US3829311A - Addition alloys - Google Patents
Addition alloys Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3829311A US3829311A US00287880A US28788072A US3829311A US 3829311 A US3829311 A US 3829311A US 00287880 A US00287880 A US 00287880A US 28788072 A US28788072 A US 28788072A US 3829311 A US3829311 A US 3829311A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- magnesium
- silicon
- iron
- alloys
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 70
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title abstract description 70
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 52
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 abstract description 41
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 38
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 37
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 32
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 26
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 13
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 25
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MKPXGEVFQSIKGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].[Si] Chemical compound [Mg].[Si] MKPXGEVFQSIKGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XWHPIFXRKKHEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Fe] XWHPIFXRKKHEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- PEUPIGGLJVUNEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Ni] PEUPIGGLJVUNEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001295 No alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000212342 Sium Species 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010960 commercial process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PYLLWONICXJARP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Mn] PYLLWONICXJARP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C35/00—Master alloys for iron or steel
- C22C35/005—Master alloys for iron or steel based on iron, e.g. ferro-alloys
Definitions
- This invention is directed to alloys and, in particular, to addition alloys suitable for the introduction of magnesium into molten iron.
- addition alloys employed at present those containing nickel are extremely elfective in moderating the violence of the reaction between the magnesium and molten iron. It has generally been found however, that large percentages of nickel, e.g., 60% to 70% or more are necessary in order that a high alloy efliciency may be obtained.
- the utility of an addition alloy for introducing magnesium into molten metal is measured in terms of its efficiency and it is essential that a high alloy efiiciency be obtained because at lower efiiciencies more alloy must be added to the molten metal to introduce the desired quantity of magnesium.
- the introduction of large quantities of addition alloy to the melt may cause additional problems because of excessive cooling and can result in an increased tendency for the occurrence of dross and other casting defects. As in all commercial processes, it is also essential that the additional alloys be economical to use.
- the present invention is directed to alloys containing (in weight percent) about 5% to about nickel, about 5% toabout 14% magnesium, about 34% to about 60% silicon, about 0.5% to about 3% of a rare earth metal, up to about 4% calcium, up to about 2% carbon, up to about 10% manganese, up to about 10% copper, and the balance essentially iron, the iron content being less than about 50%.
- a preferred compositional range comprises about 8% to about 15% nickel, about 9% to about 13% magnesium, about 34% to about 50% silicon, about 1.5% to about 2.5% of a rare earth metal, about 1.5% to about 2.5% calcium, the balance being essentially iron.
- a more preferred alloy comprises about 9% to about 13% nickel, about 9% to about 13% magnesium, about 38% to about 45% silicon, about 1.5% to about 2.5 of a rare earth metal, about 1.5 to about 2.5 calcium, up to about 1% carbon and the balance essentially iron.
- an addition alloy for introducing magnesium into molten metal may be measured in terms of its efliciency, which may be defined as follows:
- the nickel content be at least 5% for acceptable magnesium recovery and consequently, acceptable alloy efficiency. Nickel contents below 5% in the alloy result in sharp reduction of these properties therein, while nickel contents exceeding about 15% add to the cost of the alloy, For maximum cost-efliciency, the preferred nickel content is at least 8% but less than about 15 and most preferably is from 9% to 13%.
- Alloys containing less than about 5% magnesium provide excellent recovery values but, because there is a low magnesium content, the efliciency is poor. If the alloys contain more than about 14% magnesium, undesirably increased reactivity may be experienced on addition of the alloy to molten iron resulting in a low magnesium recovery and hence, inadequate efiiciency. For optimum efficiency a magnesium content of from about 9% to about 13% is preferred.
- Silicon is essential in the alloy to ensure that the melting point of the alloy is low compared with the normal temperature encountered in handling molten iron in the foundry. If the rnelting point of the alloys is high, e.g., about 1450 C., the alloys are difiicult to produce and difiicult to melt in the molten iron to which they are added.
- the presence of silicon in the alloy in amounts from about 34% to about 60% reduces the melting point of the alloy to a temperature which is low in relation to the usual handling temperature of molten iron in the foundry and, in addition, results in the need for a smaller amount of ferro-silicon graphitizing inoculant, which is commonly employed as a late addition in the manufacture of spheroidal graphite iron.
- the magnesium recovery tends to decrease at high silicon levels.
- the silicon content of the alloy be maintained from about 34% to about 50%, and more preferably, from about 38% to about 45
- the presence of rare earth metals in the alloy raises the magnesium recovery of the alloy.
- the rare earth metals are also beneficial in offsetting the eifect of incidental elements which may be present in the base charge and which may interfere with the formation of spheroidal graphite.
- One or more of the rare earth elements may be added, for example, in the form of Mischmetal, in an amount of at least 0.5%.
- the rare earth metal content of the alloy can be extended up to about 3% but at about this level and above no additional benefits are conferred. It is most preferred that the total rare earth metal content be from about 1.5% to about 2.5%.
- Calcium in the alloy also contributes to magnesium recovery. For this purpose at least 0.5% may be employed in the alloy, but amounts of calcium in excess of about 4% provide no further benefits. Calcium also produces the beneficial effect of reducing the violence of the addition reaction. It is most preferred that the content of calcium in the alloy be from about 1.5% to about 2.5% or about 3%.
- Carbon may be present in the alloys in amounts up to about 2%. It is believed that this element confers the advantage of reducing the violence of the reaction when the alloys are added to molten iron. A range of about 0.1% to about 1% is beneficial.
- the alloy may also contain up to about 10% manganese and up to about 10% copper without adversely affecting their general properties. It is preferred however, that both manganese and copper contents not exceed about
- the balance of the composition, up to about 50% is iron, including small amounts of impurities. The presence in the alloy of iron exceeding about 50% can lead to an excessively high alloy melting point, which causes addition alloy production and melting difiiculties.
- the nickel-containing alloys of the invention are characterized by the presence of three phases, namely a silicon-magnesium phase in a matrix comprising iron-silicon and nickel-silicon phases. Electron microprobe analysis of the silicon-manganese phase revealed a high silicon to magnesium ratio of 8.1 :1 by weight.
- the alloys contemplated in the present invention may be processed following normal operating procedures. They may be readily added to an iron or other molten melt either by throwing the alloy onto the melt or by placing the alloy in an empty vessel and pouring the melt onto it.
- a method of addition known as the sandwich method is the most ad vantageous. In this method, the bottom of a ladle is built up over approximately half its area, for example, by cm. The addition alloy is then placed against the ledge thus formed and covered with mild steel clippings, which usually comprise about 2% by weight of the metal to be treated. The melt is then tapped onto the platform and allowed to flow over the clippings and addition alloy.
- Addition alloys 1 to 4 were then employed in the production of 8.6. iron by the sandwich method.
- a charge of pig iron containing 3.8% carbon, 1.5 silicon, 0.1% manganese, 0.025% phosphorus and 0.01% sulfur was melted in a 100 kg. basic HF furnace for use with each addition alloy and the silicon content of the melt was adjusted by the addition of ferro-silicon.
- the temperature was raised 1450 C., a small addition of manganese was made and the melt was poured at 1450 C. into a ladle containing the addition alloy.
- the addition alloy (0.8% by weight of the total melt) was placed against a shelf in a ladle and covered with mild steel clippings (2% by weight of the total melt), and the molten iron was poured onto the shelf.
- EXAMPLE I The addition alloys (1 to 4) of the compositions shown hereinbelow in Table I were all prepared in a basic HF induction furnace by adding the various elements to a base iron-silicon melt maintained at 1150 C. Quiescent melting of these additions was obtained by plunging them through a cover of crushed graphite. After the additions the temperature was raised to about 1240 C. and the graphite cover removed. The melt was then tapped into metal slab molds, 30 cm. and 5 cm. thick. Alloys A and B are not in accordance with the invention.
- An alloy consisting essentially of about 5% to about 15% nickel, about 5% to about 14% magnesium, about 34% to about 60% silicon, about 0.5% to about 3% rare earth metal, about 0.5% to about 4% calcium, up to about 2% carbon, up to about manganese, up to 6 about 10% copper and the balance essentially iron, with the iron less than about 2.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB4215371 | 1971-09-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3829311A true US3829311A (en) | 1974-08-13 |
Family
ID=10423096
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00287880A Expired - Lifetime US3829311A (en) | 1971-09-09 | 1972-09-11 | Addition alloys |
Country Status (11)
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1096583A4 (en) * | 1999-02-22 | 2005-03-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | SECONDARY CELL WITH NON-ACID ELECTROLYTE AND MATERIAL FOR THE NEGATIVE PLATE THEREOF TO BE USED |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS544795Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1974-10-31 | 1979-02-28 | ||
| US4052203A (en) * | 1975-09-11 | 1977-10-04 | The International Nickel Company, Inc. | Crushable low reactivity nickel-base magnesium additive |
| JPS53140733A (en) * | 1977-05-11 | 1978-12-08 | Iyasaka Seiki Kk | Fourrpost lift for vehicle |
| JPS5677767U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1979-11-19 | 1981-06-24 | ||
| JPS62161909A (ja) * | 1986-01-10 | 1987-07-17 | Kitagawa Tekkosho:Kk | 球状黒鉛鋳鉄及びバ−ミキユラ−鋳鉄製造用添加剤 |
| JPS63101647U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-07-01 | ||
| JPS6426459U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1987-08-05 | 1989-02-15 | ||
| JPH02307936A (ja) * | 1989-05-23 | 1990-12-21 | Tsudakoma Corp | 機仕掛用受渡し装置 |
| CN105483507B (zh) * | 2016-01-05 | 2017-11-03 | 北京科技大学 | 一种氮化钒铁合金及其制备方法 |
-
0
- BE BE788579D patent/BE788579A/xx unknown
-
1972
- 1972-08-21 ZA ZA725753A patent/ZA725753B/xx unknown
- 1972-09-01 JP JP47087236A patent/JPS4836023A/ja active Pending
- 1972-09-05 NL NL7212055A patent/NL7212055A/xx unknown
- 1972-09-07 CA CA151,192A patent/CA977187A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-09-07 IT IT7252587A patent/IT969419B/it active
- 1972-09-07 LU LU66009A patent/LU66009A1/xx unknown
- 1972-09-08 FR FR7232028A patent/FR2152243A5/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-09-08 ES ES406489A patent/ES406489A1/es not_active Expired
- 1972-09-08 DE DE2244092A patent/DE2244092A1/de active Pending
- 1972-09-11 US US00287880A patent/US3829311A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1096583A4 (en) * | 1999-02-22 | 2005-03-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | SECONDARY CELL WITH NON-ACID ELECTROLYTE AND MATERIAL FOR THE NEGATIVE PLATE THEREOF TO BE USED |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL7212055A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-03-13 |
| IT969419B (it) | 1974-03-30 |
| FR2152243A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-04-20 |
| DE2244092A1 (de) | 1973-03-29 |
| LU66009A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-03-12 |
| ZA725753B (en) | 1973-08-29 |
| ES406489A1 (es) | 1975-07-16 |
| CA977187A (en) | 1975-11-04 |
| JPS4836023A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-05-28 |
| BE788579A (fr) | 1973-03-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4121924A (en) | Alloy for rare earth treatment of molten metals and method | |
| US3492118A (en) | Process for production of as-cast nodular iron | |
| US3829311A (en) | Addition alloys | |
| US2762705A (en) | Addition agent and process for producing magnesium-containing cast iron | |
| US4545817A (en) | Alloy useful for producing ductile and compacted graphite cast irons | |
| US3527597A (en) | Carbide suppressing silicon base inoculant for cast iron containing metallic strontium and method of using same | |
| US4472197A (en) | Alloy and process for producing ductile and compacted graphite cast irons | |
| US3459541A (en) | Process for making nodular iron | |
| US2675308A (en) | Art of using magnesium-containing addition agents to produce spheroidal graphite cast iron | |
| US2792300A (en) | Process for the production of nodular iron | |
| SU550454A1 (ru) | Чугун | |
| US2643949A (en) | Method for the production of iron and steel | |
| US3328164A (en) | Prealloy for the treatment of iron and steel melts | |
| US2690392A (en) | Process for producing improved cast iron | |
| US2683662A (en) | Manufacture of iron and steel and products obtained | |
| US3622302A (en) | Method for removing arsenic from metals or alloys | |
| US4579164A (en) | Process for making cast iron | |
| US3336118A (en) | Magnesium alloy for cast iron | |
| US2529346A (en) | Method for the production of cast iron and alloy addition agent used in method | |
| US3801311A (en) | Method of introducing rare earth metals into addition alloys | |
| US3663212A (en) | Nodular irons and method for controlling same | |
| US3762915A (en) | Method for casting gray cast iron composition | |
| US2841490A (en) | Method for making improved gray cast iron | |
| US4131456A (en) | Chill-free foundry iron | |
| US2563859A (en) | Addition agent |