US3853474A - Method of burning combustible fluids for further analysis - Google Patents

Method of burning combustible fluids for further analysis Download PDF

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Publication number
US3853474A
US3853474A US00296342A US29634272A US3853474A US 3853474 A US3853474 A US 3853474A US 00296342 A US00296342 A US 00296342A US 29634272 A US29634272 A US 29634272A US 3853474 A US3853474 A US 3853474A
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Prior art keywords
gas
concentration
combustion
sulfur
titrator
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US00296342A
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English (en)
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R Austin
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TDK Micronas GmbH
ITT Inc
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Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
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Priority to US00296342A priority Critical patent/US3853474A/en
Priority to GB4327873A priority patent/GB1440207A/en
Priority to JP11090273A priority patent/JPS5319438B2/ja
Priority to DE19732350007 priority patent/DE2350007A1/de
Priority to CA182,936A priority patent/CA1023650A/en
Priority to FR7336155A priority patent/FR2202600A5/fr
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Publication of US3853474A publication Critical patent/US3853474A/en
Assigned to ITT CORPORATION reassignment ITT CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
    • G01N31/12—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using combustion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/18—Sulfur containing
    • Y10T436/188—Total or elemental sulfur

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method of and apparatus for determining the concentration of sulfur atoms in a plurality of the same or different combustible molecules in a fluid by burning a measured quantity of the fluid and analyzing the combustion products of said measured quantity of the fluid by the use of at least one equipment of the group including, but not limited to, a coulometric titrator and a photometer. It is practically impossible to detect, for example, COS and CS in natural gas by the use of a coulometric titrator.
  • each sulfur atom in the COS and CS combines with two oxygen atoms to form S0 the concentration of which can be measured with a coulometric titrator.
  • This is important for a number of reasons. For example, it is important to know the sulfur atom concentration in natural gas or liquified petroleum gas used in hydrogen production. Information obtained by monitoring the sulfur atom concentration enables operating personnel to take steps to increase efficiency and to prevent expensive catalyst damage or decomposition in such hydrogen production. The ecological advantages of monitoring the sulfur atom concentration in natural or other gas are self-evident.
  • This invention relates to the art of gas analysis, and more particularly, to a method of and apparatus for analyzing elements and/or compounds which cannot be analyzed by conventional methods or equipments.
  • the present invention is not limited to the applications set forth herein, but has been found to be especially useful in monitoring elemental sulfur and/or sulfur compounds in, for example, natural gas and in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
  • LPG liquefied petroleum gas
  • the more or less total sulfur content of natural gas including, but not necessarily limited to, the sulfur in COS and CS can cause inefficiency and catalyst degradation in hydrogen production.
  • the catalysts so used are conventional in conventional hydrogen production processes. However, these catalysts are expensive to replace once they have become degraded.
  • Another feature of the present invention includes a combustion chamber having a spark ignitor.
  • a further feature of the invention includes a burner assembly in the combustion chamber for the oxygen and sample gas.
  • a still further feature of the invention includes an external heater for the combustion chamber to keep it free of water condensation expecially during and shortly after initial ignition of the sample gas.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the system of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of a combustion assembly shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 3-3 of the combustion assembly shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a broken away transverse sectional view taken on the line 4-4 of the combustion assembly shown in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged top plan view of a burner assembly taken on the line 5-5 shown in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 6-6 of the burner assembly shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view, partly in elevation, of a conventional water trap shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
  • Assembly 10 is supplied with oxygen from an oxygen tank 11 through a needle valve 12 and a flow recorder 13.
  • a combustible sample gas such as natural gas, is supplied to assembly 10 from a gas sample source 14 via a needle valve 15 and a flow recorder 16.
  • spark ignitor 17 is of the type disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,662,185, hereinafter referred to as the said patent.
  • Assembly 10 before ignition of the sample gas is preferably heated by passing current through a resistive heater winding 18 from a source of potential 19. If desired, heater winding 18 may heat assembly 10 continuously during both initial ignition and subsequent continuous burning. By keeping assembly 10 warm, water vapor does not condense in assembly 10 but only near an end 20 of a conduit 21 which connects the outlet of assembly 10 to a water trap 22.
  • conduit 21 is made of metal.
  • Water which collects in trap 22 is vented to the atmosphere through an exhaust conduit 23.
  • the plumbing and the rate of combustion is controlled by adjustment of needle valves 12 and 15 so that there is always an excess of combustion products, other than water, inside trap 22. That is, the combustion products, other than water, enter trap 22 via conduit 21 at a rate greater than that at which they are withdrawn therefrom via conduit 24.
  • a coulometric titrator is indicated at 25.
  • Titrator 25 may be indentical to that disclosed in the said patent.
  • Titrator 25 has an electrolytic cell 26 through which the gas in conduit 24 is bubbled.
  • Cell 26 has an electrical output which impressed upon a titrator circuit 27.
  • the output of circuit 27 may be impressed upon a conventional recorder 28, if desired.
  • any utilization means may be employed in lieu of recorder 28.
  • a conduit 29 is connected from the gas outlet of cell 26 to an aspirator 30.
  • Aspirator 30 is supplied with air from an air source 31 'via a needle valve 32.
  • Aspirators has a vent 33.
  • Aspirator 30 merely acts to withdraw the gas in cell 26 through conduit 29, and vent it to the at mosphere.
  • organic sulfur compounds and H S can be oxidized to S by combustion with oxygen in a closed system with only slight loss in sensitivity.
  • the products of combustion of the hydrocarbons in the sample are CO and water vapor. After condensation of water vapor, SO present in the CO is titrated in the titrator 25.
  • the concentration of 50;, in the flue gas from combustion of a sample at a given sulfur concentration is proportional to the oxygen concentration in the combustion mixture. Note will be taken that the presence of S0 is undesirable because it will give no titration reading.
  • a stable oxygen and hydrocarbon flame can be maintained in a vented combustion chamber from which air is excluded at mixtures of hydrocarbon and oxygen where the oxygen concentration is as low as about 80 percent of the stoichiometric quantity.
  • sulfur compounds are burned under reducing conditions, i.e., when the oxygen is less than about 85 percent of the stoichiometric concentration that produces CO and H 0, the concentration of S0 is reduced to a practical low percentage of the sulfur present.
  • reduced sulfur compounds e.g., RSI-I, H S, RSR and S0 are detected in gas samples and concentration is measured by titrator 25.
  • R as used in the immediately preceding sentence, means any one of the alkyl groups such as CH or C H or a higher grouping.
  • the present invention overcomes some additional problems as follows. In the first place, the titrator of the said patent employs a bromine reagent. The bromine required for oxidaton of the compounds listed in this paragraph varies so that separation of the various classes of or ganic sulfur compounds by selective filters is conventionally required where accurate data for the total sulfur concentration is required.
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons are subject to some slight addition of bromine and, therefore, cause interference with sulfur measurement when olefinic concentration is above the range of about 0.5 percent concentration and sulfur concentration is below two parts per million (ppm).
  • some organic sulfur compounds of importance to users of natural gas notably COS and CO are not oxidized by a low concentration of bromine in a acqueous solution.
  • Sulfur can be oxidized in air to form S0
  • sample dilution occurs due to the nitrogen present in the air.
  • some N0 is produced which causes a negative instrument response in bromine titration.
  • needle valve 15 may be adjusted so that natural gas is supplied to assembly 10 at a rate of, for example, 200 millileters per minute. Needle valve 12 is then adjusted so that oxygen is supplied to assembly 10 at a rate which is, for example, percent of the stoichiometric rate.
  • spark ignitor 17 is connected to electrical power, after a few attempts, the natural gas and oxygen, which are mixed together, are ignited to form a flame above a burner assembly, to be described, inside combustion assembly 10. The products of the combustion in assembly 10 are then driven through conduit 21 into trap 22. Water is then vented at 23.
  • Titrator circuit 27 then produces an output signal which is directly proportional to the S0 in the combustion products flowing to cell 26 via conduit 24. Recorder 28 then records the magnitude of the output signal of titrator circuit 27.
  • FIG. 2 A bottom plan view of closed combustion assembly 10 is shown in FIG. 2 including a mounting plate 34 which has bolt holes 35 for mounting.
  • assembly 10 includes a vertical cylindrical tube 36.
  • Horizontal tubes 37 and 38 project radially therefrom and are sealed therewith, as shown in both FIG. 3 and in FIG. 4.
  • tube 37 is shown disposed at an angle of about degrees relative to tube 38. This angle is by no means critical.
  • tube 37 may be in line with tube 38, if desired.
  • the angular location of tube 38 around tube 36 also is not critical.
  • Plate 34 is fixed to insert 43 by two countersunk screws 48, both of which are shown in FIG. 2, but only one of which is shown in FIG. 3 due to the type of section taken on the line 3-3 in FIG. 2.
  • Plate 34 has a more or less elliptical hole therein as shown at 49 in FIGS. 2 and 3. Hole 49 permits access to two conventionally threaded inlets 50 and 51. Only inlet 51 is shown in FIG. 3 due to the type of section taken. Inlet 50 may be, for example, the oxygen inlet. Inlet 51 may thus be the natural gas inlet.
  • Inlets 50 and 51 have passages 52 and 53, respectively, which intercept a bore 54 in insert 43, shown in FIG. 3. That is, passages 52 and 53 not only intercept bore 54, they also intercept the respective inlets 50 and 51. For example, see passage 53 in FIG. 3. Passage 52 lies more or less in a vertical plane, as viewed in FIG. 3, which is the same as that in which passage 53 lies.
  • an inspection assembly is provided at 55 including plates 56 and 57 that are held together by four bolts 58 and four corresponding lock washers 59.
  • plate 56 has a transparent window 60 sealed in a hole 61 therethrough.
  • Plate 57 is sealed to tube 37 at 62.
  • An O-ring seal 63 is provided between the plates 56 and 57 surrounding the tube 37.
  • Insert 43 at its upper end, has a counterbore 64 in which a burner assembly 65 is fixed.
  • the metal portions of the closed combustion assembly may be grounded. It is, therefore, necessary to provide only one conductive lead to this assembly from spark ignitor 17.
  • This conductive lead is shown at 66 in FIG. 3.
  • An extension of lead 66 is fixed thereto. This extension is indicated at 67. Extension 67 may be made of platinum, if desired.
  • a conductor 69 is connected from spark ignitor 17 and is provided with insulation at 70 to form an electrical lead 68.
  • Lead 68 is fixed relative to tube 38 and connects conductor 69 to lead 66 via an entirely conventional quick detachable electrical connector 71.
  • Connector 71 may have, if desired, a metal ferrule 72 sealed at 73 to the right end of tube 38, as viewed in FIG. 3.
  • Connector 71 also may be provided with an insulator 74 fixed around lead 66 and fixed relative to ferrule 72.
  • An insulator 75 is preferably fixed around insulator 74 to prevent arcing form lead 66 to metal parts other than burner tubes, to be described.
  • a flame arrester 76 is connected to the upper portion of tube 36.
  • Flame arrester 76 includes a plate 77 sealed around tube 36 at 78, a block 79 on top of plate 77 and a plate 80 on top of block 79.
  • Each bolt 81 is provided symmetrically to hold block 79 against plate 77, and plate 80 against block 79.
  • Each bolt 81 has a head 82 and a shank 83.
  • Shank 83 is slidable through corresponding registering holes 84 and 85 in plate 80 and block 79, respectively.
  • Each bolt shank 83 is then threaded into a corresponding hole 86 in plate 77.
  • Each bolt 81 is provided with a lock washer at 87. I
  • An O-ring seal 88 is provided around tube 36 between plate 77 in block 79.
  • Another O-ring seal 89 is provided around a counterbore 90 in the upper end of block 79 between plate 80 and block 79.
  • Block 79 has a bore at 91 through which the products of combustion may pass. These products of combustion pass through a conventional ceramic cylinder 92.
  • the cylinder 92 is porous, but has very small passageways therethrough to retard a rapid increase in pressure thereabove when the flame is ignited.
  • Cylinder 92 is fixed in place on a shoulder 93 formed by a counterbore 94 in block 79. Cylinder 92 is held in place on the shoulder 93 by a cylinder 95 which is locked between plate 80 and an annular portion on top of cylinder 92 near the edge thereof.
  • a disc 96 is fixed to the interior of cylinder 95. Disc 96 has a hole 97 therethrough.
  • a screen wire mesh 98 is welded over hole 97 to disc 96.
  • Conduit 21 is sealed through a bore 99 through plate at 100.
  • FIG. 5 An enlarged top plan view of burner assembly 65 is shown in FIG. 5.
  • Assembly 65 includes a hollow ceramic cylinder 101 that has a vertical wall 102 and a lower radial flange 103. As shown in FIG. 6, cylinder 101 is fixed to insert 43 at flange 103.
  • a ferrule 104 is also fixed to insert 43 at a flange 105, ferrule 104 having a downwardly depending cylindrical extension 106, as viewed in FIG. 6. Extension 106 thus projects into insert counterbore 64.
  • a cylinder 107 is sealed inside ferrule 104, ferrule 104 being sealed to insert 43.
  • Three hollow tubes 108, 109 and 110, open at both ends, are sealed through cylinder 107.
  • Tubes 108, 109 and 110 may be made of a conventional metal.
  • Cylinder 107 preferably is made of stainless steel.
  • each of the tubes 108, 109 and 110 have an outside diameter of, for example, about 25 mils, and an inside diameter, for example, of about 10 mils.
  • one of the tubes 108, 109 and 110 is employed in lieu of the three tubes.
  • trap 22 is shown including a body 111 which is gas tight, except for three openings therein illustrated at 112, 113 and 114. Tubes 21,24 and 23 are sealed through openings 112, 113 and 114, respectively. Tube 23 may have a restricted opening 118 at its lower end, if desired.
  • seals in many of its grammatical forms as used herein, may mean a brazed joint which is gas tight or any one or more conventional high pressure or low pressure soft or hard conventional seals. Moreover, seals need not be provided at all points where they are described herein.
  • the word indicate, in many of its grammatical forms as used herein, is hereby defined to include the production of a signal, the magnitude of which is directly proportional to SO content or some close appropriately linear function thereof.
  • the word indicate, as used herein, is, therefore, not limited to a display or indicator which displays S0 or sulfur content;
  • any fluid analyzer may be substituted for titrator 25 and the inven tion still practiced.
  • a photometer may be substituted for titrator 25.
  • the method of monitoring the total elemental sulfur and combustible compounds thereof in a gas comprising the steps of: supplying oxygen and the gas to the inlets of a combustion chamber at respective predetermined rates, said chamber having an outlet conduit sealed thereto, said chamber being everywhere sealed to prevent any air from entering thereinto; igniting the fluid in said chamber to form products of combustion; and analyzing said combustion products with a coulometric titrator, said oxygen being supplied at a rate between about 80 to percent of the stoichiometric rate to oxidize the gas.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
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US00296342A 1972-10-10 1972-10-10 Method of burning combustible fluids for further analysis Expired - Lifetime US3853474A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00296342A US3853474A (en) 1972-10-10 1972-10-10 Method of burning combustible fluids for further analysis
GB4327873A GB1440207A (en) 1972-10-10 1973-09-14 Method of and apparatus for combustible fluid analysis
JP11090273A JPS5319438B2 (en:Method) 1972-10-10 1973-10-02
DE19732350007 DE2350007A1 (de) 1972-10-10 1973-10-05 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur analyse brennbarer stoffe
CA182,936A CA1023650A (en) 1972-10-10 1973-10-09 Method of and apparatus for burning combustible fluids for further analysis
FR7336155A FR2202600A5 (en:Method) 1972-10-10 1973-10-10

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JP (1) JPS5319438B2 (en:Method)
CA (1) CA1023650A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE2350007A1 (en:Method)
FR (1) FR2202600A5 (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1440207A (en:Method)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4013412A (en) * 1974-08-01 1977-03-22 Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. Method for judging purity of purified zinc sulphate solution used for electrolytic production of zinc
US4102814A (en) * 1976-09-13 1978-07-25 Morton-Norwich Products, Inc. Oxygen scavenger in elemental combustion analyses
FR2435036A1 (fr) * 1978-08-28 1980-03-28 Envirotech Corp Procede pour transformer dans un echantillon des halogenures organiques en des halogenures titrables
US4211748A (en) * 1978-01-23 1980-07-08 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Stack gas analyzer and thermal oxidation device therefor
US4227887A (en) * 1978-08-28 1980-10-14 Envirotech Corporation Determination of total organic halides in water
US4325911A (en) * 1978-01-23 1982-04-20 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Stack gas analyzer and thermal oxidation device therefor
US4432939A (en) * 1980-04-14 1984-02-21 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Ammonia gas analyzer
US4904606A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-02-27 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for reductive decomposition and analysis of a sample
US4914037A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-04-03 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for analysis of a sample for nitrogen
US4916077A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-04-10 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for oxidative decomposition and analysis of a sample
US4950456A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-08-21 Shell Oil Company Apparatus for analysis of a sample for sulphur
US4977093A (en) * 1986-11-03 1990-12-11 Liquid Air Corporation Process for analyzing carbonyl sulfide in a gas
US5080867A (en) * 1988-04-07 1992-01-14 Liquid Air Corporation Portable carbonyl sulfide analyzer
US5981290A (en) * 1997-04-07 1999-11-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Transportation Microscale combustion calorimeter
US6013530A (en) * 1994-10-31 2000-01-11 Tawara; Kinya Process for determination of sulfur content
WO2001046683A3 (en) * 1999-12-20 2001-12-27 Idc Geraeteentwicklungsgmbh Total nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine analysis
WO2002052234A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-07-04 United States Department Of Transportation Heat release rate calorimiter for milligram samples
US20110012625A1 (en) * 2009-07-17 2011-01-20 Caterpillar Inc. Zinc oxide sulfur sensor
US9097661B2 (en) 2011-01-27 2015-08-04 Caterpillar, Inc. Electrochemical sulfur sensor and the method of making the same

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CN100456033C (zh) * 2006-05-19 2009-01-28 朱先德 带自动清洗装置的定硫仪
CN100419418C (zh) * 2006-05-25 2008-09-17 朱先德 带气流稳定装置的定硫仪
CN107037176B (zh) * 2017-05-16 2019-03-26 河南工程学院 一种检测瓦斯气体中硫化物含量的方法和装置

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA587422A (en) * 1959-11-17 Laboratory Equipment Corporation Gas analysis for sulphur
US3207585A (en) * 1962-07-20 1965-09-21 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Analysis by quantitative combustion
US3296435A (en) * 1964-07-06 1967-01-03 Dow Chemical Co Method and apparatus for determining the total carbon content of aqueous systems
US3399038A (en) * 1962-10-12 1968-08-27 Aquitaine Petrole Apparatus for determining sulfur content of gaseous hydrocarbons
US3529937A (en) * 1966-03-10 1970-09-22 Kokusai Electric Co Ltd Quantitative analyzer of sulfur contents
US3598531A (en) * 1968-09-19 1971-08-10 Universal Oil Prod Co Method for determining sulfur as sulfur dioxide
US3650696A (en) * 1970-09-08 1972-03-21 Lamar State College Of Technol Sampling and analysis of sulfur compounds

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA587422A (en) * 1959-11-17 Laboratory Equipment Corporation Gas analysis for sulphur
US3207585A (en) * 1962-07-20 1965-09-21 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Analysis by quantitative combustion
US3399038A (en) * 1962-10-12 1968-08-27 Aquitaine Petrole Apparatus for determining sulfur content of gaseous hydrocarbons
US3296435A (en) * 1964-07-06 1967-01-03 Dow Chemical Co Method and apparatus for determining the total carbon content of aqueous systems
US3529937A (en) * 1966-03-10 1970-09-22 Kokusai Electric Co Ltd Quantitative analyzer of sulfur contents
US3598531A (en) * 1968-09-19 1971-08-10 Universal Oil Prod Co Method for determining sulfur as sulfur dioxide
US3650696A (en) * 1970-09-08 1972-03-21 Lamar State College Of Technol Sampling and analysis of sulfur compounds

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Martin et al., Determination of Sulfur Compound Distributions in Petroleum Samples by Gas Chromatography with a Coulometric Titrator, Analytical Chem. 1965 Vol. 37, pp. 644 649. *

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4013412A (en) * 1974-08-01 1977-03-22 Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. Method for judging purity of purified zinc sulphate solution used for electrolytic production of zinc
US4102814A (en) * 1976-09-13 1978-07-25 Morton-Norwich Products, Inc. Oxygen scavenger in elemental combustion analyses
US4211748A (en) * 1978-01-23 1980-07-08 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Stack gas analyzer and thermal oxidation device therefor
US4325911A (en) * 1978-01-23 1982-04-20 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Stack gas analyzer and thermal oxidation device therefor
FR2435036A1 (fr) * 1978-08-28 1980-03-28 Envirotech Corp Procede pour transformer dans un echantillon des halogenures organiques en des halogenures titrables
US4227887A (en) * 1978-08-28 1980-10-14 Envirotech Corporation Determination of total organic halides in water
US4432939A (en) * 1980-04-14 1984-02-21 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Ammonia gas analyzer
US4977093A (en) * 1986-11-03 1990-12-11 Liquid Air Corporation Process for analyzing carbonyl sulfide in a gas
US4950456A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-08-21 Shell Oil Company Apparatus for analysis of a sample for sulphur
US4916077A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-04-10 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for oxidative decomposition and analysis of a sample
US4914037A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-04-03 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for analysis of a sample for nitrogen
US4904606A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-02-27 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for reductive decomposition and analysis of a sample
US5080867A (en) * 1988-04-07 1992-01-14 Liquid Air Corporation Portable carbonyl sulfide analyzer
US6013530A (en) * 1994-10-31 2000-01-11 Tawara; Kinya Process for determination of sulfur content
US5981290A (en) * 1997-04-07 1999-11-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Transportation Microscale combustion calorimeter
WO2001046683A3 (en) * 1999-12-20 2001-12-27 Idc Geraeteentwicklungsgmbh Total nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine analysis
WO2002052234A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-07-04 United States Department Of Transportation Heat release rate calorimiter for milligram samples
US6464391B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-10-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Transportation Heat release rate calorimeter for milligram samples
US20110012625A1 (en) * 2009-07-17 2011-01-20 Caterpillar Inc. Zinc oxide sulfur sensor
US8742775B2 (en) 2009-07-17 2014-06-03 Caterpillar Inc. Zinc oxide sulfur sensor
US9097661B2 (en) 2011-01-27 2015-08-04 Caterpillar, Inc. Electrochemical sulfur sensor and the method of making the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2202600A5 (en:Method) 1974-05-03
CA1023650A (en) 1978-01-03
JPS5319438B2 (en:Method) 1978-06-21
JPS5053095A (en:Method) 1975-05-10
GB1440207A (en) 1976-06-23
DE2350007A1 (de) 1974-04-18

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