US3832167A - Nickel alloy with good stress-rupture strength - Google Patents
Nickel alloy with good stress-rupture strength Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3832167A US3832167A US00228294A US22829472A US3832167A US 3832167 A US3832167 A US 3832167A US 00228294 A US00228294 A US 00228294A US 22829472 A US22829472 A US 22829472A US 3832167 A US3832167 A US 3832167A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- yttrium
- hafnium
- rupture strength
- nickel alloy
- alloys
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 23
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 23
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;titanium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ti] UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 17
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NRUQNUIWEUZVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-O diethanolammonium nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.OCC[NH2+]CCO NRUQNUIWEUZVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/007—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt with a light metal (alkali metal Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; earth alkali metal Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al Ga, Ge, Ti) or B, Si, Zr, Hf, Sc, Y, lanthanides, actinides, as the next major constituent
Definitions
- preferred alloys of the invention are those in which one or more elements are maintained within the following ranges: 0.03% to 0.2% carbon; to 13% chromium; up to 12% tungsten; up
- Further classes of preferred alloys of the invention are of chromium, aluminum, titanium, hafnium, yttrium, those f any of the above groups containing up to molybdenum, tungsten, carbon, etc., offers enhanced stress molybdenum and f to tungsten and those rupture strength over the intermediate temperature range containing f o to 7% molybdenum and up to 5% of 600 C.900 C. while retaining a satisfactory level of 20 tungsten. ductility.
- the alloys in accordance herewith should normally be produced by As is generally recognised in the art, Over the past vacuum melting, for example, in a vacuum induction years considerable emphasis has been given to the develfurnace, followed by addition of the hafnium and yttrium opment of the so-termed superalloys, notably those of the 5 (or lanthanum) and casting, either under vacuum or unnickel-base precipitation hardenable type, capable of der an inert atmosphere. In striving for optimum charmeeting the stringent requirements demanded by various acteristics, the alloys can be subjected to vacuum refining commercial applications.
- the gas turbine engine particularly example by vigorously agitating the molten alloy in a such components as stator and rotor blades intended to vacuum induction furnace for an extended period of operate over the intermediate temperature range of time, e.g. from 15 to 60 minutes at a temperature of 1400 600 C.900 C. as well as at higher levels.
- a preferred vacuum refining operation is effected in a sideration herein, but the subject invention is addressed vacuum induction furnace for about 30 minutes under a principally to the task of also effecting over the 600 C.- pressure of about 1 micron with the crucible set wholly 900 C.
- alloys contemplated herein contain (by in stress-rupture strength, although over generally the weight) up to 20%, e.g., 2% to 20%, chromium; from whole of the above-defined base composition range marked 3% to 8% aluminum, up to 8% titanium, the sum of the improvement is also obtained in the intermediate temperaluminum plus titanium being from 4% to 12%; from a llre tens e ductility.
- yttrium up to 20% cobalt; up to 20% tungsten; up to 3% iron; and hafnium were incorporated, separately and together up to 8% molybdenum; up to 9% tantalum; up to 4% into two alloys of the following compositions:
- composition (percent by wt.)
- niobium up to 1.5% vanadium; up to 1.5%, e.g., 0.01%
- the chromium capacity Various amounts of yttrium and hafnium singly percentage does not exceed 14.5% and the yttrium conand together were added to the 4 kg. melts under argon tent does not exceed 0.1%. Most advantageously, the perat a pressure of 100 mm. of mercury and each of the recentages of hafnium and yttrium are from 0.3% to 1.5 sulting melts was cast into a preheated refractory mould and from 0.008% to 0.08%, respectively. The yttrium can, if desired, be partly or wholly replaced by a similar amount of lanthanum.
- test piece blanks A blank melt with no addition was similarly cast to provide a reference sample.
- Suitable test bars were machined from the tapered test blanks and were subjected to short-time tensile tests and given by way of example in the following Table II in percent by weight.
- a further advantage of the co-presence of yttrium with hafnium is that it refines the grains of the castings. This is advantageous when making castings of heavy section, e.g. 2.5 cm. or more, and particularly in the case of castings having both thin and thick sections such as automobile gas turbine rotors with integrally cast blades. In such castings a fine grain structure can thus be obtained in the heavy centre section as well as the thin blade sections.
- compositions of other alloys of which the stressrupture strength can be improved by the incorporation of yttrium and hafnium in accordance with the invention are Castings produced from the alloys in accordance herewith can be employed in automotive and aircraft turbine engine blades, and also as dies, turbine rotors, etc., particularly within the temperature range of 600 C.-900 C. and particularly with regard to cast low chromium, highly precipitation hardened nickel superalloys.
- a cast nickel alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 0.3% to 1.5 hafnium and 0.008% to 0.08% yttrium.
- a cast nickel alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing from 5% to 13% chromium, about .03% to 0.2% carbon, about 4.5 to 7% aluminum, up to about 0.03% boron, 0.66% to 1.65% hafnium, 0.01% to 0.08% yttrium, 2% to 7% molybdenum and up to 5% tungsten.
- a cast nickel alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing up to 4% molybdenum and 6% to 12% tungsten.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB522571 | 1971-02-23 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3832167A true US3832167A (en) | 1974-08-27 |
Family
ID=9792064
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00228294A Expired - Lifetime US3832167A (en) | 1971-02-23 | 1972-02-22 | Nickel alloy with good stress-rupture strength |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3832167A (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE779742A (OSRAM) |
| CA (1) | CA967403A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE2208177A1 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR2127705A5 (OSRAM) |
| IT (1) | IT948666B (OSRAM) |
Cited By (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3923502A (en) * | 1974-01-16 | 1975-12-02 | Kim Isaevich Portnoi | Neutron-absorbing alloy |
| US3964877A (en) * | 1975-08-22 | 1976-06-22 | General Electric Company | Porous high temperature seal abradable member |
| US4039330A (en) * | 1971-04-07 | 1977-08-02 | The International Nickel Company, Inc. | Nickel-chromium-cobalt alloys |
| US4139376A (en) * | 1974-02-28 | 1979-02-13 | Brunswick Corporation | Abradable seal material and composition thereof |
| US4226644A (en) * | 1978-09-05 | 1980-10-07 | United Technologies Corporation | High gamma prime superalloys by powder metallurgy |
| US4227925A (en) * | 1974-09-06 | 1980-10-14 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Heat-resistant alloy for welded structures |
| US4312682A (en) * | 1979-12-21 | 1982-01-26 | Cabot Corporation | Method of heat treating nickel-base alloys for use as ceramic kiln hardware and product |
| US4460542A (en) * | 1982-05-24 | 1984-07-17 | Cabot Corporation | Iron-bearing nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium alloy |
| US4468945A (en) * | 1981-07-24 | 1984-09-04 | Bicc Public Limited Company | Friction-actuated extrusion |
| US4755240A (en) * | 1986-05-12 | 1988-07-05 | Exxon Production Research Company | Nickel base precipitation hardened alloys having improved resistance stress corrosion cracking |
| US4773251A (en) * | 1986-03-18 | 1988-09-27 | Vereinigte Edelstahlwerke Aktiengesellschaft | Extrusion press die |
| DE3916378A1 (de) * | 1988-07-25 | 1990-02-01 | Mitsubishi Metal Corp | Legierung auf nickelbasis fuer die elektroden von zuendkerzen fuer brennkraftmaschinen |
| US4915907A (en) * | 1986-04-03 | 1990-04-10 | United Technologies Corporation | Single crystal articles having reduced anisotropy |
| US5204059A (en) * | 1988-07-25 | 1993-04-20 | Mitsubishi Metal Corporation | Ni base alloy for spark plug electrodes of internal combustion engines |
| US5783318A (en) * | 1994-06-22 | 1998-07-21 | United Technologies Corporation | Repaired nickel based superalloy |
| US20030218411A1 (en) * | 2002-05-18 | 2003-11-27 | Klaus Hrastnik | Alloy, electrode with the alloy, and ignition device with the alloy |
| US20040229072A1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-11-18 | Murphy Kenneth S. | Nickel base superalloy |
| US20060182649A1 (en) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-08-17 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp. | High strength oxidation resistant superalloy with enhanced coating compatibility |
| US20070202003A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-08-30 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Rare earth modified high strength oxidation resistant superalloy with enhanced coating compatibility |
| US20100028197A1 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2010-02-04 | Mark Heazle | Nickel-based alloys and articles made therefrom |
| US20110121712A1 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2011-05-26 | Federal-Mogul Ignition Company | Spark plug with volume-stable electrode material |
| EP2913418A1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-02 | Daido Steel Co.,Ltd. | Turbine wheel of automotive turbocharger and method for producing the same |
| US20150247220A1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-03 | General Electric Company | Article and method for forming article |
| US11414727B2 (en) | 2016-11-02 | 2022-08-16 | Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG | Superalloy without titanium, powder, method and component |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4078922A (en) * | 1975-12-08 | 1978-03-14 | United Technologies Corporation | Oxidation resistant cobalt base alloy |
| BE895058A (fr) * | 1981-11-27 | 1983-03-16 | United Technologies Corp | Superalliage a base de nickel ayant une resistance a l'oxydation et des proprietes mecaniques elevees a haute temperature |
| US4743514A (en) * | 1983-06-29 | 1988-05-10 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Oxidation resistant protective coating system for gas turbine components, and process for preparation of coated components |
-
1972
- 1972-02-17 CA CA134,952A patent/CA967403A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-02-21 IT IT48451/72A patent/IT948666B/it active
- 1972-02-22 FR FR7205935A patent/FR2127705A5/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-02-22 DE DE19722208177 patent/DE2208177A1/de active Pending
- 1972-02-22 US US00228294A patent/US3832167A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1972-02-23 BE BE779742A patent/BE779742A/xx unknown
Cited By (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4039330A (en) * | 1971-04-07 | 1977-08-02 | The International Nickel Company, Inc. | Nickel-chromium-cobalt alloys |
| US3923502A (en) * | 1974-01-16 | 1975-12-02 | Kim Isaevich Portnoi | Neutron-absorbing alloy |
| US4139376A (en) * | 1974-02-28 | 1979-02-13 | Brunswick Corporation | Abradable seal material and composition thereof |
| US4227925A (en) * | 1974-09-06 | 1980-10-14 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Heat-resistant alloy for welded structures |
| US3964877A (en) * | 1975-08-22 | 1976-06-22 | General Electric Company | Porous high temperature seal abradable member |
| US4226644A (en) * | 1978-09-05 | 1980-10-07 | United Technologies Corporation | High gamma prime superalloys by powder metallurgy |
| US4312682A (en) * | 1979-12-21 | 1982-01-26 | Cabot Corporation | Method of heat treating nickel-base alloys for use as ceramic kiln hardware and product |
| US4468945A (en) * | 1981-07-24 | 1984-09-04 | Bicc Public Limited Company | Friction-actuated extrusion |
| US4460542A (en) * | 1982-05-24 | 1984-07-17 | Cabot Corporation | Iron-bearing nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium alloy |
| US4773251A (en) * | 1986-03-18 | 1988-09-27 | Vereinigte Edelstahlwerke Aktiengesellschaft | Extrusion press die |
| US4915907A (en) * | 1986-04-03 | 1990-04-10 | United Technologies Corporation | Single crystal articles having reduced anisotropy |
| US4755240A (en) * | 1986-05-12 | 1988-07-05 | Exxon Production Research Company | Nickel base precipitation hardened alloys having improved resistance stress corrosion cracking |
| DE3916378A1 (de) * | 1988-07-25 | 1990-02-01 | Mitsubishi Metal Corp | Legierung auf nickelbasis fuer die elektroden von zuendkerzen fuer brennkraftmaschinen |
| US5204059A (en) * | 1988-07-25 | 1993-04-20 | Mitsubishi Metal Corporation | Ni base alloy for spark plug electrodes of internal combustion engines |
| US5783318A (en) * | 1994-06-22 | 1998-07-21 | United Technologies Corporation | Repaired nickel based superalloy |
| US7268474B2 (en) * | 2002-05-18 | 2007-09-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Alloy, electrode with the alloy, and ignition device with the alloy |
| US20030218411A1 (en) * | 2002-05-18 | 2003-11-27 | Klaus Hrastnik | Alloy, electrode with the alloy, and ignition device with the alloy |
| US20040229072A1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-11-18 | Murphy Kenneth S. | Nickel base superalloy |
| US20070202003A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-08-30 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Rare earth modified high strength oxidation resistant superalloy with enhanced coating compatibility |
| US20070199629A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-08-30 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Corrosion resistant superalloy with improved oxidation resistance |
| US20070202002A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-08-30 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Rare earth modified corrosion resistant superalloy with enhanced oxidation resistance and coating compatibility |
| US20060182649A1 (en) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-08-17 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp. | High strength oxidation resistant superalloy with enhanced coating compatibility |
| US20100028197A1 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2010-02-04 | Mark Heazle | Nickel-based alloys and articles made therefrom |
| US7824606B2 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2010-11-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Nickel-based alloys and articles made therefrom |
| US20110121712A1 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2011-05-26 | Federal-Mogul Ignition Company | Spark plug with volume-stable electrode material |
| US8492963B2 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2013-07-23 | Federal-Mogul Ignition Company | Spark plug with volume-stable electrode material |
| EP2913418A1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-02 | Daido Steel Co.,Ltd. | Turbine wheel of automotive turbocharger and method for producing the same |
| US20150247221A1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-03 | Daido Steel Co., Ltd. | Turbine wheel of automotive turbocharger and method for producing the same |
| US20150247220A1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2015-09-03 | General Electric Company | Article and method for forming article |
| EP2913417B1 (en) | 2014-02-28 | 2017-01-11 | General Electric Company | Article and method for forming article |
| US9738954B2 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2017-08-22 | Daido Steel Co., Ltd. | Turbine wheel of automotive turbocharger and method for producing the same |
| US11414727B2 (en) | 2016-11-02 | 2022-08-16 | Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG | Superalloy without titanium, powder, method and component |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT948666B (it) | 1973-06-11 |
| FR2127705A5 (OSRAM) | 1972-10-13 |
| DE2208177A1 (de) | 1972-10-05 |
| CA967403A (en) | 1975-05-13 |
| BE779742A (fr) | 1972-08-23 |
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