US3839634A - Image intensifier densitometer - Google Patents
Image intensifier densitometer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3839634A US3839634A US00326255A US32625573A US3839634A US 3839634 A US3839634 A US 3839634A US 00326255 A US00326255 A US 00326255A US 32625573 A US32625573 A US 32625573A US 3839634 A US3839634 A US 3839634A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- image
- collimator
- densitometer
- image intensifier
- measuring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000000326 densiometry Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002594 fluoroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000001747 pupil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
- H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
- H05G1/08—Electrical details
- H05G1/64—Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating image intensifiers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/02—Details
- G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/02—Details
- G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
- G01J1/0407—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings
- G01J1/0411—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings using focussing or collimating elements, i.e. lenses or mirrors; Aberration correction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/043—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using fluoroscopic examination, with visual observation or video transmission of fluoroscopic images
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/02—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators
- G21K1/025—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators using multiple collimators, e.g. Bucky screens; other devices for eliminating undesired or dispersed radiation
Definitions
- the invention relates to an image intensifier densitometer, comprising an X-ray source and an X-ray image intensifier having a basic objective and one or more measuring devices.
- X-ray densitometry In X-ray densitometry or in apparatus for the timedependent measurement and recording of the attenuation of X-rays upon irradiation of a (human) body by means of an image intensifier, also referred to as densitometry for the sake of simplicity, the intensity of the X-radiation attenuated by the object is measured, via a specially shaped, for example, slit-like or circular scanning surface, during a given period of time and is recorded by means of a recorder or is directly applied to another processing system, for example, to an electronic data processing system.
- Densitometry utilizing a slit-like measuring surface is known as kymography. The latter technique enables in particular the display of the movement function of an organ or part of an organ, for example, the heart wall, which periodically moves over the measuring surface.
- X-ray densitometry requires a measuring surface which is adapted to the relevant measuring problems, and suitably proportioned electronic apparatus.
- the X-ray source itself must be sufficiently stable as otherwise a relative measurement is required so as to take into account the fluctuations in the radiation intensity of the X-ray source.
- an apparatus Because an electronoptical image intensifier linearly transfers brightnesses over a comparatively large region, the use of an imageintensifier image for X-ray densitometry makes sense. It might be possible to use a real optical image of a given image area corresponding to the desired measuring surface. However, this method is unattractive because of the comparatively high cost of the objective and the time-consuming adjustment since the image intensifier image is reduced at a l l0 ratio with respect to the X-ray-image.
- each image point corresponds to a light beam, the lateral dimension of which is determined by the objective limitation, the rays of the said beam being parallel with respect to each other, the direction of the said beam corresponding to the direction of the connecting line between the relevant object point and the intersection of the optical axis and the entrance pupil of the objective.
- an image intensifier densitometer of the kind set forth according to the invention is characterized in that a receiver of the measuring device is constructed as a mechanical collimator which comprises laminations, the length-to-distance relation of the laminations determining, in conjunction with the focal distance of the basic objective of the image intensifier and the electron-optical enlargement of the image intensifier, the measuring surface of the image intensifier densitometer.
- Two collimators which are formed by laminations can then be arranged one behind the other and rotatable with respect to each other such that this rotation produces different measuring fields.
- two or more collimators producing different measuring fields can be arranged adjacent to each other to enable a quick selection of one of these measuring fields.
- one common photocell for example, a secondary-emissive electron multiplier, is used for a plurality of collimators, the selection of the measuring field being performed by a mechanical device.
- Two collimators can also determine different measuring fields, notably measuring fields of different proportions, and two photocells or one mechanical device for one photocell can perform a relative measurement via the two measuring fields.
- the intensity of the X-rays or the sensitivity of an electric amplifying system of the measuring device can be controlled via one of the measuring fields.
- a light source can be arranged adjacent to the photocell such that the exact position and shape of the measuring field corresponding to the relevant collimator can be displayed on the secondary screen of the image intensifier.
- the measuring device incorporating one collimator or a plurality of collimators can be used on an output side of an image divider of known construction. The control of the X-rays or of the sensitivity of the measuring system can be effected, however, with a larger time constant in the measuring field in which measuring takes place.
- the collimator can also be arranged to be vertically rotatable with respect to the beam path. The measuring field is shifted as a result of this rotation.
- FIG. 1 shows a basic diagram of an image intensifier densitometer device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a detail of FIG. 1 at an enlarged scale so as to illustrate the operation of a collimator
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment incorporating two collimators having a different operating principle
- FIG. 3a compares the measuring fields of the two collimators of FIG. 3,
- FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a device according to the invention incorporating collimators which serve different purposes,
- FIG. 5 shows a preferred embodiment incorporating two consecutively arranged collimators
- FIG. 5a shows the measuring field of the consecutively arranged collimators of FIG. 5 at various rotary positions thereof
- FIG. 6 shows a preferred embodiment incorporating a plurality of collimators which are to be selected
- FIG. 7 shows a collimator with an associated light source.
- FIG. 1 shows an optical axis 1 of a device comprising an X-ray source 2, an X-ray image intensifier 3 having a primary screen 4 which faces the X-ray source 2 and which is arranged on the X-ray image intensifier 3.
- a secondary luminescent screen 5 is arranged on the output side of the image intensifier.
- the image is reduced at a ratio of approximately 1 l0 in this embodiment, going from the primary screen 4 to the secondary screen 5.
- the device furthermore comprises a basic objective 6 with a photocell 7 and an electronic device or a recorder 8.
- the device described thus far is generally known.
- a collimator 9 is arranged be tween the basic objective 6 and the photocell 7. Embodiments of this collimator will be described hereinafter with reference to the Figures.
- a collimator 9 can be composed of, for example, a cubical or cylindrical housing in which laminations are provided which preferably extend in parallel and which are blackened and made of a thin metal.
- the shape, the dimensions and the distance with respect to each other or the opening of the laminations co-determine the shape and dimensions of the measuring surface.
- FIG. 2 again shows the optical axis 1 and the basic objective 6.
- the collimator 9 has a depth b, a height 0 or a diameter 0 in the case of a cylindrical execution, and a shaft opening a. This shaft opening corresponds to the distance between two laminations or shaft walls 10 in the device under consideration.
- the basic objective 6 has a focal distance f.
- the letter x in FIG. 2 denotes the dimensions of the measuring field, for example, one slit width in the direction under consideration.
- the quotient a/b produces the said lengthto-distance relationship or the shaft relationship of the collimator.
- the basic objective 6 and two different collimators l1 and 12 are arranged about the optical axis 1 in FIG. 3.
- the shaft walls 10 are comparatively far from each other, so that a measuring field dimension 2: as shown in FIG. 3a is produced.
- the collimator 12 has shaft walls 10 which are situated comparatively close together, so that a measuring field dimensions x is produced which is also shown in FIG. 3a.
- the measuring field dimension x is concentric with respect to the measuring field dimension x because both collimators l1 and 12 are arranged parallel to the optical axis 1.
- the measuring fields are shown in a plane at a mutually equal distance from the basic objective 6 in this Figure, but this is not necessary.
- FIG. 4 shows the X-ray source 2, the image intensifier 3, the basic objective 6 and the collimators l3, l4 and 15 which are arranged in accordance with the invention.
- a photocell 7 is arranged on the output side of each of the collimators.
- a measuring device 16 is connected to the outputs of the two photocells 7 which are arranged behind the collimators l3 and 14.
- One input of a control amplifier 17 is connected to the output of the photocell 7 which is arranged behind the collimator 15, whilst an output 18 of the control amplifier 17 is connected to the measuring device 16, a further output 19 of the control amplifier 17 being connected to an X-ray generator 20.
- the X-ray. generator 20 is connected to the X-ray source.
- control amplifier 17 When the control amplifier 17 is switched on, either the sensitivity of the measuring device 16 or the X-ray dose of the X-ray source 2 can be controlled in accordance with the brightness of the measuring field selected by the collimator 15.
- the reference 1 in FIG. 5 again denotes the optical axis, and the reference 6 the basic objective.
- Two laminated collimators 21 and 22 are constructed in the same manner and are consecutively arranged parallel to the optical axis 1 and rotatable with respect to each other about an axis 23.
- the measuring fields thus produced are shown in FIG. 5a.
- a horizontal slit 24 or a vertical slit 25 of the measuring field arises, and upon rotation of the collimators 21 and 22 through with respect to each other, the collimators being the same, a square measuring field 26 arises, the side 27 of which is equal to twice the width 28 of the slits 24 and 25.
- FIG. 6 shows a'preferred embodiment enabling adjacently arranged collimators 29, 30 and 31 to be successively selected in time.
- the reference 6 again denotes the basic objective and the reference 7 the photocell.
- the collimators 29, 30 and 31 have different shaft ratios.
- a mechanical diaphragm 32 permits of individual selection of the collimators 29, 30 and 31. To this end, only the position of the aperture 33 of the diaphragm 32 must be adjusted in known manner to the output of the selected collimator.
- the reference 1 in FIG. 7 again denotes the optical axis, and the reference 6 the basic objective.
- a collimator 34 is arranged parallel to the optical axis 1.
- Adjacent to the photocell 7 a light source 35 is arranged on the output side of the collimator 34.
- the photocell 7 is properly shielded from the light source.
- This measuring field indication can always be used between measurements so as to check the measuring field position.
- this source can be used not only for indicating the measuring field, but also for calibrating the image intensifier densitometer. For this purpose it is sufficient that the stabilized light source 35 of known brightness and the photoelectric receiver 7 are simultaneously used.
- An X-ray densitometer comprising:
- an X-ray source for irradiating at least a portion of an object to produce an X-ray densitometric image
- an X-ray image intensifier having a primary screen for receiving said X-ray densitometric image and having a secondary screen for converting said X-ray image into an optical image;
- a convex lens positioned with the focal plane thereof coincident with said optical image
- a mechanical collimator positioned on the side of said convex lens remote from said optical image to receive light passing through said lens from said optical image, said collimator not passing light which travels thereto from directions outside of a range of directions determined by the optical characteristics of said collimator, said range of directions corresponding with light coming from only a portion of said optical image;
- a light sensitive device positioned adjacent said collimator to receive and measure light passed by said collimator from said portion of said optical image, said portion of said optical image being the measuring field.
- An image intensifier densitometer as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that for a quick selection of a measuring field a plurality of collimators having mutually different measuring fields with respect to the image plane are adjacently arranged.
- An image intensifier densitometer as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that two collimators determine different measuring fields a light sensitive device being provided for each collimator for relative measurements between the two measuring fields.
- An image intensifier densitometer as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that the measuring field controls either the X-ray intensity or the sensitivity of the measuring system.
- An image intensifier densitometer as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that the collimator may be moved tangential to the light propagation direction in order to shift the measuring field.
- An image intensifier densitometer as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that two laminated collimators are arranged one behind the other such that they are rotatable with respect to each other for the selec' tion of different measuring fields.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2207053A DE2207053C2 (de) | 1972-02-15 | 1972-02-15 | Röntgen-Bildverstärker-Densitometer |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3839634A true US3839634A (en) | 1974-10-01 |
Family
ID=5836005
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00326255A Expired - Lifetime US3839634A (en) | 1972-02-15 | 1973-01-24 | Image intensifier densitometer |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3839634A (nl) |
JP (1) | JPS4890487A (nl) |
CA (1) | CA977874A (nl) |
DE (1) | DE2207053C2 (nl) |
FR (1) | FR2172692A5 (nl) |
GB (1) | GB1412179A (nl) |
IT (1) | IT977777B (nl) |
NL (1) | NL7301928A (nl) |
SE (1) | SE388539B (nl) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0087843A1 (en) * | 1982-03-03 | 1983-09-07 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | X-ray examination apparatus |
US4910759A (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1990-03-20 | University Of Delaware | Xray lens and collimator |
US6301331B1 (en) * | 1990-11-16 | 2001-10-09 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | Digital radiography system having an X-ray image intensifier tube |
US20030120145A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-26 | Georg Schmitz | System and method with automatically optimized imaging |
US20040038386A1 (en) * | 2000-09-04 | 2004-02-26 | Wolfgang Zesch | Multianalyte determination system and methods |
US20150041668A1 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-02-12 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Precision densitometer for radiosensitive film |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL7600142A (nl) * | 1976-01-08 | 1977-07-12 | Philips Nv | Werkwijze en inrichting voor het afregelen van een beeldversterkerketen. |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3058021A (en) * | 1958-11-24 | 1962-10-09 | American Optical Corp | Optical coupling device between x-ray intensifier and vidicon camera tube or the like |
FR1462229A (fr) * | 1965-07-08 | 1966-04-15 | Dispositif réducteur de champ optique de faible encombrement axial | |
US3271740A (en) * | 1963-04-29 | 1966-09-06 | Control Data Corp | Image registration system using an image converter tube |
US3417242A (en) * | 1965-09-20 | 1968-12-17 | Machlett Lab Inc | Image intensification system comprising remote control means for varying the size of the output image |
US3665191A (en) * | 1968-12-16 | 1972-05-23 | Canadian Patents Dev | Filter for compensating efficiency differences in an optical system |
-
1972
- 1972-02-15 DE DE2207053A patent/DE2207053C2/de not_active Expired
-
1973
- 1973-01-24 US US00326255A patent/US3839634A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-02-12 GB GB680673A patent/GB1412179A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-02-12 NL NL7301928A patent/NL7301928A/xx unknown
- 1973-02-12 JP JP48016694A patent/JPS4890487A/ja active Pending
- 1973-02-12 IT IT67324/73A patent/IT977777B/it active
- 1973-02-12 SE SE7301924A patent/SE388539B/xx unknown
- 1973-02-12 CA CA163,540A patent/CA977874A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-02-14 FR FR7305139A patent/FR2172692A5/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3058021A (en) * | 1958-11-24 | 1962-10-09 | American Optical Corp | Optical coupling device between x-ray intensifier and vidicon camera tube or the like |
US3271740A (en) * | 1963-04-29 | 1966-09-06 | Control Data Corp | Image registration system using an image converter tube |
FR1462229A (fr) * | 1965-07-08 | 1966-04-15 | Dispositif réducteur de champ optique de faible encombrement axial | |
US3417242A (en) * | 1965-09-20 | 1968-12-17 | Machlett Lab Inc | Image intensification system comprising remote control means for varying the size of the output image |
US3665191A (en) * | 1968-12-16 | 1972-05-23 | Canadian Patents Dev | Filter for compensating efficiency differences in an optical system |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0087843A1 (en) * | 1982-03-03 | 1983-09-07 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | X-ray examination apparatus |
US4910759A (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1990-03-20 | University Of Delaware | Xray lens and collimator |
US6301331B1 (en) * | 1990-11-16 | 2001-10-09 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | Digital radiography system having an X-ray image intensifier tube |
US6351518B2 (en) | 1990-11-16 | 2002-02-26 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | Digital radiography system having an X-ray image intensifier tube |
US20040038386A1 (en) * | 2000-09-04 | 2004-02-26 | Wolfgang Zesch | Multianalyte determination system and methods |
US7879598B2 (en) * | 2000-09-04 | 2011-02-01 | Bayer Technology Services Gmbh | Multianalyte determination system and methods |
US20030120145A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-26 | Georg Schmitz | System and method with automatically optimized imaging |
US7725163B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2010-05-25 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | System and method with automatically optimized imaging |
US20150041668A1 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-02-12 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Precision densitometer for radiosensitive film |
US9128053B2 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-09-08 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Precision densitometer for radiosensitive film |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2207053A1 (de) | 1973-08-23 |
GB1412179A (en) | 1975-10-29 |
CA977874A (en) | 1975-11-11 |
FR2172692A5 (nl) | 1973-09-28 |
DE2207053C2 (de) | 1984-12-06 |
JPS4890487A (nl) | 1973-11-26 |
NL7301928A (nl) | 1973-08-17 |
IT977777B (it) | 1974-09-20 |
SE388539B (sv) | 1976-10-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP3381223B2 (ja) | 電子的に強化されたx線検出装置 | |
RU2181491C2 (ru) | Устройство и способ получения рентгеновского изображения с применением плоской панели изображения из аморфного кремния | |
US4672649A (en) | Three dimensional scanned projection radiography using high speed computed tomographic scanning system | |
US4404591A (en) | Slit radiography | |
US4389729A (en) | High resolution digital radiography system | |
CA1079871A (en) | Device for measuring the absorption of radiation in a slice of a body | |
US2730566A (en) | Method and apparatus for x-ray fluoroscopy | |
US4686695A (en) | Scanned x-ray selective imaging system | |
US4149076A (en) | Method and apparatus producing plural images of different contrast range by X-ray scanning | |
US3924133A (en) | Device for measuring density of substances by penetrating rays | |
EP1378148B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for measuring the position, shape, size and intensity distribution of the effective focal spot of an x-ray tube | |
US4433427A (en) | Method and apparatus for examining a body by means of penetrating radiation such as X-rays | |
US3979594A (en) | Tomographic gamma ray apparatus and method | |
US5311568A (en) | Optical alignment means utilizing inverse projection of a test pattern/target | |
JPH0415691B2 (nl) | ||
US3462601A (en) | Gamma ray,x-ray image converter utilizing a scintillation camera system | |
US4032787A (en) | Method and apparatus producing plural images of different contrast range by x-ray scanning | |
US3839634A (en) | Image intensifier densitometer | |
US4442539A (en) | Measuring instrument for the optical focal spot | |
US4896344A (en) | X-ray video system | |
US5742660A (en) | Dual energy scanning beam laminographic x-radiography | |
US5500886A (en) | X-ray position measuring and calibration device | |
US4153842A (en) | X-ray diagnosis apparatus for transverse layer images | |
US3790782A (en) | Topographic radioisotope camera having an adjustable collimator thereon | |
US5120968A (en) | Emittance measuring device for charged particle beams |