US3847642A - Method for transferring electrostatographically formed images - Google Patents

Method for transferring electrostatographically formed images Download PDF

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Publication number
US3847642A
US3847642A US00219410A US21941072A US3847642A US 3847642 A US3847642 A US 3847642A US 00219410 A US00219410 A US 00219410A US 21941072 A US21941072 A US 21941072A US 3847642 A US3847642 A US 3847642A
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film forming
forming material
organic film
latent image
developed
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US00219410A
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W Rhodes
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Priority to NL7300906A priority patent/NL7300906A/xx
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/14—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G03G15/16—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer
    • G03G15/169—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer with means for preconditioning the toner image before the transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat

Definitions

  • the depressed portions of the developer dispensing member contain a layer of conductive liquid developer which is maintained outof contact with the electrostatographic imaging surface. Development is achieved by moving the developer dispensing member loaded with liquid developer in the depressed portions into developing configuration with the imaging surface. The liquid developer is believed to be attracted from the depressed portions of the applicator surface in the charged field or image areas only.
  • Electrophoretic development an insulating liquid vehicle having finely divided solid toner material dispersed therein contacts the imaging surface in both charged and uncharged areas. Under the influence of the electric field associated with the charged image pattern, the suspended particles migrate toward the charge portions of the imaging surface separating out of the insulating liquid. This electrophoretic migration of charged particles results in the deposition of the charged particles on the imaging surface in image configuration.
  • a further technique for developing electrostatic latent images is the liquid development process'disclosed by R. W. Gundlach in U.S. Pat. No. 3,084,043 hereinafter referred to as polar liquid development.
  • an electrostatic latent image is developed or made visible by presenting to the imaging surface a liquid developer on the surface of a developer dispensing member having a plurality of raised portions or lands defining a substantially regular patterned surface and a developer liquid may be pigmented or dyed.
  • the development system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,084,043 differs from electrophoretic development systems where substantial contact between the liquid developer and both the charged and uncharged areas of an electrostatic latent imaging surface occurs. Unlike electrophoretic development systems, substantial contact between the polar liquid and the areas of the electrostatic latent image bearing surface not to be developed is prevented in the polar liquid development technique. Reduced contact between a liquid developer and the non-image areas of the surface to be developed is desirable because the formation of background deposits is thereby inhibited.
  • Another characteristic which distinguishes the polar liquid development technique from electrophoretic development is the fact that the liquid phase of a polar developer actually takes part in the development of a surface. The liquid phase in electrophoretic developers functions only as a carrier medium for developer particles.
  • liquid development systems While capable of producing satisfactory images, these liquid development systems can be improved upon in certain areas. Particular areas of improvement include those liquid development systems employing reusable or cycling imaging surfaces.
  • a photoconductor such as a selenium or selenium alloy drum as the photoconductor surface is charged, exposed to a light-to-shadow image and developed by bringing the image bearing surface into developing configuration with an applicator containing developing quantities of liquid developer thereon.
  • liquid developer is transferred according to an approdeveloper may be absorbed by the paper to form a permanent print. During the transfer operation, not all the liquid developer is transferred to the paper and a considerable quantity remains on the imaging surface.
  • this residual developer must be either removed or immobilized; otherwise it will tend to be present as a background in subsequent cycles. If the liquid developer is relatively conductive having a resistivity less than ohm centimeters, any residue remaining on the imaging surface may damage charge acceptance of the imaging surface by laterally dissipating electrostatic charge subsequently Procedures to remove the developer liquid from the surface of a photoconductor have been employed. However, to provide the necessary removal of ink film, the cleaning step must be so severe and complete that there may be a progressive degradation of the imaging surface lessening its useful life span.
  • the severity of the cleaning step is dictated by the fact that in cleaning a liquid film from a surface, the film is progressively split so that on each separate cleaning, about one half the liquid remains on the photoconductive-surface.
  • the cleaning solvents generally necessary to provide adequate cleaning frequently are major contributors to the chemical attack on the imaging surface and are frequently hazardous due to their volatility and toxicity.
  • the electrical properties of a photoconductor for example are virtually destroyed by the cleaning operation after only a small number of cycles.
  • the cleaning solvents employed may act as solvents for the resin binder in a binder plate or may induce crystallization of the thin layer of selenium as do most liquid carriers used in formulating liquid developers.
  • the photoconductive insulating member is subjected to appreciable wear by contact with a relatively abrasive mixture of resinous toner particles and carrier beads which must be removed from the photoconductive member after each imaging cycle.
  • Some special photoconductive surfaces are easily damaged. Consequently, the photoconductive material .which may be used in a cyclic process are limited to hard, tough, abrasive resistant surfaces, and even then, the photoconductive member must be periodically replaced.
  • an object of this invention to provide an imaging system which overcomes the above'noted
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide an image transfer system wherein the surface of the elec- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the film of the insulating material Prior to transfer of the developed image, the film of the insulating material is caused to be in the viscous or liquid state to permit the film to split or to be transferred completely on contact with a receiving surface together with the developed image. Solidification of the transferredinsulating material on the receiving surface fixes the developed image thereon.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an electrostatographic imaging system of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged, greatly exaggerated, partial cross-sectional view of the transfer zone taken along the lines 2'2 ofFIG. 1.
  • imaging systems are obtained with preferred resistivities exceeding about 10 ohm.cm whenv the transferfilmis in the solid'state.
  • The. transferfilm generally exhibits a low melting point, preferably having a sharp melting point to provide simple rapidliquifi-cation on eachcycle,'and is capableof wetting the surface of the receiving member.
  • the transferfilm will have a melting'point above the normal ambient operating temperature of the machine.
  • the melting point range of a transferfilm is from about 25C. to about C.
  • the photoconductive member is an amorphous selenium photoreceptor
  • the transferfilm is compatible with a liquid developer to provide optimum cycling ability, and may be miscible with a liquid developer. If desired, the liquid carrier of a liquid developer may be chosen which will soften a transferfilm. If imaging takes place through the transferfilm coated or spread on the imaging surface of the photoconductive member, the transferfilm is preferably substantially transparent and not opaque or translucent, and in a film thickness sufficient to be split or completely transferred as hereinabove mentioned and as hereinafter more fully discussed, a thickness at least about two microns or more to about 25 microns, preferably about 5 microns.
  • the transferfilm is preferably not too brittle or easily fracturable at ambient conditions of use.
  • a transferfilm should become tacky when liquified and viscous enough to prevent toner particles from migrating to the imaging surface of the photoconductive member.
  • the transferfilm when liquified preferably should have a sharp melting point and have a high viscosity at the melting point thereof.
  • the viscosity at the melting point at the surface of the transferfilm is preferably from about to about 200 centipoises.
  • the transferfilm of this invention are preferably relatively nonodorous, nonvolatile, and nontoxic to provide optimum safety and comfort to the user.
  • the microcrystalline waxes are a particularly effective material.
  • the material is selected from the group of materials referred to as wax-like solids and liquids found in nature and to the individual constituents of these naturally occurring wax-like materials irrespective of their source or method of preparation.
  • Typical materials included in this group are hydrocarbons, long chain fatty acids, alcohols, ketones and esters. Synthetic compounds which are not waxes from the standpoint of chemical composition but which do have waxy physical characteristics may also be used.
  • Typical materials of this latter group include silicone waxes, polyethylene waxes, fluorocarbon waxes, fatty acid amides, high molecular weight phthalamides, poly- 'mers of alkylene oxides and terphenyls.
  • Typical silicone derivatives include fatty acid esters of polysiloxanes, particularly the stearyl esters'of dimethyl polysiloxane, such as poly (dimethylsiloxy) stearoxysiloxane, poly (diethylsilox-y) stearoxysiloxane, poly (dipropylsiloxy) stearoxysiloxane, poly (methyl ethylsiloxy) stearoxysiloxane, poly (dimethylsiloxy) palmitoxysiloxane, poly (dimethylsiloxy) behenoxysiloxane, poly (dimethylsiloxy) myristoleoxysiloxane, poly- (dimethylsiloxy) 2-.hydroxystearoxysiloxane, and poly (dimethylsiloxy) 12-hydroxystearoxysiloxane.
  • poly (dimethylsiloxy) stearoxysiloxane such as poly (dimethylsiloxy)
  • Typical fluorocarbon waxes include the low melting fluorocarbon materials available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and identified as Freons. Tetrachloridifluoroethane is particularly effective.
  • Other typical fluorocarbon materials include Vydax AR, a dispersion of a waxy tetrafluoroethylene telomer in Freon TF, Krytox fluorinated solids formed by polymerizing hexatluoropropylene epoxide, all available from E. l. du Pont de Nemours; and Kel F waxes which are polymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene, available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company.
  • Additional typical materials include hexadecafluoro-l-nonane, eicosafluoro-l-undecane, hexadecafluoro-l-nonal, eicosafluoro-l-undecanol.
  • Typical hydrocarbon waxes may generally comprise saturated hydrocarbons of carbon chain from about 18 to about carbon atoms.
  • Typical materials comprise eicosane, hexeicosane, docosane, tricosane, tetracosane, pentacosane, l3-methyl pentacosane, 2-methyl pentacosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, octacosane, isoactacosane, nonacosane, triacontane, dotriacontane, tritriacontane, pentatriacontane, hexatriacontane, tetr'acontane, dotetracontane, tetratetracontane, pentacontane, tetrapentacontane, hexacontane, dohexacontan
  • hydrocarbon waxes of from about 18 to about 35 carbon atoms such as octodecane, eicosane, tetracosane, pentatriacontane, and mixtures thereof.
  • Eicosane is especially preferred and may generally be employed as the sole constituent of the additive or be present in major proportion in a mixture of hydrocarbon waxes.
  • Typical unsaturated hydrocarbon waxes include octadecylene, eicosylene, l-henicosene, docosylene, ltricosene, tetracosylene, l-pentacosene, hexacosylene, ceratene, octacosylene, l-nonacosene, melene, lhentriacontene, l-dotriacontene.
  • Typical long chain aliphatic alcohols that may be employed include lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, pentadecyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, margaryl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, nonadecyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, heneicosyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, tricosyl alcohol, lignoceryl alcohol, n-lignoceryl alcohol, aryl alcohol, l-octacosanol pentacosyl alcohol, and hexacosyl alcohol.
  • myristyl alcohol and tridecyl alcohol are myristyl alcohol and tridecyl alcohol.
  • Typical esters that may be employed include the alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, such as palmitic and stearic acid.
  • Typical alkyl esters include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, isoaryl, octyl, decyl and cetyl esters.
  • cetyl laurate lauryl myristate, myristyl myristate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, octadecyl palmitate, cetyl palmitate, myricyl palmitate, lauryl stearate, cetyl stearate, stearyl stearate, cetyl stearate, myricyl stearate, myricyl isobehanate, myricyl cerotate, ceryl myricinate.
  • Preferred cycling ability is obtained with lauryl myristate and myristyl myristate.
  • Typical ketones that may be employed include among others those produced from the catalytic treatment of the higher fatty acids such as palmitone and stearone and those prepared by the Friedel-Crafts condensation of fatty acids with cyclic hydrocarbons such as furyl heptadecyl ketone, methyl furyl heptadeayl ketone, dibenzo furyl hexadecyl ketone and phenoxyphenyl heptadecyl ketone. Preferred results are achieved with furyl heptadecyl ketone and stearone.
  • Typical fatty acids include both saturated and unsaturated materials such as capric, lauric, myristic, 4- hydroxy myristic palmitic, margaric, stearic,.4-hydroxy stearic, non-adecyclic, ll-hydroxytridecaniarachidic, madullic, behenic, tricosanic, lignoceric, hexanconsanic, octacosanic, triacontanic, lacceric, 9-eicosenic, isoerucic, trans-S-tetracosenoic.
  • the fatty acids may also be employed in the form of a suitable metal salt.
  • the transferfilm of this invention may be applied to the surface of the photoconductive member in any suitable manner in the liquid or solid phase. Typically, the transferfilm is dusted, sprinkled, brushed, cascaded across the surface and applied as a powder cloud.
  • the transferfilm may also be applied by wiping with a transferfilm impregnated or coated sheets, webs, papers, rolls and cotton wadding. It may also be applied as an aerosol spray or contacted with a roller coated with a transferfilm in the liquid phase.
  • the phase change may be effected by the application ofheat or solvent in any manner from a suitable source, including an external source or by means of friction.
  • a suitable source including an external source or by means of friction.
  • the transferfilm may be applied to the photoconductive surface in the solid state, it is generally preferred to apply the transfer-film in the liquid state by contact with a coated roller or other liquid coating means to provide thereby a more uniform layer of the transferfilm.
  • the transferfilm may be coated on the photoreceptor surface prior to, or subsequent to exposure imagewise of the photoreceptor surface, such as a photoconductive surface.
  • the development of the latent image on a photoconductor coated with a transferfilm may be effected in any of the know methods.
  • development will be effected by a liquid developer whereas development of a latent image wherein the transferfilm is in the solid state may be effected by a particulate or liquid developer.
  • a particulate or liquid developer In the latter instance, it will be understood that the state of the transferfilm prior to transfer is changed to the liquid state prior to contact with the recording medium.
  • the developers employed preferably are relatively noncondutive to permit cyclic charging and imaging where necessary without the dissipation of charge by a conductive film. Any suitable liquid developer having these properties may be used.
  • the developers for which the transferfilms of this invention are effective have conductivities of from about 10 (ohm cm) to about 10 (ohm cm).
  • Typical materials within this' group include mineral oil, the vegetable oils including castor oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, sunflower seed oil,
  • the developer may contain one or more secondary vehicles, dispersants, pigments or dyes, viscosity controlling additives or additives which contribute to fixing the pigment on the copy paper.
  • Transfer of the developed image together with a portion of the transferfilm is effected when the transferfilm is in the liquid state, it being understood that the transferfilm may not be in the liquid state at the imaging surface of the photoconductive member, i.e., a gradient of viscosity may exist due to penetration of the liquid carrier of a liquid developer into the transferfilm layer or to heat applied from one side.
  • the transferfilm may be applied in liquid state prior to exposure imagewise of the photoconductive drum and maintained in the liquid state through exposure, development of the latent image and the transfer thereof.
  • the transferfilm may be applied, as hereinabove I mentioned in the solid phase prior to exposure imagewise of the photoconductive surface and then changed to the liquid state priorto development of the latent image.
  • the coating of the transferfilm on the photoconductor is applied in the solid state with imagewise exposure also being effected in the solid state. Thereafter the transferfilm is heated by suitable means to effect a phase change either prior to or after the development of the latent image with a liquid developer and subsequent transfer of the developed image.
  • Any suitable imaging surface may be used in accordance with this invention. Basically, any surface upon which charge. pattern may be cyclically formed or developed may be employed.
  • Typical electrostatographic imaging surfaces include dielectrics such as plastic coated papers, xeroprinting master and photoconductors and photoconductors overcoated with suitable dielectrics.
  • Typical photoconductors that may be employed include selenium and selenium alloys, cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfo selenide, phthalocyanine binder coatings and polyvinyl carbozole sensitized with 2,4,7- trinitrofluorenone.
  • the electrostatographic imaging surface may be employed in any suitable structure including plates, belts or drums and may be employed in the form of a binder layer.
  • an electrostatographic imaging surface such as a rotatably mounted cylindrical photoconductor drum 10, formed of selenium.
  • the drum is charged at charging station, generally indicated as 12; exposed to a light-andshadow image at exposure station, generally indicated as 14; and coated with a transferfilm by a transferfilm assembly, generally indicated as 16.
  • the transferfilm assembly 16 includes a contact roller 18, an application roller 20 and a transferfilm supply tray 22 (suitably heated) with the surface of the application roller 20 being positioned below the surface 24 of a transferfilm 26. Rotation of the application roller 20 causes the surface thereof to accumulate transferfilm thereon, a portion of which is applied during rotation to the contact roller 18.
  • rollers 18 and 20 may be frictionally driven by contact therebetween and by contact of roller 18 with the drum 10, or may be independently driven by a motor and gearing arrangement (not shown).
  • the electrostatic latent image is developed at a development station, generally indicated as 28, comprised of a supply tray 30 having a liquid developer 31 contained therein.
  • the developer on the photoconductor is thereafter transferred in image configuration to a receiving surface 32, such as ordinary paper, which may be moved through a transfer zone, generally indicated as 34, in contact with the drum 10 at the same speed and in the same direction as the periphery of the drum.
  • the paper to which the developed image is transferred is supplied from supply roll (not shown) and is held in transfer position by an idler roller 36.
  • a heating element, generally indicated as 42 may be provided as an additional heat source but must be provided if the transferfilm is in the solid phase after development.
  • the transferfilm will split or completely separate from the photoreceptor during the transfer operation in a manner whereby no developer remains on the drum 10.
  • split it is meant that a portion of the transferfilm coating will partially separate as graphically illustrated (greatly exaggerated) in FIG. 2.
  • the transferfilm T including developed image I disposed on photoconductor drum comes in contact with the recording medium 32, such as paper, at transfer zone 34, whereat the recording medium 32 is held in transfer position by idler roller 36. After contact, a portion T of the transferfilm T adheres to the recording medium 32 together with the developed image I with the other portion T of the transferfilm T remaining on the photoconductor drum 10.
  • the photoconductor drum 10 may be cleaned by contacting the surface of the photoconductor drum 10 with a roller 40 biasedopposite to the developer or toner charge prior to the next cycle of operation (See FIG. 1), as well as with a solvent, wet cleaner or the like.
  • EXAMPLE I thereof developed by cascade techniques. Bond paper is placed in contact with the developed image and is passed between the drum and a transfer roller heated to a temperature of about 150C. The resulting transfer image is good with a high background. 1 Available from Electro-Stik Co. (Chicago, Ill.)
  • EXAMPLE II A clean photoconductive layer formed of CdSSe on a drum, is coated to a thickness of from 5 1. to 8pc with PE-6O and is positively charged to with a corotron device maintained at a potential of 600V. Conventionally, the drum is exposed to a light-and-shadow image and the latent image on the surface thereof developed using I a liquid developer. Bond paper is placed in contact with e j the developed image and is passed between the drum and a transfer roller heated to 160C. Excellent transfer is achieved with a sharp image being disposed on the bond paper of low background.
  • intermediate transfer member such as an endless belt, may be interposed between the photoconductive surface and the transfer film.
  • An electrostatographic imaging process comprising an imaging member carrying an electrostatic latent image, said imaging member comprising a layer of an organic film forming material having a thickness of from about 2 microns to about 25 microns overlying an electrostatographic imaging surface, said organic material having a resistivity above about 10 ohm-cm, a melting point between.
  • said organic material is in a liquefied state during said step of transferring and said receiving member comprises a material capable of being wet by said liquefied organic material, wherein said organic material layer splits during said step of transferring with a portion of said layer remaining on said imaging member and a portion of said layer accompanying said developed image to said receiving member.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Wet Developing In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
US00219410A 1972-01-20 1972-01-20 Method for transferring electrostatographically formed images Expired - Lifetime US3847642A (en)

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3944710A (en) * 1974-05-01 1976-03-16 Xerox Corporation Transparency
US3958990A (en) * 1974-05-01 1976-05-25 Xerox Corporation Transferring toner to an amine coated sheet
US3966467A (en) * 1974-05-01 1976-06-29 Xerox Corporation Transferring toner to an hydrocarbon sheet
US4069047A (en) * 1975-06-27 1978-01-17 Xerox Corporation Transfer of photoelectrophoretic images
US4130670A (en) * 1975-09-16 1978-12-19 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Process for fixing toner images
US4600673A (en) * 1983-08-04 1986-07-15 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Silicone release coatings for efficient toner transfer
US5262259A (en) * 1990-01-03 1993-11-16 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Toner developed electrostatic imaging process for outdoor signs
US5342720A (en) * 1993-04-28 1994-08-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Color proofing element and process for making the same
US5383008A (en) * 1993-12-29 1995-01-17 Xerox Corporation Liquid ink electrostatic image development system
US5648190A (en) * 1993-05-27 1997-07-15 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of forming color images and apparatus used therefor
US5648191A (en) * 1995-02-24 1997-07-15 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for preparation of printing plate by electrophotographic process
US5652076A (en) * 1995-06-09 1997-07-29 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for preparation of printing plate by electrophotographic process
US5658701A (en) * 1995-10-20 1997-08-19 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for preparation of waterless lithographic printing plate by electrophotographic process
US5683841A (en) * 1995-11-17 1997-11-04 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for preparation of waterless lithographic printing plate by electrophotographic process
US5700612A (en) * 1995-06-12 1997-12-23 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for preparation of printing plate by electrophotographic process
US5747214A (en) * 1993-03-26 1998-05-05 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of forming an electrophotographic color transfer image and apparatus used therefor
US5839037A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-11-17 Xerox Corporation Method for transferring a liquid image
US6042984A (en) * 1997-06-10 2000-03-28 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Image forming method and image supporting material
US6207336B1 (en) * 1993-09-20 2001-03-27 Research Laboratories Of Australia Pty Ltd. Liquid developing method
US6342324B1 (en) 2000-02-16 2002-01-29 Imation Corp. Release layers and compositions for forming the same

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3944710A (en) * 1974-05-01 1976-03-16 Xerox Corporation Transparency
US3958990A (en) * 1974-05-01 1976-05-25 Xerox Corporation Transferring toner to an amine coated sheet
US3966467A (en) * 1974-05-01 1976-06-29 Xerox Corporation Transferring toner to an hydrocarbon sheet
US4069047A (en) * 1975-06-27 1978-01-17 Xerox Corporation Transfer of photoelectrophoretic images
US4130670A (en) * 1975-09-16 1978-12-19 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Process for fixing toner images
US4600673A (en) * 1983-08-04 1986-07-15 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Silicone release coatings for efficient toner transfer
US5262259A (en) * 1990-01-03 1993-11-16 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Toner developed electrostatic imaging process for outdoor signs
US5747214A (en) * 1993-03-26 1998-05-05 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of forming an electrophotographic color transfer image and apparatus used therefor
US5342720A (en) * 1993-04-28 1994-08-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Color proofing element and process for making the same
US5648190A (en) * 1993-05-27 1997-07-15 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of forming color images and apparatus used therefor
US6207336B1 (en) * 1993-09-20 2001-03-27 Research Laboratories Of Australia Pty Ltd. Liquid developing method
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