US3838013A - Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device - Google Patents

Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device Download PDF

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Publication number
US3838013A
US3838013A US00130254A US13025471A US3838013A US 3838013 A US3838013 A US 3838013A US 00130254 A US00130254 A US 00130254A US 13025471 A US13025471 A US 13025471A US 3838013 A US3838013 A US 3838013A
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Prior art keywords
nutrient
pipette
sample
plug
sampling
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US00130254A
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English (en)
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J Bergeron
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Priority to US00130254A priority Critical patent/US3838013A/en
Priority to GB1441272A priority patent/GB1376956A/en
Priority to DE19722215551 priority patent/DE2215551A1/de
Priority to FR7211794A priority patent/FR2132422B1/fr
Priority to US401424A priority patent/US3890202A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/508—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes rigid containers not provided for above
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
    • B01L3/021—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
    • C12M23/02—Form or structure of the vessel
    • C12M23/08—Flask, bottle or test tube
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M33/00—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus
    • C12M33/04—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus by injection or suction, e.g. using pipettes, syringes, needles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G01N35/10—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices
    • G01N2035/1027—General features of the devices
    • G01N2035/1048—General features of the devices using the transfer device for another function
    • G01N2035/1062—General features of the devices using the transfer device for another function for testing the liquid while it is in the transfer device

Definitions

  • the generally accepted clinical method for obtaining a quantitative measure of the microorganism content of a liquid sample is the pour-plate technique.
  • a series (about six) of dilutions of the liquid sample are prepared.
  • a known volume from each dilution is transferred to separate Petri dishes containing agar (not set) containing added nutrient at a temperature of about 45 C.
  • Purified agar is the preferred suspending medium for the nutrient, because it is inert, non-toxic and has no nutrient value for most microorganisms.
  • the volume of sample dilution is stirred into the nutrient/agar mixture which is allowed to gel.
  • Quantitative readout is obtained after incubation by counting the colonies per unit area in one or more dishes having a suitable colony density. This technique is too tedious and time-consuming for routine use. Further, the pour-plate technique poses relatively high volume requirements during incubation.
  • a semi-quantitative culture procedure developed to improve the economics of rnass screening for bacteriuria consists of using a dropper pipette to dispense a single drop of urine when the tip is held near a plate coated with agar (containing added nutrient). The procedure is repeated with different patient samples of urine until one drop has been deposited in each of ten discrete areas of the plate.
  • the plate is then placed in the incubator for 12-18 hour p incubation. After incubation, the appearance of colonies within each drop as well as the appearance of the rim of that drop are compared to a series of standard pictures of known bacterial counts.
  • the devices of the instant invention greatly improve the simplicity of the sampling procedure and the eiciency of the entire technique by combining the functions of sampling and culturing.
  • the prefered device is a disposable internally-sterile, transparent tube (e.g. a pre-plugged pipette of the type used in bacteriology or serology or a dropper pipette) that has been previously coated over a known area of the interior surface thereof with a culture medium for colony-producing microorganisms (i.e. bacteria, yeast or molds).
  • a combined sample container/culture tube wherein the culture tube (the inner surface of which is lined with nutrient medium) is detachably mounted on a wall of the sample container, the interior of the culture tube being in iiow communication with the interior of the sample container. In this way the interior of the culture tube may be exposed to the liquid sample upon demand without the necessity of removing liquid sample from the sample container itself.
  • solid employed herein to describe the state of nutrient/agar deposits indicates that this material is present as a stil gel capable of supporting itself as a layer along a wall.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevational view of an internally sterile pipette partly cut away to show the presence of a lining of nutrient medium and the plugs at both ends that maintain the sterile conditions;
  • FIG. 2 shows a modification of the pipette of FIG. 1 wherein joinable segments of tubing having the interior surfaces thereof covered with different preparations of nutrient media are connected to facilitate diagnostic use of and/ or antibiotic susceptibility tests with the device of this invention;
  • FIG. 3 is a dropper pipette (internally coated and plugged at the lower end thereof according to this invention) and housed in a sterile container and
  • FIG. 4 is an elevational view (partly cutaway) to show the combined sample container/culture tube combination.
  • pipette 10 is shown made of a transparent material, preferably a plastic.
  • Pipette 10 has plug 11 of cotton or similar iibrous material disposed in passage 12 at the mouthpiece end of barrel 13.
  • the inner surface of passage 12 is covered at least in part by a layer 14 of a suitable solid culture medium.
  • This same material forms tip plug 15 at the lower end thereof.
  • the liquid to be assayed is drawn up into the bore by applying suction to the mouthpiece end thereof eg. with the mouth in the usual manner or by use of a liexible bulb (not shown).
  • plug 11 insures protection against the passage of microorganisms therethrough in either direction.
  • a suitable ambient i.e., oxygen-containing for aerobic bacteria; nonor low-oxygen content for anaerobic bacteria
  • plug 11 removes the need for hermetically closing off the mouthpiece end of pipette 10. This aspect is important, because ⁇ of the automatic prevention or minimization thereby of fogging of the pipette wall, an objectionable condition frequently encountered in fully closed culturing devices.
  • Layer 14 and plug 15 of nutrient are introduced by drawing the nutrient into the sterile pipette in the warm, free-liowng state to some desired height and then permitting the nutrient to drain.
  • a thin coating of nutrient remains on and coats the interior surface of the barrel 13 in a uniformly thick layer.
  • the nutrient material gels and the last portion of the draining nutrient, being more viscous as it begins to gel, accumulates in dropper tip 16 forming plug 15.
  • the presence of plug is a positive indication that the pipette has been coated and has not been used. In this manner both the nutrient layer 14 and plug 15 (to maintain sterile conditions within the pipette together with plug 11) are formed in the same process.
  • liquid-to-nutrient contact is, therefore, made at least two times with preplugged pipettes. If unplugged (without plug 11) tubes are used, a single liquid-to-nutrient contact may be made, if preferred, by raising liquid in the tube, quickly turning the tube end-for-end and permitting drainage to occur.
  • the pipette may be readily examined for microorganism growth (e.g. colonies of bacteria) using reflected light in the background by disposing the pipette with the longitudinal axis thereof at a small angle with the rays emanating from some light source.
  • Visual readouts for bacteria concentrations ranging from 103- 109 bacteria/milliliter may be readily obtained.
  • urine specimens containing more than 105 viable bacteria per milliliter are generally considered to be from patients with an active infection of the urinary tract. At the lower concentration (up to and including 103 bacteria/cc.) the pipette will appear substantially free of colonies.
  • the barrel of the pipette may appear (to the naked eye) to be free of colonies except that at the margin between the inoculated and uninoculated nutrient a clearly defined ring occurs. Seeing this ring, the observer will recognize that individual colonies are not visible, because the colonies are microscopic or because the nutrient has become completely overgrown indicating, thereby, a very high bacteria concentration.
  • concentration in the 104-106 bacteria/cc. range proportional densities of colonies per unit length of pipette will be seen.
  • suspending media other than puried agar
  • agarose e.g. agarose, cellulose derivatives, gums, pectins and gelatin.
  • Nutrients added to the suspending medium selected may be, for example, tripticase-soy broth, veal infusion or brain-heart infusion media.
  • ICultures from samples may be easily identified by the use of color coding (e.g. layers of dilerent colors of clay forced into the dropper tip or colored markings at the mouth piece end of the pipette) or of dual number tape of which one number is separated and attached at the mouthpiece end.
  • color coding e.g. layers of dilerent colors of clay forced into the dropper tip or colored markings at the mouth piece end of the pipette
  • dual number tape of which one number is separated and attached at the mouthpiece end.
  • plastic pipettes may be easily disposed of by heating to sterilizing temperatures above the softening point thereof further reducing the volume occupied thereby.
  • the pipette configuration per se (as contrasted to a simple small diameter tube coated as described herein) is particularly useful, because the restricted orifice at the tip end imparts important llow characteristics to the device.
  • this restriction provides the technician with control capabilities over the intake of a sample of liquid in a cohesive mass and control over the drainage rate to promote uniform distribution of the liquid sample over the nutrient area.
  • the former capability enables the intake of, and inoculation with a slug of less than 0.2 cc. volume with a nominal 1 cc. pipette, a feature of considerable importance in culturing urine samples from babies, old people or people being catheterized, for example.
  • This low sample volume requirement makes more of a given sample available for microscopic and chemical tests. Any culture tube such as is described in the Mackay-Scollay article into which liquid sample may be readily poured would require at least 2-3 cc. of liquid sample for effective inoculation.
  • the open area (the nutrient-lined bore) should have a perimeter between a maximum of about 0.50 (to reduce the requisite volume of sample to acceptable levels) and a minimum of about 0.15" (to reduce confusion between diametrically located colonies during viewing).
  • bore perimeters ranging from about 0.06 to about 0.90 may be used.
  • the tubes employed are ordinarily prepared as right circular cylinders, (except for the dropper tip) the structure (and passage 12) need not be in this form, but may take other geometric shapes in cross-section, e.g. triangular, square.
  • the pipette configuration is also useful as a tool for mixing a liquid sample (e.g. urine) to render it homogeneous before culturing.
  • passage 12 may be lined with a series of successive layers of different nutrient materials overlapplng in part the preceding layers so as to expose a bore of a plurality of different nutrient media in sequence to the inoculation process and providing a useful diagnostic mechanism.
  • TSA Trypticase Soy Agar
  • a gram positive organism was cultured therein. The gram positive bacteria grew on the TSA, but did not grow on the MacConkey agar as anticipated.
  • one of these nutrient materials in the overlapping relationship may contain antibiotics mixed therein in order to simultaneously determine antibiotic susceptibility of the cultured organisms.
  • antibiotics mixed therein in order to simultaneously determine antibiotic susceptibility of the cultured organisms.
  • Such thin layers of nutrient/agar may be applied within these pipettes that even layers using expensive nutrient/agar can be used economically.
  • FIG. 2 An alternate construction for achieving such a multimedia exposure is shown in FIG. 2 wherein a tubular construction is approximated by connecting together a series of interconnectable modules 21.
  • These modules can be prepared so that each has a lining 22 of a different nutrient thereby providing for a selection of nutrient media for inoculation from the same sample.
  • One of the modules 23, useful as the mouthpiece, contains plug 24 of cotton or suitable cellular material.
  • Module 26 may be used to provide a dropper tip.
  • a plurality of these modules 21 provides a longitudinally-extending tubular nutrient-lined pre-plugged bore for use in substantially the same manner as has been described hereinabove.
  • FIG. 2 provides the opportunity not only of easily testing for antibiotic susceptibility with a number of antibiotics, but also faciliates the use of different concentrations of antibiotics to enable a determination of both the correct antibiotic for use and the optimum concentration thereof. Further, this testing device remains inexpensive, because of the thin layers of nutrient/suspending medium required.
  • a dropping pipette 31, c g. a nose dropper, removably housed in a sterile container 32 and modified according to this invention may be used.
  • Barrel 33, thereof is internally coated with a uniformly thick nutrient/suspending medium layer 34 (as described for the pipette construction hereinabove) and this will result, as well, in the formation of tip plug 36.
  • Air pressure is utilized (as in the previous embodiments) to accomplish transport of sample liquid from the sample container to the nutrient layer. This is done in dropping pipette 31 by the application of suction by squeezing and then releasing flexible (eg. rubber) bulb 37.
  • the culture is prepared by removing pipette 31 (with bulb 37 and cap 38 affixed thereto) from container 32, dislodging plug 36 by forcefully squeezing bulb 37, inserting the tip of pipette 31 into the sample liquid and releasing the squeezing force thereby permitting bulb 37 to return to its normal shape.
  • the suction so generated will draw sample liquid up into pipette 31 to coat a given portion of the layer 34.
  • the liquid is then expelled and pipette 31 is returned to container 32 and cap 38 is re-connected to container 32.
  • the entire unit 39 inoculated pipette 3-1 and container 32) is then incubated.
  • FIG. 4 Another device for combining the function of sampling and culturing is shown in FIG. 4.
  • This unit 40 ⁇ is of particular value in those instances in which the donor deposits the liquid to be assayed, e.g. urine, into cup 41 provided with top 42 that may be hermetically joined thereto (eg. by snap-on fit or screw threads) after the sample has been contributed.
  • a culture tube 43 is removably connected to top 42 by means of a hermetic juncture at collar 44 that places volume 46 in flow communication with volume 47 (the interior of cup 41).
  • the inner wall of culture tube 43l is covered over a known area with a uniformly thick layer of a suitable solid culture medium.
  • invert unit 40 it is merely necessary to invert unit 40 to cause liquid sample to enter cup 41 Without nuisance or unsanitary exposure and thereby be brought into contact with layer 48 of the culture medium.
  • unit 40 is returned to the upright position for storage or transport.
  • the inoculation can be made very shortly after the sample is obtained and, thereafter (as, for example, during the time of transit of the specimen between the clinic and the laboratory), culture tube 43 will drain. After draining, it is simply necessary to separate tube 43, from top 42, affix a top (not shown) thereto and subject tube 43 to incubation in the vertical position. The balance of the liquid sample in cup 41 may be properly covered to await the conduct of other tests.
  • the structural combination provided in unit 40 obviates the need to remove liquid sample from the sample container, as by pouring, to obtain a culture.
  • the devices of this invention are particularly useful for obtaining counts of the microorganism content of urine specimens, as for screening purposes.
  • any liquid with microorganism content in the range of concentration suitable to the device may be examined in the same manner.
  • the pipette In culturing anerobes, the pipette must be maintained in a low-oxygen, or oxygen-free, environment during incubation or the pipette (after inoculation) can be charged with such environment and sealed.
  • the tube or pipette should be made of a material permitting easy sectioning through the wall thereof in the region of any colony of interest so that the colony can be transferred for study by standard methods.
  • a disposable device for the dual purposes of sampling a liquid and culturing microorganisms present therein comprising in combination:
  • a hollow longitudinally-extending transparentwalled member defining a passage extending the full length thereof and having first and second open ends and (b) at least one substantially uniformly thick layer of sterile nutrient material for the growth of microorganisms with the nutrient material covering inside surface area of said passage providing a nutrient-lined bore having a perimeter in the range of from about 0.90" to 0.06"
  • liquid sample may be drawn therein to contact said nutrient-lined bore and then removed therefrom.
  • porous barrier means is disposed in the passage near the rst end of the hollow member to enable free interchange of air Without the movement of microorganisms therethrough.
  • the sampling and culturing device of claim 2 wherein the second end of the hollow member is in the form of a dropper tip defining a restricted conduit for the passage of liquid therethrough, said restricted conduit having a removable plub of nutrient material disposed therein.
  • the sampling and culturing device of claim 1 wherein the second end of the hollow member is inthe form of a dropper tip defining a restricted conduit for the passage of liquid therethrough, said restricted conduit having a removable plug of nutrient material disposed therein.
  • the sampling and culturing device of claim 1 wherein the hollow member is made up of a plurality of interconnected tubular segments, at least two of said seg- 7 8 ments being lined internally with dilerent nutrient References Cited matefals UNITED STATES PATENTS 10.
  • the sampling and culturing device of claim 9 wherein the segment forming the rst end of the hollow mem- 2,096,866 10/1937 Thompson 195" ⁇ 139 3,701,717 10/1972 Ingvorsen 195-139 ber has porous barrier means disposed therein 5 3,574,063 4/ 1971 Bowman lgs- 127 1l.
  • the sampling and culturing device of claim 9 wherein the segment forming the second end of the hollow member is in the form of a dropper till ALVIN E; TANENHOLTZ, lPrimary Examlner 12.
  • the sampling and culturing device of claim 1 where- U s Cl X R in the first end of the hollow member has affixed thereto 10 195 103 5 R and closing said first end resilient collapsible means for expelling air through said bore.

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US00130254A 1971-04-01 1971-04-01 Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device Expired - Lifetime US3838013A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00130254A US3838013A (en) 1971-04-01 1971-04-01 Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device
GB1441272A GB1376956A (en) 1971-04-01 1972-03-28 Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device
DE19722215551 DE2215551A1 (de) 1971-04-01 1972-03-30 Kombiniertes Gerät für die Probennahme und Züchtung von Mikroorganismen
FR7211794A FR2132422B1 (show.php) 1971-04-01 1972-04-04
US401424A US3890202A (en) 1971-04-01 1973-09-27 Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device

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US00130254A US3838013A (en) 1971-04-01 1971-04-01 Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device
US401424A US3890202A (en) 1971-04-01 1973-09-27 Combined sampling and bacteriological culturing device

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US3876376A (en) * 1974-05-09 1975-04-08 American Cyanamid Co Linear determination of hemolytic complement activity in undiluted serum
US3951606A (en) * 1974-05-17 1976-04-20 Geomet, Inc. Apparatus for prothrombin testing
DE2641097A1 (de) * 1975-09-29 1977-04-07 Jan Evert Lilja Vorrichtung zur probenahme, zum mischen der probe mit einem reagens und zum durchfuehren von insbesondere optischen analysen
US4040909A (en) * 1974-08-29 1977-08-09 The Kendall Company Diagnostic device for a liquid sample
US4046138A (en) * 1974-08-29 1977-09-06 The Kendall Company Diagnostic device for liquid samples
US4071412A (en) * 1974-05-17 1978-01-31 The State Of Israel And Isorad Isotope And Radiation Enterprise, Ltd. Ready made sterilized culture media and process of preparation
JPS5889861U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
JPS5889860U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
JPS5889858U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
JPS5889862U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
JPS5889859U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
US5360721A (en) * 1991-11-13 1994-11-01 Wilkins Judd R Microbial retrieval and sampling method
WO1999021655A1 (en) * 1997-10-27 1999-05-06 Idexx Laboratories, Inc. Device and methods for determination of analyte in a solution
US20010000723A1 (en) * 1998-06-16 2001-05-03 Mcluen Gary R. Multi-well rotary synthesizer
WO2003027222A1 (en) * 2001-09-28 2003-04-03 Martin Askne Pipette and method for testing of liquid fluids
CN100451649C (zh) * 2004-01-08 2009-01-14 中南大学湘雅医学院肿瘤研究所 一种细胞芯片制作方法及其器具
US20110214517A1 (en) * 2010-03-04 2011-09-08 Bc Enterprises Automatic Pipette Extraction
US9069358B2 (en) 2013-06-24 2015-06-30 Biolytic Lab Performance, Inc. System for controlling and optimizing reactions in solid phase synthesis of small molecules
US10814320B2 (en) * 2016-08-08 2020-10-27 Nalge Nunc International Corporation Capillary transfer pipettes and related methods
US20200408582A1 (en) * 2019-06-26 2020-12-31 Xi'an Eswin Silicon Wafer Technology Co., Ltd. Method for regulating inert gas flow, method for preparing monocrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon

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CA1290273C (en) * 1986-08-28 1991-10-08 Roy Holbrook Apparatus and methods for microorganism culture and testing
US5587322A (en) * 1994-11-23 1996-12-24 Replicatech, Inc. Replica plating device
US7901932B2 (en) * 2005-03-17 2011-03-08 Phigenics, Llc Methods and compositions for rapidly detecting and quantifying viable Legionella
EP1869469B1 (en) * 2005-03-17 2011-12-07 Phigenics, LLC Rapidly detecting and quantifying viable legionella
US20070042454A1 (en) * 2005-08-17 2007-02-22 Princeton Separations, Inc. Device and method of detecting streptococcal mutans
US20070148040A1 (en) * 2005-12-27 2007-06-28 Anna Wong Pipette tip indicator
DE102006016326B4 (de) * 2006-04-06 2012-07-19 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Schnellmessung eines mikrobiologischen Zustands einer Probe

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US2992974A (en) * 1960-04-04 1961-07-18 Allan S Belcove Biological testing device
US3205151A (en) * 1962-04-17 1965-09-07 Hollister Inc Inoculation device and method
US3574063A (en) * 1967-06-26 1971-04-06 Us Health Education & Welfare Method for bacteria counting and antibiotic sensitivity assay
US3589983A (en) * 1968-12-11 1971-06-29 Becton Dickinson Co Culture bottle assembly
US3702806A (en) * 1970-09-03 1972-11-14 William Emil Oliva Disposable culture media container

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3876376A (en) * 1974-05-09 1975-04-08 American Cyanamid Co Linear determination of hemolytic complement activity in undiluted serum
US4071412A (en) * 1974-05-17 1978-01-31 The State Of Israel And Isorad Isotope And Radiation Enterprise, Ltd. Ready made sterilized culture media and process of preparation
US3951606A (en) * 1974-05-17 1976-04-20 Geomet, Inc. Apparatus for prothrombin testing
US4040909A (en) * 1974-08-29 1977-08-09 The Kendall Company Diagnostic device for a liquid sample
US4046138A (en) * 1974-08-29 1977-09-06 The Kendall Company Diagnostic device for liquid samples
US4088448A (en) * 1975-09-29 1978-05-09 Lilja Jan Evert Apparatus for sampling, mixing the sample with a reagent and making particularly optical analyses
DE2641097A1 (de) * 1975-09-29 1977-04-07 Jan Evert Lilja Vorrichtung zur probenahme, zum mischen der probe mit einem reagens und zum durchfuehren von insbesondere optischen analysen
JPS5889861U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
JPS5889860U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
JPS5889858U (ja) * 1981-12-11 1983-06-17 東亜医用電子株式会社 凝固時間測定具
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US3890202A (en) 1975-06-17
DE2215551A1 (de) 1972-10-05
FR2132422A1 (show.php) 1972-11-17
GB1376956A (en) 1974-12-11

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