US3866614A - Cardiac actuator - Google Patents

Cardiac actuator Download PDF

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US3866614A
US3866614A US348237A US34823773A US3866614A US 3866614 A US3866614 A US 3866614A US 348237 A US348237 A US 348237A US 34823773 A US34823773 A US 34823773A US 3866614 A US3866614 A US 3866614A
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beat
batteries
voltage
multivibrator
impulses
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US348237A
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Bengt Svensson
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/378—Electrical supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/061—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for DC powered loads
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/20—The network being internal to a load
    • H02J2310/23—The load being a medical device, a medical implant, or a life supporting device

Definitions

  • a cardiac actuator specifically an lmplantable heart- [52] Us. CL 128/419 P beat maker, has at least two voltage sources, such as 51 im. c1 A6ln 1/36 batteries cumulamrs, which be intercom [58 Field 61 Search 128/419 P, 419 R, 421, in Parallel Supplying energy the beat 128/422 423 making circuit.
  • the invention is particularly characterized by a switching device which provides alternat- [56] References Cited ing and separate switch connections of the individual UNITED STATES PATENTS voltage sources to the beat making circuit.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a heartbeat maker of the described type wherein the individual voltage sources are substantially uniformly loaded, namely, they supply energy in the same way, and thus are equally slowly discharged. Furthermore, provision should be made that the entire voltage of the voltage sources should be provided to the greatest possible extent for the beat making circuit, thus avoiding drops in voltage which take place in the known circuit by the use of diodes.
  • a switching device for supplying energy to the beat making circuit of a heartbeat maker having at least two voltage sources adapted to be interconnected in parallel.
  • the switching device provides for alternate and separate switch connections of the individual voltage sources to the beat making circuit.
  • the present invention provides that the individual voltage sources will be uniformly loaded and that the connection of the voltage sources to the beat making circuit, which preferably takes place by means of electronic switches (transistors), does not cause any losses in voltage.
  • the switching device can be constructed in a particularly simple manner by providing a separate cut-out and closer switch between each voltage source and the beat making circuit and by using a bistable tipping stage as an actuating device for the operation of these switches.
  • the bistable tipping stage is preferably operated by an astable multivibrator which at the same time can operate the proper time sequency of beat making impulses in the beat making circuit.
  • the present invention can be also effectively used when more than two voltage sources are provided.
  • a counting switch is used which switches on the individual voltage sources one after the other in cycle to the beat making device by means of operable switching members (transistors).
  • the current supply for the switching device is also provided from available voltage sources, preferably however in such manner that the voltage is supplied through diodes to the switching device. This takes into consideration the fact that the switching device on the one hand requires less voltage and on the other hand has a lesser current consumption, so that voltage drop through the diodes can be disregarded.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention includes the use of a voltage measuring circuit with a signal giver which produces a signal at a set limit value of the switched on voltage source to prevent further connection of that voltage source to the beat making circuit.
  • the limiting value signal can be transmitted to the bistable tipping stage to provide a continuing switching of this stage to the other switch position. It can be also used to switch off the astable multivibrator.
  • the limiting value signal is used to influence the counting switch circuit in such manner, that the voltage source which leads to the release of the limiting value signal will not be considered any more during the cycling testing of the voltage sources.
  • the voltage measuring circuit can be provided by a known comparator switching and can be so constructed that when it is less than the switched on voltage, the switching to the corresponding voltage source will not take place any more.
  • the limiting value signal can be used to influence the frequency determining part of the heartbeat malker, so as to produce a specific preferably low impulse frequency which deviates from the previously set frequency and may amount, for example, to 60 imp/min. for heart stimulation. In this manner it is possible to control the voltage sources of an implanted heartbeat maker without ex amination.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a cardiac actuator of the present invention using two voltage sources.
  • FIG. 2 shows the same circuit diagram but amplified by a voltage measuring circuit for examining voltage conditions of the individual voltage sources.
  • FIG. 1 shows two battery groups 1 and 2 which feed through diodes 3 and 4 the astable multivibrator 5 and the bistable tipping stage 6.
  • the two battery groups 1 and 2 feed individually through the electronic switches 7 and 8 the beat making circuit 9 having an outlet 10.
  • the electronic switches 7 and 8 may consist of transistors and they form jointly with the stages 5 and 6 the switching device for an alternating and separate switching of the voltage sources 1 and 2 to the beat making circuit.
  • the astable multivibrator 5 can be at the same time a functional part of the beat making circuit (as indicated in the drawing by a line connecting the parts 5 and 9) and can serve for producing the frequency with which stimulating impulses are produced by the beat maker.
  • the bistable tipping stage provides that the voltage sources 1 and 2 are used alternately in the rhythm of impulse delivery to feed the beat making circuit and thus also to supply the stimulating impulse energy by actuating alternately the switches 7 and 8.
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 2 corresponds to a great extent to that shown in FIG. 1.
  • the construction of FIG. 2 is provided only with an additional voltage measuring circuit 11 which is constructed as a comparator and which examines voltages transmitted by switches 7 and 8 to the beat making circuit 9 to determine whether or not they are above a predetermined value. If they are not, the voltage measuring circuit prevents through the conduit 12 the bistable tipping stage 6 from actuating the switch belonging to the used up voltage source and also causes the drop of the frequency of the beat making impulses to a previously set lower value.
  • the voltage measuring circuit 11 is connected by the conduit 13 with the astable multivibrator.
  • a cardiac actuator particularly an implantable heartbeat maker for producing heart stimulating impulses, comprising an outlet, at least two batteries, means interconnecting said batteries in parallel, a
  • switching device comprising an astable multivibrator connected with said means, and a bistable multivibrator connected with said astable multivibrator, means for a separate connection of individual batteries, beatmaking means connected to said outlet for applying the impulses to the heart to be stimulated, and means connecting said beat-making means individually with said batteries, said astable multivibrator and said bistable multivibrator for supplying impulses produced by said astable multivibrator to said bistable multivibrator for varying the switching from one battery to the other one for supplying said beat-making means, and for supplying said impulses to said beat-making means to determine the rate of the stimulating impulses.
  • a cardiac actuator according to claim 1 comprising voltage-measuring means having signal giver means and connected with said batteries, whereby, when an end value of the switched-on battery has been reached,

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

Abstract

A cardiac actuator, specifically an implantable heartbeat maker, has at least two voltage sources, such as batteries or accumulators, which can be interconnected in parallel, for supplying energy to the beat making circuit. The invention is particularly characterized by a switching device which provides alternating and separate switch connections of the individual voltage sources to the beat making circuit.

Description

O United States Patent [1 1 1111 3,866,614 Svensson Feb. 18, 1975 CARDIAC ACTUATOR 3,563,247 2/1971 Bowers 128/419 P 3,618,615 11/1971 G tb't h .1 128/419 P [75] Inventor: Bengt Svensson, Ronmnge, Sweden 1620.220 W197 f i 28/419 P 73 Assigneet Siemens Aktiengesenschafl 3,748,500 7/1973 Tam 128/419 P Erlangen, Germany 3,757,795 9/1973 Anderson 128/419 P [22] Filed: 1973 Primary Examiner-William E. Kamm [21] Appl. No.: 348,237 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Richards & Geier [30] Foreign Application Priority Data 57] ABSTRACT 4 Apr Germany 2216193 A cardiac actuator, specifically an lmplantable heart- [52] Us. CL 128/419 P beat maker, has at least two voltage sources, such as 51 im. c1 A6ln 1/36 batteries cumulamrs, which be intercom [58 Field 61 Search 128/419 P, 419 R, 421, in Parallel Supplying energy the beat 128/422 423 making circuit. The invention is particularly characterized by a switching device which provides alternat- [56] References Cited ing and separate switch connections of the individual UNITED STATES PATENTS voltage sources to the beat making circuit.
3,518,997 7/1970 Sessions 128/419 P 2 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures ELECTRONIC 8 SWITCHES 3 7 BEAT MAKING l CIRCUIT A 6\ n .1- 4... l 10 1 4 9 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR BlTABLE TIPPING STAGE CARDIAC ACTUATOR This invention relates to a cardiac actuator, particularly an implantable heartbeat maker with at least two voltage sources, such as batteries or accumulators, which can be interconnected in parallel for supplying energy to the beat making circuit.
In heartbeat makers of this type it is known to connect the individual voltage sources through diodes with the beat making circuit. This provides that the voltage source having the highest voltage takes over the energy supply of the beat making circuit. The drawback is that the current supply takes place for a comparatively long time period from only one of the voltage sources. This is dangerous since when the first voltage source is discharged, the beat maker is not safe any more due to the fact that no precise data can be made about the life duration of the second voltage source. Furthermore there is an energy loss at the diodes due to the sieving voltages.
An object of the present invention is to provide a heartbeat maker of the described type wherein the individual voltage sources are substantially uniformly loaded, namely, they supply energy in the same way, and thus are equally slowly discharged. Furthermore, provision should be made that the entire voltage of the voltage sources should be provided to the greatest possible extent for the beat making circuit, thus avoiding drops in voltage which take place in the known circuit by the use of diodes.
Other objects of the present invention will become apparent in the course of the following specification.
In the accomplishment of the objectives of the present invention it was found desirable to provide a switching device for supplying energy to the beat making circuit of a heartbeat maker having at least two voltage sources adapted to be interconnected in parallel. The switching device provides for alternate and separate switch connections of the individual voltage sources to the beat making circuit.
The present invention provides that the individual voltage sources will be uniformly loaded and that the connection of the voltage sources to the beat making circuit, which preferably takes place by means of electronic switches (transistors), does not cause any losses in voltage.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention two separate voltage sources are used, normally consisting of two groups of batteries. When two voltage sources are used, the switching device, according to the present invention can be constructed in a particularly simple manner by providing a separate cut-out and closer switch between each voltage source and the beat making circuit and by using a bistable tipping stage as an actuating device for the operation of these switches. The bistable tipping stage is preferably operated by an astable multivibrator which at the same time can operate the proper time sequency of beat making impulses in the beat making circuit.
The present invention can be also effectively used when more than two voltage sources are provided. In that case according to a further embodiment of the present invention a counting switch is used which switches on the individual voltage sources one after the other in cycle to the beat making device by means of operable switching members (transistors).
The current supply for the switching device is also provided from available voltage sources, preferably however in such manner that the voltage is supplied through diodes to the switching device. This takes into consideration the fact that the switching device on the one hand requires less voltage and on the other hand has a lesser current consumption, so that voltage drop through the diodes can be disregarded.
A further embodiment of the present invention includes the use of a voltage measuring circuit with a signal giver which produces a signal at a set limit value of the switched on voltage source to prevent further connection of that voltage source to the beat making circuit. When two voltage sources are used the limiting value signal can be transmitted to the bistable tipping stage to provide a continuing switching of this stage to the other switch position. It can be also used to switch off the astable multivibrator. When more than two voltage sources are used the limiting value signal is used to influence the counting switch circuit in such manner, that the voltage source which leads to the release of the limiting value signal will not be considered any more during the cycling testing of the voltage sources. The voltage measuring circuit can be provided by a known comparator switching and can be so constructed that when it is less than the switched on voltage, the switching to the corresponding voltage source will not take place any more.
In accordance with the present invention the limiting value signal can be used to influence the frequency determining part of the heartbeat malker, so as to produce a specific preferably low impulse frequency which deviates from the previously set frequency and may amount, for example, to 60 imp/min. for heart stimulation. In this manner it is possible to control the voltage sources of an implanted heartbeat maker without ex amination.
The invention will appear more clearly from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawing showing by way of example only, preferred embodiments of the inventive idea.
In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram ofa cardiac actuator of the present invention using two voltage sources.
FIG. 2 shows the same circuit diagram but amplified by a voltage measuring circuit for examining voltage conditions of the individual voltage sources.
FIG. 1 shows two battery groups 1 and 2 which feed through diodes 3 and 4 the astable multivibrator 5 and the bistable tipping stage 6. The two battery groups 1 and 2 feed individually through the electronic switches 7 and 8 the beat making circuit 9 having an outlet 10. The electronic switches 7 and 8 may consist of transistors and they form jointly with the stages 5 and 6 the switching device for an alternating and separate switching of the voltage sources 1 and 2 to the beat making circuit. The astable multivibrator 5 can be at the same time a functional part of the beat making circuit (as indicated in the drawing by a line connecting the parts 5 and 9) and can serve for producing the frequency with which stimulating impulses are produced by the beat maker.
In the illustrated embodiment the bistable tipping stage provides that the voltage sources 1 and 2 are used alternately in the rhythm of impulse delivery to feed the beat making circuit and thus also to supply the stimulating impulse energy by actuating alternately the switches 7 and 8.
Another embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 2 corresponds to a great extent to that shown in FIG. 1. The construction of FIG. 2 is provided only with an additional voltage measuring circuit 11 which is constructed as a comparator and which examines voltages transmitted by switches 7 and 8 to the beat making circuit 9 to determine whether or not they are above a predetermined value. If they are not, the voltage measuring circuit prevents through the conduit 12 the bistable tipping stage 6 from actuating the switch belonging to the used up voltage source and also causes the drop of the frequency of the beat making impulses to a previously set lower value. For that purpose the voltage measuring circuit 11 is connected by the conduit 13 with the astable multivibrator.
Obviously instead of two voltage sources several sources can be used and the described switching device can be replaced by a switching device operated by a calculator (binary counter). Connections used for that purpose are well known in the art.
I claim:
1. A cardiac actuator, particularly an implantable heartbeat maker for producing heart stimulating impulses, comprising an outlet, at least two batteries, means interconnecting said batteries in parallel, a
switching device comprising an astable multivibrator connected with said means, and a bistable multivibrator connected with said astable multivibrator, means for a separate connection of individual batteries, beatmaking means connected to said outlet for applying the impulses to the heart to be stimulated, and means connecting said beat-making means individually with said batteries, said astable multivibrator and said bistable multivibrator for supplying impulses produced by said astable multivibrator to said bistable multivibrator for varying the switching from one battery to the other one for supplying said beat-making means, and for supplying said impulses to said beat-making means to determine the rate of the stimulating impulses.
2. A cardiac actuator according to claim 1, comprising voltage-measuring means having signal giver means and connected with said batteries, whereby, when an end value of the switched-on battery has been reached,
tion.

Claims (2)

1. A cardiac actuator, particularly an implantable heartbeat maker for producing heart stimulating impulses, comprising an outlet, at least two batteries, means interconnecting said batteries in parallel, a switching device comprising an astable multivibrator connected with said means, and a bistable multivibrator connected with said astable multivibrator, means for a separate connection of individual batteries, beat-making means connected to said outlet for applying the impulses to the heart to be stimulated, and means connecting said beat-making means individually with said batteries, said astable multivibrator and said bistable multivibrator for supplying impulses produced by said astable multivibrator to said bistable multivibrator for varying the switching from one battery to the other one for supplying said beat-making means, and for supplying said impulses to said beat-making means to determine the rate of the stimulating impulses.
2. A cardiac actuator according to claim 1, comprising voltage-measuring means having signal giver means and connected with said batteries, whereby, when an end value of the switched-on battery has been reached, the signal giver means produces a signal to prevent further connection of that battery to said voltage-measuring means and means transmitting the end value signal to said bistable multivibrator to permanently change this multivibrator into another switching position.
US348237A 1972-04-04 1973-04-05 Cardiac actuator Expired - Lifetime US3866614A (en)

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DE2216193A DE2216193A1 (en) 1972-04-04 1972-04-04 PACEMAKER

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DE (1) DE2216193A1 (en)
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NL (1) NL7217089A (en)
SE (1) SE390111B (en)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4031899A (en) * 1976-01-22 1977-06-28 Vitatron Medical B.V. Long life cardiac pacer with switching power delivery means and method of alternately delivering power to respective circuit portions of a stimulus delivery system
DE2719301A1 (en) * 1976-04-30 1977-11-17 Univ Johns Hopkins DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE CHARGE STATE OF A BATTERY OR CELL
US4102346A (en) * 1977-09-01 1978-07-25 The Raymond Lee Organization, Inc. Heart pacemaker monitor, alarm and auxiliary power supply
US4248238A (en) * 1979-03-26 1981-02-03 Joseph Simon P Heart stimulating apparatus
US4290429A (en) * 1979-03-31 1981-09-22 Biotronick Mess-und Therapiegerate GmbH & Co. Ingenieurburo Berlin Battery monitoring circuit in a cardiac pacemaker
US5735880A (en) * 1996-09-16 1998-04-07 Sulzer Intermedics Inc. Method and apparatus for reliably producing pacing pulse trains
EP0930665A2 (en) * 1998-01-16 1999-07-21 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Use of double cells to power an implantable medical device
US20060267551A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2006-11-30 Sehat Sutardja Medical device
US20060271701A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2006-11-30 Sehat Sutardja Very low voltage power distribution for mobile devices
CN1872360B (en) * 2005-05-31 2012-11-07 马维尔国际贸易有限公司 Medical device
WO2020068859A1 (en) * 2018-09-24 2020-04-02 The Curators Of The University Of Missouri Model-based sensor technology for detection of cardiovascular status
US20220305271A1 (en) * 2021-03-25 2022-09-29 Biotronik Se & Co. Kg Power source for implantable medical device

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3882322A (en) * 1973-01-26 1975-05-06 Medtronic Inc Pulse generator
US4119103A (en) * 1976-10-27 1978-10-10 Medtronic, Inc. Detachable power source with low current leakage

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3518997A (en) * 1969-01-17 1970-07-07 Robert W Sessions Electronic heart stimulator
US3563247A (en) * 1968-03-14 1971-02-16 Gen Electric Bidirectional heart stimulator
US3618615A (en) * 1969-09-02 1971-11-09 Medtronic Inc Self checking cardiac pacemaker
US3620220A (en) * 1969-10-01 1971-11-16 Cordis Corp Cardiac pacer with redundant power supply
US3748500A (en) * 1971-12-22 1973-07-24 F Tam Multiple redundant power supply
US3757795A (en) * 1968-10-28 1973-09-11 Medtronic Inc Power supply and voltage double output circuitry for implantable electro-medical apparatus

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3563247A (en) * 1968-03-14 1971-02-16 Gen Electric Bidirectional heart stimulator
US3757795A (en) * 1968-10-28 1973-09-11 Medtronic Inc Power supply and voltage double output circuitry for implantable electro-medical apparatus
US3518997A (en) * 1969-01-17 1970-07-07 Robert W Sessions Electronic heart stimulator
US3618615A (en) * 1969-09-02 1971-11-09 Medtronic Inc Self checking cardiac pacemaker
US3620220A (en) * 1969-10-01 1971-11-16 Cordis Corp Cardiac pacer with redundant power supply
US3748500A (en) * 1971-12-22 1973-07-24 F Tam Multiple redundant power supply

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4031899A (en) * 1976-01-22 1977-06-28 Vitatron Medical B.V. Long life cardiac pacer with switching power delivery means and method of alternately delivering power to respective circuit portions of a stimulus delivery system
DE2719301A1 (en) * 1976-04-30 1977-11-17 Univ Johns Hopkins DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE CHARGE STATE OF A BATTERY OR CELL
US4096866A (en) * 1976-04-30 1978-06-27 The Johns Hopkins University Rechargeable body tissue stimulator with back-up battery and pulse generator
US4102346A (en) * 1977-09-01 1978-07-25 The Raymond Lee Organization, Inc. Heart pacemaker monitor, alarm and auxiliary power supply
US4248238A (en) * 1979-03-26 1981-02-03 Joseph Simon P Heart stimulating apparatus
US4290429A (en) * 1979-03-31 1981-09-22 Biotronick Mess-und Therapiegerate GmbH & Co. Ingenieurburo Berlin Battery monitoring circuit in a cardiac pacemaker
US5735880A (en) * 1996-09-16 1998-04-07 Sulzer Intermedics Inc. Method and apparatus for reliably producing pacing pulse trains
EP0930665A2 (en) * 1998-01-16 1999-07-21 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Use of double cells to power an implantable medical device
EP0930665A3 (en) * 1998-01-16 2002-08-21 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Use of double cells to power an implantable medical device
US20060267551A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2006-11-30 Sehat Sutardja Medical device
US20060271701A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2006-11-30 Sehat Sutardja Very low voltage power distribution for mobile devices
EP1728533A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2006-12-06 Marvell World Trade Ltd. Medical device
US7610498B2 (en) 2005-05-31 2009-10-27 Marvell World Trade Ltd. Very low voltage power distribution for mobile devices
US7725182B2 (en) * 2005-05-31 2010-05-25 Marvell World Trade Ltd. Power distribution system for a medical device
CN1872360B (en) * 2005-05-31 2012-11-07 马维尔国际贸易有限公司 Medical device
WO2020068859A1 (en) * 2018-09-24 2020-04-02 The Curators Of The University Of Missouri Model-based sensor technology for detection of cardiovascular status
US20220305271A1 (en) * 2021-03-25 2022-09-29 Biotronik Se & Co. Kg Power source for implantable medical device

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FR2179042B1 (en) 1976-05-07
DE2216193A1 (en) 1973-10-11
JPS4992884A (en) 1974-09-04
FR2179042A1 (en) 1973-11-16
SE390111B (en) 1976-12-06
NL7217089A (en) 1973-10-08
GB1400325A (en) 1975-07-16

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