Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
  • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
  • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
  • A24B15/30—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
  • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
  • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
  • A24B15/30—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances
  • A24B15/36—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances containing a heterocyclic ring
  • A24B15/38—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances containing a heterocyclic ring having only nitrogen as hetero atom

Definitions

• tobacco hand rolling tobacco, pipe tobacco, reconstituted tobacco sheet, substitute smoking materials free from tobacco, or blends and mixtures thereof and cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos containing such materials and concerns the problem of maintaining or increasing the nicotine content of the smoke whilst avoiding an undesirable level of particulate matter in the smoke from the product.
• a further example is the use of reconstituted tobacco sheet in blends for smoking products.
• reconstituted tobacco sheet in blends for smoking products.
• By appropriate choice of component materials and control in the preparation and manufacture of the sheet it is possible to reduce the yield of particulate matter in the resulting smoking product.
• a third example is the use of synthetic and substitute smoking materials in which particulate matter is reduced considerably. As with the previous examples however the overall delivery of nicotine in the smoke is reduced in proportion to the amount of such material incorporated into the smoking product since the natural nicotine content of such smoking materials is zero.
• a smoking material containing a nicotine derivative of a polyuronic acid.
• the acid is a polygalacturonic or polymannuronic and the derivative is nicotine pectinate or nicotine alginate respectively.
• nicotine pectinate is used this is formed from pectinic acid having a degree of esterification of up to 50 percent preferably 30 35 percent. Furthermore the acidity is from 1.5 to 3.5 milli equivalents per gram, preferably from 2.0 to 3.5 milli equivalents per gram (m.eq/g).
• lf pectinic or alginic acids available are not of the desired acidity, they can be de-ashed or freed from inorganic materials by washing with acid, preferably with aqueous isopropanol (specific gravity 0.880) contain ing hydrochloric acid in the ratio of 1 part by volume of hydrochloric acid to parts by volume of aqueous isopropanol (specific gravity 0.880).
• the base materail can be tobacco lamina. stem (mid rid), reconstituted sheet or synthetic smoking material which is tobacco free.
• the product preferably contains at least 1 percent and up to 30 percent of the nicotine derivative on a dry weight basis.
• the smoking product preferably contains 3 to 13 percent of the nicotine derivative on a dry weight basis.
• the invention also includes a smoking product containing a material set forth above.
• the invention also includes a method of making a smoking material as set forth above.
• a first sample (sample 1) of nicotine pectinate was produced from citrus pectinic acid obtained from lemon peel and having a degree of esterification of 35 percent and acidity of 3.1 m.eq/g and l00gms of this acid was mixed with 30gms of water until the water was absorbed and a free-running powder was obtained. SOgms of percent pure technical grade nicotine was stirred into the powder to produce an homogeneous paste of crude nicotine pectinate. This was left 24 hours to complete the chemical reaction and the resulting product was ground to a coarse powder.
• a second sample hereinafter referred to as Sample 2" of nicotine pectinate was prepared from citrus pectinic acid prepared from lemon peel and having a degree of esterification of 35 percent and acidity of 2.7m.eq/g. With this pectinic acid, nicotine pectinate was prepared in exactly the same way as that set out above with reference to sample 1 but the resulting nicotine pectinate had a nicotine content of 23.8 percent.
• a powder of nicotine alginate (Sample 3) was prepared using alginic acid of acidity 5.2m.eq/g supplied by British Drug Houses Ltd. of Poole, Dorset under Reference 27898 in their 1970 Catalogue. Nicotine alginate was prepared from this alginic acid in exactly the same way as samples 1 and 2 of nicotine pectinate were prepared and as described above, and the resulting nicotine alginate had a nicotine content of 31.5 percent.
• a fourth sample sample 4 of nicotine pectinate was prepared in solution form but in this case technical grade nicotine 90.8 percent pure and supplied by British Drug Houses was used with lemon peel pectinic acid having a degree of esterification of 35 percent and acidity of 2.7m.eq/g.
• a solution of 1200 g of pectinic acid in 18.5 litres of water was prepared and 333g of nicotine added.
• the dissolved nicotine pectinate derivative contained 20 percent nicotine and the final solution contained 1.5 percent nicotine on a weight for weight basis.
• a fifth sample sample 5 of nicotine pectinate was prepared according to the procedure of sample 4 but in this case a sugar beet pectinic acid was used having a degree of esterification of 30 percent and an acidity of 1.7m.eq/g.
• the resulting nicotine pectinate solution had a nicotine content of 1.5 percent on a weight for weight basis.
• Sample 6 was a nicotine alginate solution made according to the method of sample 4 above but in this case the acidity of the alginic acid was 3.6m.eq/g with a negligable degree of esterification.
• the nicotine alginate solution had a nicotine content of 1.5 percent on a weight for weight basis.
• Sample 7 was a nicotine pectinate solution prepared from the same materials as sample 4 except that litres of water was used instead of 18.5 litres.
• the resulting nicotine pectinate solution contained 1.8 percent nicotine on a weight for weight basis.
• the first series of experiments was conducted using 9 examples, of which examples l6 involved fortification using nicotine pectinate or nicotine alginate and examples 79 were controls or standards.
• the second series involved 11 examples of which numbers 10l7 were fortified with nicotine alginate or nicotine pectinate and examples l820 were controls or standards.
• EXAMPLE 1 A sheet of reconstituted tobacco was prepared in the following manner.
• a mixture of 255gms of winnowings and 225gms of general offal (both oven dry weight) were soaked in 4.5 litres of tap water for one hour.
• the slurry was repeatedly passed through a Premier 84 colloid mill initially set to a gap of 0.01 inches between the stones. The gap was decreased by 0.003 inches after each pass until the slurry remained in a colloidal state.
• sample 1 nicotine pectinate gms of sample 1 nicotine pectinate were added to the tobacco slurry and mixed using a Silverson mixer. The mixture was then passed through the colloid mill set at gap zero to remove any lumps which may have formed due to coagulation.
• the slurry so formed was cast onto a pre-siliconed stainless steel sheet to a wet sheet thickness of 1.2mm.
• the sheet was dried in air and then slightly moistened to facilitate removal from the stainless steel sheet.
• the tobacco sheet so prepared was tested for nicotine content, cut and plain cigarettes of mm circumference and 70mm length (commonly referred to in U.K. as class B cigarettes) were manufactured on a Hauni Baby cigarette making machine and smoked using a standard smoking machine procedure in which five equal weight cigarettes are smoked on a Filtrona CSM 14 machine to a 20mm butt using a 2 second, 35ml puff every minute.
• the particulate matter was collected on a Cambridge glass fibre filter and the water-free and nicotine-free particulate matter (P.M.) was measured and the nicotine delivery determined. To do this, the wet deposit on the Cambridge filter was weighed, the nicotine was determined by steam distillation followed by spectrophotometric analysis (Willits method) and water determined by gas chromotography. The resultant deposit is particulate matter (P.M.) which is water and nicotine free. The tests were repeated three months later and the results are tabulated on the accompanying Table 1.
• EXAMPLE 2 A sheet of reconstituted tobacco was prepared in exactly the same way as that described above with reference to Example 1 and nicotine pectinate of sample 1 was again added but in this example 36.3gms of the nicotine pectinate were added to the same tobacco slurry.
• the cast sheet was removed from the band, tested for nicotine content cut and made into plain cigarettes 25mm circumference and 70mm long which were subsequently tested by the standard method described in Example 1 for particulate matter and nicotine deliveries in the smoke. The tests were carried out soon after manufacture and three months later and the results are set out in Table 1.
• EXAMPLE 3 A sheet of reconstituted tobacco was again manufactured in accordance with the details set out in Example 1 above, but in this case Sample 2 of the nicotine pectinate was added to the slurry, 21.4gms of the pectinte being used for the same amount of the tobacco slurry. Again, nicotine content of the sheet was measured. the sheet was cut, made into plain cigarettes of 25mm circumference and 70mm length and analysed by the standard method described in Example 1 for particulate matter and nicotine deliveries in the smoke both immediately after manufacture and three months later. The results are set out in Table 1.
• EXAMPLE 4 The sheet of reconstituted tobacco described above with reference to Example 1 was again made strictly in accordance with the specification but 16.2gms of the nicotine alginate (sample 3) were added to the tobacco slurry. Again the sheet was but and made into plain cigarettes 25mm circumference and 70mm long. These were tested by the standard method described in Example l for particulate matter and nicotine deliveries in the smoke and the results are set out in Table 1.
• EXAMPLE 6 The sheet of example 5 was made up but 36gms of sample 3 nicotine alginate were added and the resulting sheet cut, made into plain cigarettes 25mm circumference and 70mm long and tested by the standard method of example 1 for particulate matter and nicotine delivery in the smoke.
• EXAMPLE 7 To provide one control against which one could analyse the results of storage of the samples set out above, a sample of a commercially available low tar yielding reconstituted tobacco sheet of nicotine content 0.78 percent was made into plain cigarettes 25mm circumference and 70mm length and tested by the standard method of example 1 for particulate matter and nicotine delivery in the smoke on the same dates as examples 1 to 6 were tested. This particular control sheet is recognised as being relatively stable for nicotine content and thus provided a suitable standard against which to measure the nicotine loss from the samples 1 to 6.
• EXAMPLE 8 The tobacco sheet described above with reference to examples 16 was made but without any additive i.e. no nicotine pectinate or nicotine alginate, simply tobacco winnowings and offal with water
• the non-additive sheet so made was cast on the stainless steel band and. when removed, was cut, made into plain cigarettes 25mm circumference and 70mm long and analysed by the standard method of example 1 for particulate matter and nicotine delivery in the smoke.
• EXAMPLE 9 To provide a comparison and standard by which the result set out in Table 1 can be compared, a plain cigarette 25mm circumference and 70mm long and available on the U.K. market was obtained and analysed in the same way as the other examples for particulate mat ter and nicotine delivery in the smoke and the results are set out in Table 1.
• the nicotine fortified slurry was recycled through a P.U.C. mill to achieve thorough mixing and then cast on a Sandvik cast tobacco sheet machine.
• the Sandvik machine was run at 13.5 feet per minute with a 0.030
• the nicotine content of the sheet immediately after manufacture was 3.15 percent. Some of the sheet was stored for eight weeks in open containers under atmospheric conditions of 21C and 60% RH. The nicotine content after eight weeks was 3.12 percent, indicating an extremely stable situation.
• the remainder of the tobacco sheet so prepared was cut and manufactured into filter tipped cigarettes on a Molins Mk 8 cigarette making machine.
• the cigarettes were 70mm in length and 25.3mm in circumference and had a duel myria/acetate filter. Twenty-five of the cigarettes were mechanically smoked on an lmperial Tobacco smoking machine to a butt length of 2mm longer than the filter overwrap material using a 35ml, 2 second duration puff once per minute.
• the smoke condensate collected on Cambridge glass fibre filter pads was analysed for particulate matter and nicotine by weighing the wet deposit on each filter, analysing the deposit for nicotine content by steam distillation (Willits method) and analysing the deposit for water content by gas chromotography.
• the particulate matter Table 1 Series 1 Nicotine P.M.* 1n Smoke Nicotine in Smoke Nicotine Transfer P.M.
• EXAMPLE 10 (P.M.) level is thus water and nicotine-free.
• the results obtained are set out in Table 2.
• EXAMPLE 11 A sheet of reconstituted tobacco was prepared according to the method on Example 10 but 14.5lbs of Sample 5 nicotine pectinate solution was used.
• the sheet so prepared had a nicotine content of 2.99 percent after making and 2.95 percent after eight weeks storage under condition of 21C and 60% RH.
• EXAMPLE 12 A sheet of reconstituted tobacco was prepared in accordance with the method in Example 10 but l4.5lbs of solution Sample 6 nicotine alginate was substituted for the nicotine pectinate solution.
• the sheet had a nicotine content of 3.00 percent after casting and 2.97 percent after eight weeks storage under conditions of 21C and 60% RH, indicating a vary stable product.
• EXAMPLE 13 The sheet of example 10 was made up as described in that example. Instead of l4.5lb of Sample 4 nicotine pectinate solution, l2lb of the sample 4 solution was added to 20lb (oven-dry weight) of sheet mixture whereby the final nicotine content of the cast sheet was 2.08 percent rather than 3.15 percent.
• EXAMPLE 14 The sheet of example 10 was made up as described in that example, but 12lb of sample nicotine pectinate solution was added to 20lb (oven-dry weight) of the basic tobacco mixture to provide a nicotine content of 2.12 percent.
• the sheet was made into cigarettes, smoked and tested as described in example 10. The results are set out in Table 2.
• EXAMPLE l5 The sheet of example was again prepared but had added thereto l2lb of sample 6 nicotine alginate solution to lb (oven-dry weight) of basic tobacco mixture to provide a final nicotine content of 2.09 percent. The sheet was made into a cigarettes, smoked and analysed as described with reference to example 10.
• Cut rolled stem (processed mid rib) was treated with nicotine pectinate to increase its nicotine content to that of commonly used tobacco lamina grades.
• the mixture was allowed to stand overnight and then dried back to 15 percent moisture in a gas fired rotary drier.
• the material had a nicotine content of 1.64 percent.
• the material was then manufactured into filter tipped cigarettes on a Molins Mk 8 cigarette making machine.
• the cigarettes were mm in length and 25.3mm in circumference and had a dual myria/acetate filter. They weighed 1.040g and had a pressure drop of 1 18mm of water.
• Example 10 The cigarettes were smoked using the standard methods previously described in Example 10 and gave the results listed in Table 2 using the analysis technique set out in Example 10.
• EXAMPLE 17 The objective was to prepare a substitute smoking material in the form of a sheet such that it contained approximately 2 percent of nicotine and was completely free from any form of tobacco.
• a solution of 35g of slow-set citrus pectin (obtained from H. P. Bulmers Ltd.) in 700 ml of water was prepared with the aid of a Silverson mixer.
• the slow-set citrus pectin had a degree of esterification of 63 percent and an acidity of 1.6 milli-equivalents per gramme.
• a second mixture was prepared by dispersing 30g calcium carbonate, 5g potassium carbonate, 5g celite (Hyflo Super Cel grade), 5g magnesium hydrogen phosphate and 2g titanium dioxide in 250ml of water. To this suspension was added 6g of citric acid.
• the slurry was cast on a continuous stainless steel band using an 1.1mm casting gate and dried using Infra Red heating lamps. The dried sheet was moistened to facilitate removal and doctored off the band.
• the prepared sheet was cut at 40c.p.i. using a Hauni sample cutting machine, Model TSH V and manufactured into filter tipped cigarettes using an Eflta-Werke Privileg hand machine. These cigarettes were 83mm long, 25mm in circumference and contained 1.0g of filler material. The filler material contained 1.93 percent nicotine.
• the filter was a mono acetate type.
• EXAMPLE 18 When smoked and analysed by the standard methods described in Example 10 the results listed in Table 2 were obtained EXAMPLE 18 To provide a control against which the affects of nicotine fortification can be compared, a sample of commercially available low tar yielding sheet containing 0.5 percent of nicotine was cut and manufactured into filter tipped cigarettes in the manner described in Example 10. The cigarettes were 70mm in length and 25.3mm in circumference and contained 0.70g of sheet.
• EXAMPLE l9 To provide a standard against which the examples l0-l8 could be compared, a standard filter tip cigarette. commercially available in the United Kingdom and being of the same specification as the cigarettes referred to in Example were smoked and analysed by the standard methods set out in Example 10. The nicotine content of the filler in the cigarette was determined before smoking as 2.01 percent. The smoke analysis is given in Table 2.
• EXAMPLE 20 To demonstrate the effectiveness of nicotine pectinate as a means of increasing the nicotine content of 10 stem (processed mid rib), a control sample of untreated stem containing 0.66 percent nicotine was manufactured into filter tipped cigarettes in the manner described in Example 16 and with the same physical dimensions as the cigarettes in Example 16. When smoked and analysed using the standard methods described in Example 10 the results set out in Table 2 were obtained.
• the ratio of particulate matter (P.M.) to nicotine is seen to be extremely good in the Examples 1016, being far lower than in the control Examples 18 and 20 and being of the same order as the commercial cigarette Example 19 for the same initial nicotine content of approximately 2 percent (compare Examples 1315 with Example 19).
• Example 10 3.15 312 8.7 17.0 1.53 54.1 16.6 11.1
• Example 11 2.99 2 95 8.1 14.2 1.41 54.6 18.6 10.1
• Example 12 3.00 2.97 8.4 17.3 1.56 53.0 18.6 11.1
• Example 13 2.08 2.06 7.0 14.2 0.98 53.7 18.5 14.5
• Example 14 2.12 209 7.7 17.1 1.08 55.9 18.7 15.8
• Example 15 2.09 2 06 7.6 15.8 1.14 53.0 20.3 13.9
• Example 16 1.64 8.2 10.0 0.71 56.1 15.1 14.1
• Example 17 1.93 8.7 12.3 1.70 29.0 17.0 7.2
• Example 18 0.50 8.0 9.1 0.30 52.0 19.0 330
• Example 19 2.01 11,6 21.0 1.49 47.8 21.2 14.1
• Example 20 0.66
• Pectins particularly those from tobacco plants, are well known as binders or sheet strengtheners in the manufacture of reconstituted tobacco sheet or synthetic smoking materials and thus the addition of nicotine pectinate has the added attraction that the pectinate so added assists in binding and strengthening reconstituted or synthetic sheet.
• a strengthening agent is added without the need to add additional substances as is done in reconstituted or synthetic sheet manufacture.
• a stable and effective nicotine fortification material being the nicotine derivatives of a polyuronic acid.
• any polyuronic acid can be used in view of the closely similar properties of these acids.
• nicotine derivatives of polyglucuronic acid and of polyguluronic acid would be useful nicotine fortification agents but, like all polyuronic acids other than polygalacturonic and polymannuronic they are not readily available in bulk and thus at this time are not commercially attractive. However this does not detract from their effectiveness.
• the examples have been limited to the two readily available and commercially attractive polyuronic acid derivatives but the invention embraces the nicotine derivatives of all polyuronic acids.
• a process for making a smoking material selected from the group consisting of tobacco, reconstituted tobacco and substitute tobacco which comprises adding 5.
• the additive is a nicotine derivative of pectinic acid having a degree of esterification of 25-40 percent and an acidity of 1.5'to 3.5 milliequivalents per gram.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
• Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
• Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)

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Citations (1)

• 0
  • BE BE788844D patent/BE788844A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1971
  • 1971-09-23 GB GB4437071A patent/GB1391614A/en not_active Expired
• 1972
  • 1972-09-11 IE IE1228/72A patent/IE36692B1/xx unknown
  • 1972-09-11 ZA ZA726189A patent/ZA726189B/xx unknown
  • 1972-09-11 DK DK447772A patent/DK145446C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1972-09-12 US US288329A patent/US3861400A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1972-09-13 YU YU2324/72A patent/YU34610B/xx unknown
  • 1972-09-14 RO RO7200072219A patent/RO62793A/ro unknown
  • 1972-09-14 JP JP47092750A patent/JPS519037B2/ja not_active Expired
  • 1972-09-14 IT IT7252744A patent/IT1048261B/it active
  • 1972-09-15 NO NO723315A patent/NO131444C/no unknown
  • 1972-09-15 PL PL1972157763A patent/PL83569B1/pl unknown
  • 1972-09-15 FR FR7232727A patent/FR2154031A5/fr not_active Expired
  • 1972-09-15 HU HUIE531A patent/HU167775B/hu unknown
  • 1972-09-15 CA CA151,862A patent/CA977233A/en not_active Expired
  • 1972-09-15 AU AU46749/72A patent/AU470992B2/en not_active Expired
  • 1972-09-15 SE SE7211773A patent/SE387518B/xx unknown
  • 1972-09-18 LU LU66111A patent/LU66111A1/xx unknown
  • 1972-09-20 NL NLAANVRAGE7212711,A patent/NL174801C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1972-09-21 DE DE2246221A patent/DE2246221C2/de not_active Expired
  • 1972-09-22 CS CS6480A patent/CS168007B2/cs unknown
  • 1972-09-22 DD DD165812A patent/DD102913A5/xx unknown
  • 1972-09-22 CH CH1385172A patent/CH568725A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1977
  • 1977-07-25 KE KE2753A patent/KE2753A/xx unknown

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