US3859197A - Bipolar electrodes - Google Patents
Bipolar electrodes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3859197A US3859197A US314728A US31472872A US3859197A US 3859197 A US3859197 A US 3859197A US 314728 A US314728 A US 314728A US 31472872 A US31472872 A US 31472872A US 3859197 A US3859197 A US 3859197A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- film
- cathodically
- titanium
- members
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
Definitions
- Reed ABSTRACT Bipolar electrodes having an anodically active part comprising a film-forming metal covered with a conducting layer which is inert to electrolytes, and a cathodically, active part comprising a metal which can be used cathodically, said anodically and cathodically active parts being separated in space and connected together by an electrical connection, characterized in that the two electrolytically active parts are apertured, that the electrical connection between them is made through the contact formed within a plurality of bonded members produced by plating a metal which can be used cathodically with a film-forming metal, and that said bonded members are part of a sealing partition separating the two electrolytically active parts.
- bipolar electrodes have the very substantial advantage of permitting electrolytic cells to be of a very compact construction, and also permitting a simplified supply of easy electrical power owing to the electrical series connection of the elementary electrolytic cells formed by the succession of such electrodes.
- metals having similar particular anodic properties such'as the film-forming metals, such as titanium, zirconium, niobium, tungsten and tantalum, and their alloys, make it possible, owing to their mechanical properties, to produce complex, rigid anode structures whose dimensions remain stable in the course of use thereof, provided that the anodically active surfaces of such structures are covered with an unattackable conducting layer formed for example by precious metals of the platinum group or their oxides, which may or may not be mixed with other oxides.
- titanium and other film-forming metals having similar anodic properties are fairly poor conductors. They are also relatively expensive and difficult to weld to other metals which are suitable as conductors, or for forming the cathodically active parts of bipolar electrodes.
- the result of this is that most of the commonly proposed electrode structures using such metals or alloys are separate anode structures which moreover often require the use oftitanium or such metals or alloys in excessively large amounts, so that the corresponding capital investment is substantial.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical representation of a a horizontal cross-section of a portion of a bipolar electrode of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical representation of a portion of another bipolar electrode of the invention.
- the present invention provides bipolar metal electrodes for high current density, in the construction of which the above-mentioned combined members are employed in such a way, conjointly with film-forming metals, such as titanium or anodically similar metals or their alloys, and metals which can be used cathodically, such as mild steel and nickel, so that the best possible electrolytic outputs are attained owing to the small voltage drops and the ease of circulation of the fluids and electrolytes.
- film-forming metals such as titanium or anodically similar metals or their alloys
- metals which can be used cathodically such as mild steel and nickel
- apertured or foraminous active electrode parts makes it necessary to prevent the electrodes being attached by the anolyte or the catholyte, and also to prevent mixing of these two liquids, and the current leakage resulting therefrom.
- these disadvantages are avoided by positioning a sealing partition between the two anodically and cathodically active parts, the partition partially comprising mixed members produced by plating, through which the current can easily pass.
- the mixed members are connected by welding to the electrolytically active parts, directly or utilizing intermediary spacer members.
- the partition must obviously be provided in such a way that it is not attacked by the catholyte and by the anolyte.
- the mixed members can be of any shape whatever, but are preferably elongate and can then be arranged parallel along the height or the width of the electrodes, if the electrodes are rectangular in shape.
- the anodically and cathodically active parts of the bipolar electrodes can be of various shapes other than flat, the arm of such other shape generally being to increase their active surface areas, with an additional concomitant advantage in the at least partial omission of spacer members for maintaining the spacing between the two active parts of the electrodes.
- at least one of said parts of the electrodes can be corrugated or formed into fingers.
- the apertured or foraminous parts of the bipolar electrodes according to the present invention comprise for example parallel wires, grids or perforated or expanded apertured 'rnetal sheets.
- expanded sheets having perforations by judicious utilization of the angle ofinclination of the thin limb portions which form the meshes of the expanded apertured sheets, makes it possible for discharge of the gases to be directed out of the electrolytically active space.
- apertured parts particularly as regards titanium or similar metals or alloys, causes a reduction which is often excessive in the conductivity of said parts, and in that case it is necessary to add current distribution conductors comprising metals which are good conductors, sheathed with titanium or similar metals or alloys, welded by their sheaths to the apertured parts in question.
- the bipolar electrodes of the present invention can be envisaged for use, according to circumstances, with or without diaphragms and for various electrolytic operations. However, they are particularly well suited to the construction of cells for the electrolysis of alkali chloride solutions for producing alkali chloratesor alkaline lyes and chlorine.
- FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows a horizontal cross-section of a part of a bipolar electrode in which the cathode and the anode are planar and are apertured or foraminous, being separated by a partition comprising a series of bonded or mixed members 1, only one of which is shown, in the shape of vertical posts of the same height as the bipolar electrode.
- bonded or mixed members 1 comprise a sheet of titanium or other filmforming metal, or their alloys, which is desirably about 2 mm. in thickness, plated or bonded by explosion onto mild steel, the total thickness of the members being 12 mm.
- the above-described bipolar electrode is suitable for the electrolytic production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide from brine, and its cost price is not excessively high, owing to the restricted weight of the titaniumplated bonded members.
- EXAMPLE 2 This embodiment concerns a bipolar electrode in which the cathode and the anode are corrugated and in which the partition comprising the mixed member is similar to that of the above-described embodiment of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawing diagrammatically shows a horizontal section of a part of the electrode.
- the bonded or mixed members are the vertical posts 12 which are formed by titanium-plated mild steel.
- the posts 12 are connected by welding by means of two metal sheets which are secured together and which are indicated generally by reference 13.
- the corrugated anode 14 which comprises an expanded finely-apertured titanium sheet is welded to the posts 12 by means of jointly-drawn copper-titanium members 15.
- the corrugated cathode 16 formed by a mild steel apertured grid is welded directly to the mild steel face of the posts 12 along the lines 17.
- a bipolar electrode having an anodically active part comprising a film-forming metal covered with a conducting layer which is inert to electrolytes, and a cathodically active part comprising a metal which can be used cathodically, said anodically and cathodically active parts being apertured and separated in space, characterized in that the said anodically and cathodically active parts are mechanically and electrically joined by welding to a plurality of bonded members of elongated shape arranged parallel and along the height of the electrode, each of said bonded members comprising a sheet of a film-forming metal bonded to a piece of metal which can be used cathodically, said anodically active part being separated in space from said film-forming metal of said bonded members by means of a film-forming metal intermediary spacer member and said cathodically active part being separated in space from a metal which can be used cathodieally of said bonded members by means of an intermediary spacer member of a metal which
- An electrode according to claim 1 characterized in that the two apertured electrolytically active parts are rectangular.
- An electrode according to claim 1 characterized in that the height of the bonded members is substantially equal to that of the electrode.
- An electrode according to claim 1 characterized in that intermediary spacer members are placed between the anodically active part and said bonded members and comprise a metal core of copper or aluminum, sheathed with a film-forming metal.
- An electrode according to claim 1 characterized in that the two electrolytically active parts are planar.
- An electrode according to claim 1 characterized in that current distribution conductors formed by metals which are good conductors, sheathed with a filmforming metal are welded by their sheaths to the anodically active apertured parts.
- An electrode according to claim 8 characterized in that the film-forming metal is titanium.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR7145861A FR2164454B1 (sk) | 1971-12-21 | 1971-12-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3859197A true US3859197A (en) | 1975-01-07 |
Family
ID=9087768
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US314728A Expired - Lifetime US3859197A (en) | 1971-12-21 | 1972-12-13 | Bipolar electrodes |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3859197A (sk) |
JP (1) | JPS535630B2 (sk) |
AT (1) | AT320680B (sk) |
BE (1) | BE793045A (sk) |
BR (1) | BR7208946D0 (sk) |
CA (1) | CA990681A (sk) |
CH (1) | CH567578A5 (sk) |
ES (1) | ES409772A1 (sk) |
FR (1) | FR2164454B1 (sk) |
GB (1) | GB1388008A (sk) |
IT (1) | IT974145B (sk) |
NL (1) | NL7217259A (sk) |
NO (1) | NO138178C (sk) |
SE (1) | SE388216B (sk) |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3980545A (en) * | 1973-07-06 | 1976-09-14 | Rhone-Progil | Bipolar electrodes with incorporated frames |
US3981790A (en) * | 1973-06-11 | 1976-09-21 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Dimensionally stable anode and method and apparatus for forming the same |
US4045320A (en) * | 1976-05-28 | 1977-08-30 | A. S. Skarpenord | Galvanic anode |
US4069130A (en) * | 1975-01-29 | 1978-01-17 | Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation | Bipolar electrode and method for constructing same |
US4085027A (en) * | 1975-01-29 | 1978-04-18 | Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation | Hybrid bipolar electrode |
US4111779A (en) * | 1974-10-09 | 1978-09-05 | Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Bipolar system electrolytic cell |
US4116805A (en) * | 1977-02-17 | 1978-09-26 | Chlorine Engineers Corp., Ltd. | Bipolar electrode |
US4116807A (en) * | 1977-01-21 | 1978-09-26 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Explosion bonding of bipolar electrode backplates |
US4137144A (en) * | 1976-03-19 | 1979-01-30 | Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. | Hollow bipolar electrolytic cell anode-cathode connecting device |
US4138324A (en) * | 1975-12-15 | 1979-02-06 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Metal laminate strip construction of bipolar electrode backplates |
US4339323A (en) * | 1980-09-18 | 1982-07-13 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Bipolar electrolyzer element |
US4354916A (en) * | 1981-05-04 | 1982-10-19 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | High current density electrical contact device |
US4402809A (en) * | 1981-09-03 | 1983-09-06 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Bipolar electrolyzer |
US4460441A (en) * | 1982-08-31 | 1984-07-17 | The Dow Chemical Company | Expanded metal as more efficient form of silver cathode for electrolytic reduction of polychloropicolinate anions |
US4461692A (en) * | 1982-05-26 | 1984-07-24 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Electrolytic cell |
US4488946A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1984-12-18 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for filter press electrolysis cell structure and use thereof in the electrolysis of sodium chloride |
US4518113A (en) * | 1979-11-29 | 1985-05-21 | Oronzio Denora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. | Electrolyzer and process |
US4519888A (en) * | 1983-01-19 | 1985-05-28 | Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Electrolytic cell |
US4560452A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1985-12-24 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for depolarized, filter press electrolysis cells and process using said element |
US4568434A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1986-02-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for filter press electrolysis cell structure employing a zero gap configuration and process utilizing said cell |
US4581114A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1986-04-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method of making a unitary central cell structural element for both monopolar and bipolar filter press type electrolysis cell structural units |
WO1986003788A1 (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-07-03 | The Dow Chemical Company | A partially fabricated electrochemical cell element |
WO1986003896A1 (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-07-03 | The Dow Chemical Company | A method of making an electrochemical cell and an electrochemical cell |
US4604171A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-08-05 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for filter press, solid polymer electrolyte electrolysis cell structure and process using said structure |
US4728409A (en) * | 1985-01-25 | 1988-03-01 | Canadian Patents And Development Limited | Perforated bipole electrochemical reactor |
US4746415A (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1988-05-24 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Electrode |
US4923583A (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1990-05-08 | Olin Corporation | Electrode elements for filter press membrane electrolytic cells |
US5013414A (en) * | 1989-04-19 | 1991-05-07 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode structure for an electrolytic cell and electrolytic process used therein |
US5225061A (en) * | 1991-05-24 | 1993-07-06 | Westerlund Goethe O | Bipolar electrode module |
US6027620A (en) * | 1995-11-03 | 2000-02-22 | Huron Tech Corp | Filter press electrolyzer |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NO752886L (sk) * | 1974-08-26 | 1976-02-27 | Hodogaya Chemical Co Ltd | |
JPS5232866B2 (sk) * | 1974-10-09 | 1977-08-24 | ||
JPS5627240Y2 (sk) * | 1975-09-10 | 1981-06-29 | ||
JPS5645884Y2 (sk) * | 1975-10-27 | 1981-10-27 | ||
JPS5248596A (en) * | 1976-08-10 | 1977-04-18 | Tokuyama Soda Co Ltd | Bi-polar electrode for electrolysis of alkali halide solution with dia phragm method |
FR2416274A2 (fr) * | 1977-04-22 | 1979-08-31 | Electricite De France | Perfectionnements aux electrodes et aux electrolyseurs verticaux incorporant de telles electrodes |
IT1118243B (it) * | 1978-07-27 | 1986-02-24 | Elche Ltd | Cella di elettrolisi monopolare |
EP0999294A1 (en) * | 1998-10-10 | 2000-05-10 | Cumberland Electrochemical Limited | Bipolar metal electrode and electrolyser therewith |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1153168A (en) * | 1913-05-09 | 1915-09-07 | Internat Oxygen Company | Electrolytic apparatus. |
US1269566A (en) * | 1917-07-05 | 1918-06-11 | Toronto Power Company Ltd | Electrolytic apparatus. |
US1502708A (en) * | 1920-02-03 | 1924-07-29 | Toronto Power Company Ltd | Electrode |
US1513728A (en) * | 1924-11-04 | Ments | ||
US3441495A (en) * | 1966-05-20 | 1969-04-29 | Electric Reduction Co | Bipolar electrolytic cell |
US3563878A (en) * | 1968-07-05 | 1971-02-16 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Electrolytic cellstructure |
US3770611A (en) * | 1971-11-24 | 1973-11-06 | Olin Corp | Multiple tier horizontal diaphragm cells |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3451914A (en) * | 1966-08-31 | 1969-06-24 | Electric Reduction Co | Bipolar electrolytic cell |
DE1671430B2 (de) * | 1967-06-27 | 1977-01-20 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Vorrichtung zur elektrolyse waessriger alkalihalogenidloesungen |
ZA703723B (en) * | 1969-06-24 | 1972-01-26 | Ppg Industries Inc | Diaphragm cell |
-
0
- BE BE793045D patent/BE793045A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1971
- 1971-12-21 FR FR7145861A patent/FR2164454B1/fr not_active Expired
-
1972
- 1972-12-13 US US314728A patent/US3859197A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1972-12-18 IT IT54817/72A patent/IT974145B/it active
- 1972-12-19 NL NL7217259A patent/NL7217259A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1972-12-19 AT AT1081472A patent/AT320680B/de active
- 1972-12-19 NO NO4677/72A patent/NO138178C/no unknown
- 1972-12-19 CA CA159,357A patent/CA990681A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-12-19 BR BR8946/72A patent/BR7208946D0/pt unknown
- 1972-12-19 ES ES409772A patent/ES409772A1/es not_active Expired
- 1972-12-19 GB GB5860672A patent/GB1388008A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-12-20 SE SE7216719A patent/SE388216B/xx unknown
- 1972-12-20 CH CH1855372A patent/CH567578A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-12-20 JP JP12806472A patent/JPS535630B2/ja not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1513728A (en) * | 1924-11-04 | Ments | ||
US1153168A (en) * | 1913-05-09 | 1915-09-07 | Internat Oxygen Company | Electrolytic apparatus. |
US1269566A (en) * | 1917-07-05 | 1918-06-11 | Toronto Power Company Ltd | Electrolytic apparatus. |
US1502708A (en) * | 1920-02-03 | 1924-07-29 | Toronto Power Company Ltd | Electrode |
US3441495A (en) * | 1966-05-20 | 1969-04-29 | Electric Reduction Co | Bipolar electrolytic cell |
US3563878A (en) * | 1968-07-05 | 1971-02-16 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Electrolytic cellstructure |
US3770611A (en) * | 1971-11-24 | 1973-11-06 | Olin Corp | Multiple tier horizontal diaphragm cells |
Cited By (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3981790A (en) * | 1973-06-11 | 1976-09-21 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Dimensionally stable anode and method and apparatus for forming the same |
US3980545A (en) * | 1973-07-06 | 1976-09-14 | Rhone-Progil | Bipolar electrodes with incorporated frames |
US4111779A (en) * | 1974-10-09 | 1978-09-05 | Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Bipolar system electrolytic cell |
US4069130A (en) * | 1975-01-29 | 1978-01-17 | Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation | Bipolar electrode and method for constructing same |
US4085027A (en) * | 1975-01-29 | 1978-04-18 | Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation | Hybrid bipolar electrode |
US4138324A (en) * | 1975-12-15 | 1979-02-06 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Metal laminate strip construction of bipolar electrode backplates |
US4137144A (en) * | 1976-03-19 | 1979-01-30 | Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. | Hollow bipolar electrolytic cell anode-cathode connecting device |
US4045320A (en) * | 1976-05-28 | 1977-08-30 | A. S. Skarpenord | Galvanic anode |
US4116807A (en) * | 1977-01-21 | 1978-09-26 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Explosion bonding of bipolar electrode backplates |
US4116805A (en) * | 1977-02-17 | 1978-09-26 | Chlorine Engineers Corp., Ltd. | Bipolar electrode |
US4518113A (en) * | 1979-11-29 | 1985-05-21 | Oronzio Denora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. | Electrolyzer and process |
US4339323A (en) * | 1980-09-18 | 1982-07-13 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Bipolar electrolyzer element |
US4354916A (en) * | 1981-05-04 | 1982-10-19 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | High current density electrical contact device |
US4402809A (en) * | 1981-09-03 | 1983-09-06 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Bipolar electrolyzer |
US4461692A (en) * | 1982-05-26 | 1984-07-24 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Electrolytic cell |
US4460441A (en) * | 1982-08-31 | 1984-07-17 | The Dow Chemical Company | Expanded metal as more efficient form of silver cathode for electrolytic reduction of polychloropicolinate anions |
US4519888A (en) * | 1983-01-19 | 1985-05-28 | Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Electrolytic cell |
US4488946A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1984-12-18 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for filter press electrolysis cell structure and use thereof in the electrolysis of sodium chloride |
US4560452A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1985-12-24 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for depolarized, filter press electrolysis cells and process using said element |
US4568434A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1986-02-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for filter press electrolysis cell structure employing a zero gap configuration and process utilizing said cell |
US4581114A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1986-04-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method of making a unitary central cell structural element for both monopolar and bipolar filter press type electrolysis cell structural units |
US4673479A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1987-06-16 | The Dow Chemical Company | Fabricated electrochemical cell |
US4604171A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-08-05 | The Dow Chemical Company | Unitary central cell element for filter press, solid polymer electrolyte electrolysis cell structure and process using said structure |
WO1986003896A1 (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-07-03 | The Dow Chemical Company | A method of making an electrochemical cell and an electrochemical cell |
WO1986003788A1 (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-07-03 | The Dow Chemical Company | A partially fabricated electrochemical cell element |
US4728409A (en) * | 1985-01-25 | 1988-03-01 | Canadian Patents And Development Limited | Perforated bipole electrochemical reactor |
US4923583A (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1990-05-08 | Olin Corporation | Electrode elements for filter press membrane electrolytic cells |
US4746415A (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1988-05-24 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Electrode |
US5013414A (en) * | 1989-04-19 | 1991-05-07 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode structure for an electrolytic cell and electrolytic process used therein |
US5225061A (en) * | 1991-05-24 | 1993-07-06 | Westerlund Goethe O | Bipolar electrode module |
US6027620A (en) * | 1995-11-03 | 2000-02-22 | Huron Tech Corp | Filter press electrolyzer |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES409772A1 (es) | 1976-01-01 |
AT320680B (de) | 1975-02-25 |
SE388216B (sv) | 1976-09-27 |
BR7208946D0 (pt) | 1973-09-13 |
CA990681A (en) | 1976-06-08 |
NO138178C (no) | 1978-07-19 |
DE2262141A1 (de) | 1973-07-12 |
GB1388008A (en) | 1975-03-19 |
JPS4876785A (sk) | 1973-10-16 |
JPS535630B2 (sk) | 1978-03-01 |
DE2262141B2 (de) | 1975-09-11 |
FR2164454A1 (sk) | 1973-08-03 |
NO138178B (no) | 1978-04-10 |
CH567578A5 (sk) | 1975-10-15 |
BE793045A (fr) | 1973-06-20 |
IT974145B (it) | 1974-06-20 |
NL7217259A (sk) | 1973-06-25 |
FR2164454B1 (sk) | 1974-09-27 |
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