2-carboxylic acid. phthalic acid. and tetra-chlorophthalic acid, alpha-betadibromo-betaformyl-acrylic acid (mucobromic acid).
- mineral acids such as the hydrogen halides, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid
- organic carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and' the substitution products thereof, monochloro-acetic acid. dichloroacetic acid. trichloro-acetic acid
- dibromo maleic acid Z-bromo-benzoic acid, gallic acid, 3-nitro-2-hydroxyl-l-ben2oic acid, Z-nitro phenoxyacetic acid.
- 2-chloro5nitro-lbenzoic acid 3-chloro-6-nitro-l-benzoic acid.
- 4-chloro-3-nitro-l-benzoic acid 5-chloro-3-nitro-2- hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
- acetosalicylic acid benzilic acid, butane-tetracarboxylic acid, citric acid, cyano-aceitc acid, cyclo-hexane-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 9,]0-dichloro-stearic acid, fumaric acid. itaconic acid. levulinic acid (levulic acid), malic acid, succinic acid, alpha-bromo-stearic acid.
- citraconic acid dibromo-succinic acid, pyrene-2.3,7,8- tetra-carboxylic acid, tartaric acid; organic sulphonic acids, such as 4-toluene sulphonic acid, and benzene sulphonic acid, 2,4-dinitro-lmethyl-benzene-6- sulphonic acid, 2,6-dinitro-l-hydroxy-benzene-4- sulphonic acid, Z-nitro-l-hydroxybenzene-4'sulphonic acid, 4-nitro-hydroxy-Z-benzene sulphonic acid, 3- nitro-2-methyl-l-hydroxy-benzene-S-sulphonic acid, 6-nitro-4-methyl-l-hydroxy-benzene-Z-sulphonic acid, 4-chlorol -hydroxy-benzene-.'l-sulphonic acid, 2- chloro-3-nitro-l-methylbenzene-5-sulphonic acid and 2-chloro-l-methyl-benzene-4-sulphonic acid.
- X and Y are selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, Br and NO, and wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, napthyl and phenanthryl.
- the phenyl is advantageously a substituted phenyl having the following structural formula:
- R. and R are selected from the group consisting of H. NO and COOH;
- R is selected from the group consisting of H. 3)2 CfiHfi, N02 0NO2C6H4NH, oNH -C H NH, and Br.
- the photoconductor complex incudes a crystallization prevention agent.
- the agent is a carbazolyl compound preferably a dicarbazolyl cycloalkane such as dicarbazolyl cyclobutane.
- EXAMPLE I A standard trinitrofluorenone/N-phenyl carbazole solution was prepared by dissolving 2 grams (8.17 X mole) of N-phenyl carbazole in 3 milliliters (ml.) of tetrahydrofuran and mixing the solution with a solution of 2.6 grams (8.25 X lO'" mole) of trinitrofluorenone dissolved in l) ml. of tetrahydrofuran.
- the solution is then coated on an aliminized Mylar substrate by a doctor-blade technique to a thickness of 0.2 mil.
- the coatings crystallize almost immediately upon curing. However. even though crystallized the coating had a charge acceptance of 300 volts and I2 seconds of exposure to a 10 foot candle light source were required to reduce this voltage by half (l /2 120 foot candle sec).
- a 0.3 mil coating was produced.
- the coating did not crystallize upon curing, and had a charge acceptance of 900 volts with a IV: 3.2 foot candle sec.
- the dicarbazolyl oyclobutane thus acted as a crystallization prevention agent.
- Example Ill The conditions of Example I were followed except that the formulation comprised 22 ml. of tetrahydrofuran, 2.6 gm. of trinitrofluorenone, 2 gm. of N-phenyl carbazole and 1 gram of Monsanto RP I323 as a binder. The charge acceptance was 520 volts and the 1 /2 was 5.4 foot candle sec (fcs.).
- Example IV The conditions of Example III was followed except that 2 gm of the binder was used. The charge acceptance was I000 volts and the IV: was 12 f.c.s.
- Example V The standard solution of Example I was added l0 grams of a solution of 10 grams of poly N-vinyl carbazole (sold under the trademark Luvican by BASF Co.) in ml. of tetrahydrofuran.
- the solution was then coated on an aluminized Mylar substrate, by a doctor-blade technique, producing a 0.4 mil coating.
- the sample was tested in a Victoreen apparatus and was found to have a charge acceptance of 1200 volts and required l.5 seconds to reduce the potential to one half of its original value using a 1 foot candle light (1V2 i5 fcs).
- EXAMPLE VI A standard solution was prepared as described in Example l. Three ml. of a solution of 10 grams of polystyrene (sold under the trademark PS 3, by Dow Chemical Co.) in 30 ml. of tetrahydrofuran was mixed with the standard solution and a 0.2 mil coating was applied to an aluminized Mylar substrate.
- the charge acceptance was found to be 450 volts. and the 1% 3.2 fcs.
- Example VII The procedure of Example V was followed except that l gram of solution polyester 49000 (sold by Du Pont) was mixed with the standard solution.
- a 0.3 mil coating was found to have a t /z 50 fcs. and a charge acceptance of 500 volts.
- a photoconductive electrically insulating composition comprising a charge transfer complex of a Lewis acid and an N-aryl carbazole, characterized by the structural formula:
- X and Y are each selected from the group consisting of N, Cl, Br. and NO; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl. naphthyl and phenanthryl; wherein said Lewis acid is taken from the group consisting of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone; 2.4.5.7- tetranitro-9-fluorenone; 2,b-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; 2,5-dinitro-9-fluorenone', l,5-dichloro-2,4' dinitrobenzene; 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; 2.3,6-
- a photoconductive electrically insulating composition comprising a charge transfer complex of an electron acceptor taken from the group consisting of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluoreneone and 2, 4. 5, 7-tetranitro-9- fluoreno ne and an electron donor as N-phenyl carbazole, the ratio ofelectron acceptor to donor being from 5:! to l:l and including dicarbazolyl cyclobutane in an amount sufficient to prevent crystallization of said composition.
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Abstract
Photoconductive materials are prepared from an N-aryl carbazole compound and a Lewis acid. The materials are charge transfer complexes with the N-aryl carbazole such as N-phenylcarbazole acting as an electron donor and the Lewis acid such as 2, 4, 7trinitro-9-fluorenone acting as an electron acceptor. The molar ratio of the donor to the acceptor can be in the range from 1:0.5 to 1:1.
Description
United States Patent [191 Montillier 1 1 Mar. 18, 1975 1 ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY [75] Inventor: Jean-Pierre Montillier, Manchester.
Conn.
[52] US. Cl. 96/1.5 [51] Int. Cl. G03g 5/06, (303g 7/00 [58] Field 01 Search 96/15; 260/315 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3.287.119 11/1966 Hoegl 1. 260/315 3.408.189 10/1968 Mammine 96/].5 3511.966 5/1970 Shattuck et a1 96/15 3,579.33] 5/1971 Mee et a1 96/15 3.615.412 10/1971 Hassel 90/15 3.655.378 4/1972 Contors et a1. 3.765.883 10/1973 Endo et a]. Jo/1.5
Primary Examiner-Norman G. Torchin Assistant Examiner-J. P. Brammer Attorney, Agent, or FirmWilliam D. Soltow, Jr.; Albert W. Scribner; Peter Vrahotes [57] ABSTRACT Photoconductive materials are prepared from an N- aryl carbazole compound and a Lewis acid. The materials are charge transfer complexes with the N-aryl carbazole such as N-phenylcarbazole acting as an electron donor and the Lewis acid such as 2. 4. 7-trini' tro-9-fluorenone acting as an electron acceptor. The molar ratio of the donor to the acceptor can be in the range from 1:0.5 to 1:1.
3 Claims, No Drawings ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an organic photoconductive composition comprising N-aryl carbazole and more particularly to the use of N-aryl carbazole in combination with a nitrofluorenone and their use in electrophotographic processes.
2. Description the Prior Art The forming and developing of images on the surfaces of certain photoconductive materials by electrostatic means is now well known. Carlson, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691 teaches the basic xerographic process, which involves uniformly charging a photoconductive insulating layer and then exposing the layer to a lightand-shadow image which dissipates the charge on the portions of the layer which are exposed to light. The electrostatic latent image formed on the layer corresponds to the configuration ofthe light-and-shadow image. In another modification, a latent electrostatic image is formed on the photoconductive insulating layer by charging the layer in image configuration. A finely divided developing material comprising a colorant called a toner and a toner carrier is deposited on the image layer. The developing material is normally attracted to those portions of the layer which retain a charge, thereby forming a powder image corresponding to the latent electrostatic image. The powder image may then be transferred to paper or any other receiving surface. The powder image is permanently bonded to the paper by any suitable fixing means. Typically, a heating process, called fusing, is used, as described in U.S. patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. as 2,357,809, 2,89l,Ull and 3,079,342.
It is possible to employ a wide variety of photoconductive insulating materials in the electrostatic process. For example, Carlson. in U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691 discloses photoconductive insulating materials such as anthracene, sulfur, selenium or mixtures thereof.
These materials generally have sensitivity in the blue or near ultraviolet range, and all but selenium have a further limitation of being only slightly light sensitive. For this reason, selenium has been the most commercially accepted material for use in electrophotographic plates. Vitreous selenium, however, while desirable in most aspects, suffers from serious limitations in that its spectral response is somewhat limited to the ultraviolet, blue and green region of the spectrum, and the preparation of vitreous selenium plates requires costly and complex procedures, such as vacuum evaporation. Also. selenium plates require the use ofa separate conductive substrate layer, preferably with an additional barrier layer deposited thereon before deposition of the selenium photoconductor. Because of these economic and commercial considerations, there have been many recent efforts towards developing photoconductive insulating materials other than selenium for use in electrophotographic plates.
It has been proposed that various two-component materials be used in photconductive insulating layers used in electrophotographic plates. For example, the use of inorganic photoconductive pigment dispersed in suitable binder materials to form photoconductive insulating layers is known. It has further been demonstralcd that organic photoconductive insulating dyes and wide variety of polycyclic compounds may be used together with suitable resinmaterials to form photoconductive insulating layers useful in binder-type plates. in each of these two systems, it is necessary that at least one original component used to prepare the photoconductive insulating layer be, itself, a photoconductive insulating material.
In a third type plate, inherently photoconductive polymers are used; frequently in combination with sensitizing dyes or Lewis acids to form photoconductive insulating layers. Again, in these plates at least one photoconductive insulating component is necessary in the formation of the layer. While the concept of sensitizing photoconductors is itself commercially useful, it does have the drawback of being limited to only those materials already having substantial photoconductivity.
The above discussed three types of known plates are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,999,750; 3,037,861; 3,041,165; 3,072,479; 3,097,095; 3,113,022; 3,126,281; 3,159,483; 3,237,119;
3,484,237; 3,607,258; Canadian Pat. No. 644,167 and German Pat. No. 1,068,115.
The polymeric and binder-type organic photoconductor plates of the prior art generally have the inherent disadvantages of high cost of manufacture, brittleness, and poor adhesion to supporting substrates. A number of these photoconductive insulating layers have low temperature distortion properties which make them undesirable in an automatic electrophotographic apparatus which often includes powerful lamps and thermal fusing devices which tend to heat the xerographic plate. Also, the choice of physical properties has been limited by the necessity of using only inherently photoconductive materials.
inorganic pigment-binder plates are limited in usefulness because they are often opaque and are thus limited to use in systems where light transmission is not re' quired. Inorganic pigment-binder plates have the fur ther disadvantage of being non-reusable due to high fatigue and rough surfaces which make cleaning difficult. Still another disadvantage is that the materials used have been limited to those having inherent photoconductive insulating properties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION it is an object of the invention to provide a composition which is photoconductive and can readily be processed so as to form a photoconductive structure.
It is another object of this invention to provide a photoconductive insulating material devoid of the above noted disadvantages.
It has now been found that the problems of the prior art can be overcome through the use of a Lewis acid, preferably trinitro-fluorenone in combination with N- aryl carbazole characterized by the following formula:
wherein X and Y are each selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, Br and NO and wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, napthyl and phenanthryl. The phenyl is advantageously a substituted phenyl having the following structural formula:
wherein:
R and R are selected from the group consisting of H, N and COOH; R is selected from the group consisting of H, N(CH C.,H N0 oNO CH H.,-NH, o-NH -C,,H,NH. and Br.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The photoconductive material adaptable for use in electrophotographic processes includes an electron donor and an electron acceptor in the form of a charge transfer complex While the mechanism ofthe complex chemical interreaction involved in the present process is not completely understood, it is believed that a charge transfer complex" is formed having absorption bands characteristic of neither of the two components considered individually. The mixture of the two non or poorly photoconductive components seems to have a synergistic effect which is much greater than additive.
The electron acceptor may be any suitable Lewis acid and the preferred group of Lewis acids are 2, 4, 7-trinitro-9-fluorenone; 2. 4, 5, 7-tetranitro-9- fluorenone; 2, 6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; 2, S-dinitro- 9-lluorenone; l.5-dichloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene; 2, -dichloro pbenzoquinone; 2, 3. o-trichloro-pbenzoquinone; 2-chloro-3. S-dinitropyridine; 2,4,5, 7, Q-pentanitroindeue; 2, l-alpha 7lluorene-l l, 12- dione; 2. 5-diphenyl-pbenzoquinone; 2, 3-dichloro-l, 4-naphthoquinonc1 9-dicyanomethylene-2, 4, 7- trinitrofluorene. Of these the most preferred are 2, 4, 7-trinitro9-fluorenone and 2. 4, 5, 7-tetrariitro-9- fluorenone, These two electron acceptors give substantially increased electrophotographic speed over those listed above or with respect to Lewis acids in general.
Other typical Lewis acids are: quinones, such as P- benzoquinone, chloranil, naphthoquinone-(l,4), 2,3- dichloronaphthoquinone-(1,4), anthraquinone, 2- methylanthraquinone, l,4-dimethylanthraquinone, chloroanthraquinone, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid, l,S-dichloroanthraquinone, l-chloro4- nitroanthraquinone, phenanthrenequinone, acenapthenequinone. pyranthrenequinone, chrysenequinone, thio-naphthenequinone. anthraquinone!,S-disulfonic acid and anthraquinone-Z-aldehyde; triphthaloylbenzene-aldehydes such as bromal, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde,
2.6-dichlorobenzaldehyde-9, 2-eth0xyl naphthaldehyde, anthracene-J-aldehyde, pyrene-3- aldehyde. oxindole-3-aldehyde, pyridine-2,6-
dialdehyde. biphenyl-4-aldehyde; organic phosphonic acid such as 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzene-phosphonic acid, nitrophenols, such as 4-nitrophenol, and picric acid; acid anhydrides. for example, acetic-anhydride. succinic anhydride. maleic anhydride. phthalic anhydride, letrachlorophthalic anhydride, perylene-3,4,9,]O- tetracarboxylic acid and chrysene-2,3,8,9- tetracarboxylic anhydride. di-bromo maleic acid anhydride. metal halides of the metals and metalloids of the groups IE, I] through to group VIII of the periodical system, for example: aluminum chloride. zinc chloride. ferric chloride, tin tetrachloride, (stannic chloride), arsenic trichloride. stannous chloride. antimony pentachloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide. calcium bromide, calcium iodide, strontium bromide. chromic bromide, manganous chloride, cobaltous chloride, cobaltic chloride. cupric bromide. ceric chloride. thorium chloride, arsenic tri-iodine; boron halide compounds, for example: boron trifluoride, and boron trichloride; and ketones, such as acetophenone. benzophenone. 2-acetylnaphthalene, benzil, benzoin, 5- benzoyl acenaphthene, biacene-dione, 9-acetylanthracene. 9-benzoyl-anthracene, 4-(4-dimethylamino-cinnamyl)-l-acetylbenzene, acetoacetic acid anilide, indandione-(l,3), 1,3-diketo-hydrindene, acenaphthene quinonedichloride. anisil, 2,2-pyridil and furil.
Additional Lewis acids are mineral acids such as the hydrogen halides, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid; organic carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid and' the substitution products thereof, monochloro-acetic acid. dichloroacetic acid. trichloro-acetic acid. phenylacetic acid, and 6-methylcoumarinylacetic acid (40); maleic acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, l-(4-diethyl-aminobenzoyl)-benzene-2-carboxylic acid. phthalic acid. and tetra-chlorophthalic acid, alpha-betadibromo-betaformyl-acrylic acid (mucobromic acid). dibromo maleic acid. Z-bromo-benzoic acid, gallic acid, 3-nitro-2-hydroxyl-l-ben2oic acid, Z-nitro phenoxyacetic acid. 2-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-nitro-benzoic acid. 3-nitro-4-ethoxy-benzoic acid, 2-chloro-4-nitro-lbenzoic acid. 3-nitro-4-methoxy-ben2oic acid. 4nitro-l-methyl-benzoic acid. 2-chloro5nitro-lbenzoic acid. 3-chloro-6-nitro-l-benzoic acid. 4-chloro-3-nitro-l-benzoic acid, 5-chloro-3-nitro-2- hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid. 2,4-dinitro-l-benzoic acid. Z-bromo-S-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-chlorophenyl-acetic acid, 2-chlorocinnamic acid, Z-cyanocinnamic acid, 2,4- dichlorobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitro-benzoic acid, 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid, malonic acid, mucic acid,
acetosalicylic acid, benzilic acid, butane-tetracarboxylic acid, citric acid, cyano-aceitc acid, cyclo-hexane-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 9,]0-dichloro-stearic acid, fumaric acid. itaconic acid. levulinic acid (levulic acid), malic acid, succinic acid, alpha-bromo-stearic acid. citraconic acid, dibromo-succinic acid, pyrene-2.3,7,8- tetra-carboxylic acid, tartaric acid; organic sulphonic acids, such as 4-toluene sulphonic acid, and benzene sulphonic acid, 2,4-dinitro-lmethyl-benzene-6- sulphonic acid, 2,6-dinitro-l-hydroxy-benzene-4- sulphonic acid, Z-nitro-l-hydroxybenzene-4'sulphonic acid, 4-nitro-hydroxy-Z-benzene sulphonic acid, 3- nitro-2-methyl-l-hydroxy-benzene-S-sulphonic acid, 6-nitro-4-methyl-l-hydroxy-benzene-Z-sulphonic acid, 4-chlorol -hydroxy-benzene-.'l-sulphonic acid, 2- chloro-3-nitro-l-methylbenzene-5-sulphonic acid and 2-chloro-l-methyl-benzene-4-sulphonic acid.
The electron donor is an N-aryl carbazole characterized by the following formula:
r wherein X and Y are selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, Br and NO, and wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, napthyl and phenanthryl. The phenyl is advantageously a substituted phenyl having the following structural formula:
wherein:
R. and R are selected from the group consisting of H. NO and COOH;
R is selected from the group consisting of H. 3)2 CfiHfi, N02 0NO2C6H4NH, oNH -C H NH, and Br.
The following table sets forth advantageous combinations for R R and R Advantageously, the photoconductor complex incudes a crystallization prevention agent. The agent is a carbazolyl compound preferably a dicarbazolyl cycloalkane such as dicarbazolyl cyclobutane.
EXAMPLE I A standard trinitrofluorenone/N-phenyl carbazole solution was prepared by dissolving 2 grams (8.17 X mole) of N-phenyl carbazole in 3 milliliters (ml.) of tetrahydrofuran and mixing the solution with a solution of 2.6 grams (8.25 X lO'" mole) of trinitrofluorenone dissolved in l) ml. of tetrahydrofuran.
The solution is then coated on an aliminized Mylar substrate by a doctor-blade technique to a thickness of 0.2 mil. The coatings crystallize almost immediately upon curing. However. even though crystallized the coating had a charge acceptance of 300 volts and I2 seconds of exposure to a 10 foot candle light source were required to reduce this voltage by half (l /2 120 foot candle sec).
EXAMPLE ll The conditions of Example I were repeated except that 0.3 gm (0.77 X l0 mole) of dicarbazolyl cyclobutane lopercent by weight) was added to the standard solution.
A 0.3 mil coating was produced. The coating did not crystallize upon curing, and had a charge acceptance of 900 volts with a IV: 3.2 foot candle sec. The dicarbazolyl oyclobutane thus acted as a crystallization prevention agent.
EXAMPLE Ill The conditions of Example I were followed except that the formulation comprised 22 ml. of tetrahydrofuran, 2.6 gm. of trinitrofluorenone, 2 gm. of N-phenyl carbazole and 1 gram of Monsanto RP I323 as a binder. The charge acceptance was 520 volts and the 1 /2 was 5.4 foot candle sec (fcs.).
EXAMPLE IV The conditions of Example III was followed except that 2 gm of the binder was used. The charge acceptance was I000 volts and the IV: was 12 f.c.s.
EXAMPLE V The standard solution of Example I was added l0 grams of a solution of 10 grams of poly N-vinyl carbazole (sold under the trademark Luvican by BASF Co.) in ml. of tetrahydrofuran.
The solution was then coated on an aluminized Mylar substrate, by a doctor-blade technique, producing a 0.4 mil coating. The sample was tested in a Victoreen apparatus and was found to have a charge acceptance of 1200 volts and required l.5 seconds to reduce the potential to one half of its original value using a 1 foot candle light (1V2 i5 fcs). A 0.4 mil coating tested in a commerical xerographic photocopier, gave L500 copies of good quality.
EXAMPLE VI A standard solution was prepared as described in Example l. Three ml. of a solution of 10 grams of polystyrene (sold under the trademark PS 3, by Dow Chemical Co.) in 30 ml. of tetrahydrofuran was mixed with the standard solution and a 0.2 mil coating was applied to an aluminized Mylar substrate.
The charge acceptance was found to be 450 volts. and the 1% 3.2 fcs.
EXAMPLE VII The procedure of Example V was followed except that l gram of solution polyester 49000 (sold by Du Pont) was mixed with the standard solution.
A 0.3 mil coating was found to have a t /z 50 fcs. and a charge acceptance of 500 volts.
What is claimed is:
l. A photoconductive electrically insulating composition comprising a charge transfer complex of a Lewis acid and an N-aryl carbazole, characterized by the structural formula:
wherein X and Y are each selected from the group consisting of N, Cl, Br. and NO; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl. naphthyl and phenanthryl; wherein said Lewis acid is taken from the group consisting of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone; 2.4.5.7- tetranitro-9-fluorenone; 2,b-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; 2,5-dinitro-9-fluorenone', l,5-dichloro-2,4' dinitrobenzene; 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; 2.3,6-
3. A photoconductive electrically insulating composition comprising a charge transfer complex of an electron acceptor taken from the group consisting of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluoreneone and 2, 4. 5, 7-tetranitro-9- fluoreno ne and an electron donor as N-phenyl carbazole, the ratio ofelectron acceptor to donor being from 5:! to l:l and including dicarbazolyl cyclobutane in an amount sufficient to prevent crystallization of said composition.
Claims (3)
1. A PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ELECTRICALLY INSULATING COMPOSITION COMPRISING A HCARGE TRANSFER COMPLEX OF A LEWIS ACID AND AN N-ARYL CARBAZOLE, CHARACTERIZED BY THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
2. The composition defined in claim 1 wherein said dicarbazolyl cycloalkane is dicarbazolyl cyclobutane.
3. A photoconductive electrically insulating composition comprising a charge transfer complex of an electron acceptor taken from the group consisting of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluoreneone and 2, 4, 5, 7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone and an electron donor as N-phenyl carbazole, the ratio of electron acceptor to donor being from 5:1 to 1:1 and including dicarbazolyl cyclobutane in an amount sufficient to prevent crystallization of said composition.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US311221A US3871880A (en) | 1972-12-01 | 1972-12-01 | Organic photoconductor for electrophotography |
| US489188A US3915701A (en) | 1972-12-01 | 1974-07-17 | Organic photoconductor for electrophotography |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US311221A US3871880A (en) | 1972-12-01 | 1972-12-01 | Organic photoconductor for electrophotography |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3871880A true US3871880A (en) | 1975-03-18 |
Family
ID=23205945
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US311221A Expired - Lifetime US3871880A (en) | 1972-12-01 | 1972-12-01 | Organic photoconductor for electrophotography |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3871880A (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4076528A (en) * | 1973-05-12 | 1978-02-28 | Xerox Corporation | Xerographic binder plate |
| US4111850A (en) * | 1977-02-16 | 1978-09-05 | Amp Incorporated | Organic photoconductors and methods |
| US5876890A (en) * | 1996-05-27 | 1999-03-02 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member and apparatus and process cartridge provided with the same |
| US5876888A (en) * | 1996-07-04 | 1999-03-02 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, and apparatus and process cartridge provided with the same |
| US6093515A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2000-07-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6146800A (en) * | 1997-10-17 | 2000-11-14 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6180302B1 (en) | 1997-10-27 | 2001-01-30 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, and process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus provided with the electrophotographic member |
| US6405005B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2002-06-11 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6410195B1 (en) | 1999-08-12 | 2002-06-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6703174B2 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2004-03-09 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge |
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| US3287119A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3408189A (en) * | 1966-10-27 | 1968-10-29 | Xerox Corp | Electrophotographic plate and process employing photoconductive charge transfer complexes |
| US3512966A (en) * | 1965-07-26 | 1970-05-19 | Ibm | Process of electrophotographic recording employing persistent organic photoconductive compositions |
| US3579331A (en) * | 1968-04-08 | 1971-05-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | Electrophotographic materials containing cyanine dye sensitizers |
| US3615412A (en) * | 1969-04-30 | 1971-10-26 | Addressograph Multigraph | Fluorene type compounds as organic photoconductors |
| US3655378A (en) * | 1971-03-01 | 1972-04-11 | Eastman Kodak Co | Charge-transfer complexes of dibenzofuran-formaldehyde or dibenzothiophene-formaldehyde resins as photoconductive materials |
| US3765883A (en) * | 1970-02-04 | 1973-10-16 | Canon Kk | Organic photoconductors sensitized with free radical liberators and organometallic compounds |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3287119A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3512966A (en) * | 1965-07-26 | 1970-05-19 | Ibm | Process of electrophotographic recording employing persistent organic photoconductive compositions |
| US3408189A (en) * | 1966-10-27 | 1968-10-29 | Xerox Corp | Electrophotographic plate and process employing photoconductive charge transfer complexes |
| US3579331A (en) * | 1968-04-08 | 1971-05-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | Electrophotographic materials containing cyanine dye sensitizers |
| US3615412A (en) * | 1969-04-30 | 1971-10-26 | Addressograph Multigraph | Fluorene type compounds as organic photoconductors |
| US3765883A (en) * | 1970-02-04 | 1973-10-16 | Canon Kk | Organic photoconductors sensitized with free radical liberators and organometallic compounds |
| US3655378A (en) * | 1971-03-01 | 1972-04-11 | Eastman Kodak Co | Charge-transfer complexes of dibenzofuran-formaldehyde or dibenzothiophene-formaldehyde resins as photoconductive materials |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4076528A (en) * | 1973-05-12 | 1978-02-28 | Xerox Corporation | Xerographic binder plate |
| US4111850A (en) * | 1977-02-16 | 1978-09-05 | Amp Incorporated | Organic photoconductors and methods |
| US5876890A (en) * | 1996-05-27 | 1999-03-02 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member and apparatus and process cartridge provided with the same |
| US5876888A (en) * | 1996-07-04 | 1999-03-02 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, and apparatus and process cartridge provided with the same |
| US6093515A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2000-07-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6146800A (en) * | 1997-10-17 | 2000-11-14 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6180302B1 (en) | 1997-10-27 | 2001-01-30 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, and process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus provided with the electrophotographic member |
| US6405005B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2002-06-11 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6408152B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2002-06-18 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6410195B1 (en) | 1999-08-12 | 2002-06-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus |
| US6703174B2 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2004-03-09 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge |
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