US3843332A - Composite article with a fastener of an austenitic alloy - Google Patents

Composite article with a fastener of an austenitic alloy Download PDF

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Publication number
US3843332A
US3843332A US00100078A US10007870A US3843332A US 3843332 A US3843332 A US 3843332A US 00100078 A US00100078 A US 00100078A US 10007870 A US10007870 A US 10007870A US 3843332 A US3843332 A US 3843332A
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United States
Prior art keywords
percentage
percent
nickel
alloy
chromium
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00100078A
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English (en)
Inventor
L Kindlimann
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Sunbeam Oster Co Inc
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Allegheny Ludlum Industries Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Allegheny Ludlum Industries Inc filed Critical Allegheny Ludlum Industries Inc
Priority to US00100078A priority Critical patent/US3843332A/en
Priority to CA130,171A priority patent/CA940343A/en
Priority to DE19712162596 priority patent/DE2162596A1/de
Priority to GB5902271A priority patent/GB1331178A/en
Priority to IT32707/71A priority patent/IT944174B/it
Priority to FR7146005A priority patent/FR2119586A5/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3843332A publication Critical patent/US3843332A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
    • C22C38/105—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt containing Co and Ni
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12347—Plural layers discontinuously bonded [e.g., spot-weld, mechanical fastener, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12639—Adjacent, identical composition, components
    • Y10T428/12646—Group VIII or IB metal-base
    • Y10T428/12653—Fe, containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12958—Next to Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12965—Both containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]

Definitions

  • a composite article comprised of a ferritic steel member fastened to a second member with a fastener formed from the austenitic alloy of this invention.
  • the present invention relates to a high-iron austenitic alloy having both ferritic-like thermal expansion and high temperature strength and to a composite article comprised of a ferric steel member fastened to a second member with a fastener formed from the high-iron austenitic alloy of this invention.
  • the present invention simplifies the work of materials engineers. It provides a high-iron austenitic alloy having both ferritic-like thermal expansion and high temperature strength on the order of that possessed by the high temperature austenitic alloys which constitute the prior art. In addition, it provides a composite article comprised of a ferritic steel member fastened to a second member with a fastener formed from the high temperature austenitic alloy of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a plot (calculated stress versus temperature) showing how the thermal expansion characteristics for several experimental alloys compare to those of AISI 4340 steel;
  • FIG. 2 is a plot (percent Ni plus percent Co versus percent Cr-+percent Mo) defining an area of acceptable thermal expansion
  • FIG. 3 is a plot (percent Ni plus percent C0 versus percent Cr-l-percent Mo) defining an area of acceptable thermal expansion and acceptable stress rupture.
  • T he austenitic alloy of the present invention has a composition consisting essentially of, in weight percent, from 36 to 54% nickel, up to 12% cobalt, up to 15% chromium, up to 10% molybdenum, from 1 to 3.75% titanium, up to 2% aluminum, up to 0.1% carbon, up to 2% manganese, up to 1% silicon, up to 0.05% boron, balance essentially iron; wherein the percentage of iron is at least 24%; wherein the percentage of nickel plus the percentage of cobalt and the percentage of chromium plus the percentage of molybdenum corresponds to the area ACEFA in FIG. 3; and wherein the percentage of nickel is the eiTective nickel in accordance with the equation:
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an alloy having ferritic-like thermal expansion.
  • Ferritic steels such as AISI 4340 are ferromagnetic at room temperature and have relatively high inflection points (Curie points); i.e., the temperature at which a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Infiection points are major factors in considering the thermal expansion characteristics for alloys as ferromagnetic alloys have fairly low expansion rates and paramagnetic alloys have fairly high expansion rates.
  • Nickel is necessary in the alloy of the present invention to raise the alloys inflection point and to provide the alloy with a combination of ferritic-like thermal expansion, and high temperature strength.
  • the amount of nickel is from 36 to 54% and preferably from 43 to 49%.
  • a maximum of 54% nickel is imposed on the alloy as nickel alters the alloys rate of thermal expansion and alloys With nickel contents in excess of 54% have a rate of thermal expansion which is not compatible with alloy steels such as AISI 4340.
  • the nickel content for the alloy of this invention is the effective nickel content as contrasted to the actual nickel content, in accordance with the following equation, taken from Pilling and Talbot, Age Hardening of Metals, ASM (1940), Pp- 249-257, and normalized for 2.8% titanium:
  • Ni Ti intermetallic compound which necessitates the consideration of nickel removal from the matrix.
  • Cobalt is present in amounts up to 12% and preferably in amounts up to 6%. Additions of cobalt are made to adjust the alloys rate of thermal expansion to be compatible with alloy steels such as AISI 4340 and to provide the alloy with high temperature strength. A particularly desirable cobalt range is from 2 to 6%.
  • Chromium is present in amounts up to 15% and preferably in amounts up to 11%. Additions of chromium are made to provide the alloy with the required degree of oxidation and corrosion resistance. A maximum chromium level of 15% is imposed as higher chromium levels deleteriously affect the beneficial thermal expansion characteristics of the alloy. A particularly desirable chromium range is from 3 to 11%.
  • Molybdenum is present in amounts up to 10% and preferably in amounts up to 7%. Additions of molybdenum are made to improve the alloys high temperature strength. Maximum molybdenum levels are imposed as higher molybdenum levels often necessitate lower chromium levels (the percentage of chromium plus the percentage of molybdenum must correspond to the area ACEFA in FIG. 3) which are accompanied by a loss of oxidation and corrosion resistance. A particularly desirable molybdenum range is from 2 to 7%.
  • the amounts of titanium and aluminum are respectively The amount of titanium and aluminum are respectively from 1 to 3.75% and up to 2% and preferably from 2.4 to 3.4% and up to 0.35%. Titanium and aluminum enter into precipitation hardening reactions which improve high temperature strength. Titanium contents in excess of 3.75% are undesirable as they necessitate excessive amounts of nickel.
  • Carbon, manganese and silicon are respectively kept below 0.1%, 2% and 1% and preferably below 0.04%, 0.25% and 0.25 Excessive carbon ties up titanium, thus decreasing the amount of titanium available for precipitation hardening and forms undesirable titanium inclusions which detrimentally affect surface quality and both hot and cold workability.
  • Manganese and silicon are generally undesirable in high temperature alloys as they adversely affect stress rupture properties.
  • Boron is present in amounts up to 0.05% and preferably in amounts up to 0.02%. Boron is added to the alloy to improve its high temperature strength and ductility. A maximum boron level must, however, be imposed as too much boron causes poor hot workability. A particularly desirable boron range is from 0.01 to 0.02%.
  • the balance of the alloy is essentially iron. Iron is present in amounts of at least 24% and preferably in amounts of at least 28%.
  • the high iron content of the alloy helps keep the cost down.
  • the present invention therefore, provides a relatively economical alloy having ferritic-like thermal expansion and high temperature strength on the order of that possessed by the high temperature austenitic alloys which constitute the prior art.
  • the alloy is ferromagnetic at room temperature and has a relatively high inflection point and a Larson-Miller (:20) extrapolated rupture stress of at least 64 k.s.i., preferably at least 69 k.s.i., for 100,000 hours at 1000" F.
  • compositional area ACEFA there is, however, a preferred area.
  • the preferred area is bounded by points ABG and H and corresponds to a percentage of nickel plus a percentage of cobalt of from 49 to 54% and a percentage of chromium plus a percentage of molybdenum of from 9 to 15%.
  • Alloys having a composition within the preferred area ABGHA generally have a more desirable combination of thermal expansion characteristics and high temperature strength than do alloys having a composition within areas BCDGB and DEFHD and require smaller quantities of chromium and/or molybdenum than alloys having a composition within area BCDGB.
  • the composite article of this invention is comprised of a ferritic steel member fastened to a second member with a fastener formed from the austenitic alloy of this invention.
  • the ferritic steel member could be a steam turbine casing fastened with a bolt formed from the austenitic alloy of this invention or merely a piece of AISI 4340 tubing.
  • the second member could be formed from numerous materials. Illustrative materials include ferritic steel, the austenitic alloy of this invention and AISI Type 422 stainless steel.
  • Tests were performed to determine the thermal expansion characteristics for the alloys set forth in Table I and more particularly, to compare their thermal expansion characteristics with the thermal expansion characteristics of AISI 4340 ferritic steel. Differences in thermal expansion for each of the alloys of Table I, on one hand, and for the 4340 steel, on the other hand, were calculated in terms of stress at various temperatures in accordance with the following equation.
  • AL is the difference in length between an alloy of Table I and the 4340 steel at the temperature of computation
  • E is the elastic modulus for an ally of Tablel at the temperature of computation
  • the 4340 steel is assumed to be a casing; e.g., a steam turbine casing, heavy enough to resist deflection;
  • the measured stress is algebraically additive with those mechanically imposed on the fastener at room temperature during assembly.
  • the stress values were subsequently used to classify the alloys in accordance with the degree of similarity between TABLE II.-THERMAL EXPANSION Unacceptable Excellent Good Fair
  • FIG. 1 shows the plots for the alloys. Alloy No. 1, classified as unacceptable, underwent a considerable loosening on heating to 1100 F. and alloy No. 9, also classified as unacceptable, underwent excessive over-tightening during heating.
  • alloy No 14 classified as excellent shows very little tightening through the intermediate temperature range and had only about 5 k.s.i. loosening on heating to 1100 F.
  • a composite article comprised of a ferritic steel member fastened to a second metallic member with a fastener formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy consisting essentially of, in weight percent, from 36 to 54% nickel, up to 12% cobalt, up to 15% chromium, up to 1 0% molybdenum, from 1 to 3.75% titanium, up to 2% aluminum, up to 0.1% carbon, up to 2%, manganese, up to 1% silicon, up to 0.05% boron, balance essentially iron; said percentage of iron being at least 24%; said percentage of nickel plus said percentage of cobalt and said percentage of chromium plus said percentage of molybdenum corresponding to the area ACEFA in FIG. 3; said percentage of nickel being effective nickel in accordance with the equation:
  • Percent effective Ni percent actual Ni2.4[(percent Ti-2.8) 4(percent C)] 2.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having from 2 to 6% cobalt.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having from 3 to 11% chromium.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having from 2 to 7% molybdenum.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having from 49 to 54% nickel plus cobalt and from 9 to 15% chromium plus molybdenum.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said ferritic steel member is AISI 4340 steel.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having at least 28% iron.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having a Larson-Miller (C 20) extrapolated rupture stress of at least 64 k.s.i. for 100,000 hours at 1000 F. and wherein said controlled expansion austenitic alloy has up to 6% cobalt, up to 11% chromium, up to 7% molybdenum and at least 28% iron.
  • a composite article according to claim 11 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having a Larson-Miller (C 20) extrapolated rupture stress of at least 69 k.s.i. for 100,000 hours at 1000 F. and wherein said controlled expansion aus- 8 tenitic alloy has from 2 to 6% cobalt, from 3 to 11% chromium, from 2 to 7% molybdenum and from 2.4 to 3.4% titanium.
  • said controlled expansion aus- 8 tenitic alloy has from 2 to 6% cobalt, from 3 to 11% chromium, from 2 to 7% molybdenum and from 2.4 to 3.4% titanium.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said second metallic member is of the same composition as is said controlled expansion austenitic alloy.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion austenitic alloy having up to 11% chromium.
  • a composite article according to claim 1 wherein said fastener is formed from a controlled expansion aus tenitic alloy having up to 0.35 aluminum.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
  • Slide Fasteners (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
US00100078A 1970-12-21 1970-12-21 Composite article with a fastener of an austenitic alloy Expired - Lifetime US3843332A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00100078A US3843332A (en) 1970-12-21 1970-12-21 Composite article with a fastener of an austenitic alloy
CA130,171A CA940343A (en) 1970-12-21 1971-12-15 Austenitic alloy
DE19712162596 DE2162596A1 (de) 1970-12-21 1971-12-16 Austenitische Legierung
GB5902271A GB1331178A (en) 1970-12-21 1971-12-20 Austenitic alloy
IT32707/71A IT944174B (it) 1970-12-21 1971-12-21 Lega austenitica
FR7146005A FR2119586A5 (enExample) 1970-12-21 1971-12-21

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00100078A US3843332A (en) 1970-12-21 1970-12-21 Composite article with a fastener of an austenitic alloy

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US40672373A Division 1973-10-15 1973-10-15

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US3843332A true US3843332A (en) 1974-10-22

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US00100078A Expired - Lifetime US3843332A (en) 1970-12-21 1970-12-21 Composite article with a fastener of an austenitic alloy

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US (1) US3843332A (enExample)
CA (1) CA940343A (enExample)
DE (1) DE2162596A1 (enExample)
FR (1) FR2119586A5 (enExample)
GB (1) GB1331178A (enExample)
IT (1) IT944174B (enExample)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3929470A (en) * 1973-09-21 1975-12-30 Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc Glass-metal sealing alloy
US3948615A (en) * 1973-09-21 1976-04-06 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Fine grained glass-to-metal seals
US3948685A (en) * 1973-09-21 1976-04-06 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Method for making fine grained metals for glass-to-metal seals
US20070151700A1 (en) * 2005-12-30 2007-07-05 Industrial Technology Research Institute Multi metal base thermal resistance alloy and mold with multi metal base thermal resistance alloy layer
CN100537818C (zh) * 2008-05-29 2009-09-09 钢铁研究总院 一种具有高磁感低频率温度系数的恒弹性合金

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4066447A (en) * 1976-07-08 1978-01-03 Huntington Alloys, Inc. Low expansion superalloy
JP3058794B2 (ja) * 1993-08-19 2000-07-04 日立金属株式会社 Ｆｅ−Ｎｉ−Ｃｒ基超耐熱合金、エンジンバルブおよび排ガス触媒用ニットメッシュ
US5660938A (en) * 1993-08-19 1997-08-26 Hitachi Metals, Ltd., Fe-Ni-Cr-base superalloy, engine valve and knitted mesh supporter for exhaust gas catalyzer
DE19934401A1 (de) * 1999-07-22 2001-03-22 Krupp Vdm Gmbh Kriechbeständige wärmeausdehnungsarme Eisen-Nickel-Legierung

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3929470A (en) * 1973-09-21 1975-12-30 Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc Glass-metal sealing alloy
US3948615A (en) * 1973-09-21 1976-04-06 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Fine grained glass-to-metal seals
US3948685A (en) * 1973-09-21 1976-04-06 Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. Method for making fine grained metals for glass-to-metal seals
US20070151700A1 (en) * 2005-12-30 2007-07-05 Industrial Technology Research Institute Multi metal base thermal resistance alloy and mold with multi metal base thermal resistance alloy layer
US7833631B2 (en) * 2005-12-30 2010-11-16 Industrial Technology Research Institute Multi metal base thermal resistance alloy and mold with multi metal base thermal resistance alloy layer
CN100537818C (zh) * 2008-05-29 2009-09-09 钢铁研究总院 一种具有高磁感低频率温度系数的恒弹性合金

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT944174B (it) 1973-04-20
GB1331178A (en) 1973-09-26
CA940343A (en) 1974-01-22
FR2119586A5 (enExample) 1972-08-04
DE2162596A1 (de) 1972-07-13

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