Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
  • D21H17/14—Carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/15—Polycarboxylic acids, e.g. maleic acid
  • D21H17/16—Addition products thereof with hydrocarbons

Definitions

• a further object of this invention involves the use of sizing agents which may be employed with all types of paper pulp over the complete range of pH conditions which are normally encountered in paper manufacturing.
• An additional object involves the use of sizing agents which are fully compatable with alum and rosin as well as with the various fill ers, pigments and other chemicalswhich may be added to paper.
• paper and paperboard include sheet-like masses and molded products made from fibrous cellulosic materials which may be derived from both natural and synthetic sources. Also included are sheet-like masses and molded products prepared from combinations of cellulosic and non-cellulosic materials derivedfrom synthetics such as polyarnide, polyester and polyacrylic resin fibers as well as from mineral fibers such as asbestos and glass.
• Paper and paperboard are often sized with various materials for thepurpose ofincreasing their resistance to water as well as to other types of aqueous solutions. These materialsjare referred to as sizes or sizing and they may be introduced during the actual paper making operation wherein the process is known an internal or engine sizing. Or, on the other hand, they may be applied to the surface of the finishedweb or sheet in which case the process is known as external or surface sizing;
• Various water-repellant materials have been utilized as sizing agents. These include rosin, mixtures of rosin with waxes, wax emulsions, ketene dimer emulsions, fluorocarbons, fatty acid complexes of chromium or aluminum chlorides, long chain thermoplastic copolymers, as well as some thermosetting condensation type resins. Although all of these materials are effective under certain conditions, their use is nonetheless subject to one or more limitations.
• rosin although the latter is relatively low in cost and readily available, it has poor resistance to alkaline solutions and cannot be used for the'sizing of neutral or alkaline pulps. lt is inoperable with the latter since it must be ordinarily used in combination with alum or an acidic aluminum ion donor, which is present for the purposeof precipitating and setting the sodium rosinate, i.e.,, the rosin soap, onto the fibers.
• alum for this purpose is, however, precluded under neutral or alkaline conditions. This is a definite disadvantage since the paper produced from neutral and alkaline pulp has been found to have higher strength, greater stability and superior aging characteristics in comparison with the paper prepared from acidic pulp.
• alkaline pigments such as calcium carbonate
• This same limitation also applies to the use of most wax emulsions-whichcanno't be used on the alkaline side since they are usually combined with small quantities of alum for the purpose of breaking the emulsions.
• certain sizing agents will not tolerate appreciable quantities of alum or high acidic conditions. In some cases, it may be desirable or necessary to use alum for filler retention purposes, for increasing sheet drainage, or to retain or set condensation resin additives, etc. Certain sizing agents cannot be adequately retained in the sheet during sheet formation and, consequently, are limited only to external or surface applications.
• R represents a dimethylene or trimethylene radical and wherein R is a hydrophobic group containing more than five carbon atoms which may be selected from the class consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl or aralkenyl groups.
• Substituted cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides falling within the above described formula are the substituted succinic and glutaric acid anhydrides.
• the sizing agents described in the aforementioned patent are mainly prepared from linear olefins where the double bond is in the 1,2 or 3-position, or from short chained branched olefins such as triisobutylene.
• Use of the above classes of olefins leads to sizing agents where the R group is either linear or linear with multiple methyl or ethyl groups pendant from the linear chain.
• R' is linear with a pendant methyl, ethyl or propyl group (which group may be saturated or unsaturated)attached to the carbon atom which itself is attached to the cyclic anhydride moiety.
• sizing agents described in the aforementioned patent are included iso-octadecenyl succinic acid anhydride, n-hexadecenyl succinic acid anhydride, dodecenyl succinic acid anhydride, triisobutenyl succinic acid anhydride, etc.
• the cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride sizing agent is prepared from an internal olefin corresponding to the following general structure wherein R, is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms and R is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms, the resultant sizing agent is far more effective (i.e., desired sizing properties are achieved at substantially lower concentrations) than the sizing agents of the prior art which are prepared employing olefins having the double bond in the l, 2, or 3-position or the short chained branched olefins.
• the sizing agents of the present invention correspond to the following structural formula wherein R, is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms and R, is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms, and R andR, are interchangeable. Mixtures of any of the above sizing agents may also be employed in the process of this invention.
• sizing agents typical of this invention include sizes prepared by the reaction of maleic acid anhydride with internal olefins such as octadecene-9, tetradecene-7, hexadecene-7 and eicodecene-l 1. Mixtures of two or more olefins may also be reacted with the acid anhydride to produce a mixture of sizing agents of this invention. While olefins having a chain length of about 24 carbon atoms or more may be used in some instances, the preferred olefins will contain from 14 to 22 carbon atoms.
• novel sizing agents are not defined hereinafter by their chemical structures, but rather are referred to and identified as a reaction product of maleic acid anhydride with a specified olefin.
• the reaction of maleic acid anhydride with the olefins specified herein is well known to those skilled in the art and requires no special precautions or conditions.
• novel sizing agents display all of the features and advantages of the cited prior art sizing agents. Moreover, the novel sizing agents of this invention impart to paper sized therewith a particularly good resistance to acidic liquids such as acid inks, citric acid, lactic acid etc. as compared to paper sized with the sizing agents of the cited prior art. In addition to the properties already mentioned, these sizing agents may also be used in combination with alum as well as with any of the pigments, fillers and other ingredients which may be added to paper. The sizing agents of the present invention may also be used in conjunction with other sizing agents so as to obtain additive sizing effects. A still further advantage is that they do not detract from the strength of the paper and when used with certain adjuncts will, in fact, increase the strength of the finished sheets. Only mild drying or curing conditions are required to develop full sizing value.
• sizing agents of this invention Another important factor in the effective utilization of the sizing agents of this invention involves their use in conjunction with a material which is either cationic in nature or is, on the other hand, capable of ionizing or dissociating in such a manner as to produce one or more cations or other positively charged moieties.
• cationic agents as they will be hereinafter referred to, have been found useful as a means for aiding in the retention of sizing agents herein as well as for bringing the latter into close proximity to the pulp fibers.
• cationic agents include alum, aluminum chloride, long chain fatty amines, sodium aluminate, substituted polyacrylamide, chromic sulfate, animal glue, cationic thermosetting resins and polyamide polymers.
• cationic agents include various cationic starch derivatives including primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine starch derivatives and other cationic nitrogen substituted starch derivatives, as well as cationic sulfonium and phosphonium starch derivatives.
• Such derivatives may be prepared from all types of starches including corn, tapioca, potato, waxy maize, wheat and rice. Moreover, they may be in their original granule form or they may be converted to pregelatinized, cold water soluble products.
• any of the above noted cationic agents may be added to the stock, i.e., the pulp slurry, either prior to, along with or after the addition of the sizing agent. However, in order to achieve maximum distribution, it is preferable that the cationic agent be added either subsequent to or in direct combination with the sizing agent.
• the actual addition to the stock of either the cationic agent or the sizing agent may take place at any point in the paper making process prior to the ultimate conversion of the wet pulp into a dry web or sheet.
• emulsifying agent it is highly desirable to employ the cationic agent as the emulsifier and this procedure is particularly successful where cationic starch derivatives are utilized.
• non-cationic emulsifiers which may be used as emulsifying agents for the sizing agents, one may list such hydrocolloids as ordinary starches, non-cationic starch derivatives, dextrines, carboxymethyl cellulose, gum arabic, gelatin, and polyvinyl alcohol as well as various surfactants.
• surfactants include polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol laurate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitol oleate-laurate.
• the sizing agents of this invention may, of course, be successfully utilized for the sizing of paper prepared from all types of both cellulosic and combinations of cellulosic with non-cellulosic fibers.
• the cellulosic fibers which may be used include bleached and unbleached sulfate (kraft), bleached and unbleached sulfite, bleached and unbleached soda, neutral sulfite, semi-chemical chemiground-wood, ground wood, and any combination of these fibers. These designations refer to wood pulp fibers which have been prepared by means of a variety of processes which are used in the pulp and paper industry. In addition, synthetic fibers of the viscose rayon or regenerated cellulose type can also be used.
• pigments and fillers may be added to the paper which is to be sized with the novel sizing agents of this invention.
• Such materials include clay, talc, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and diatomaceous earths.
• Other additives, including alum, as well as other sizing agents, can also be used with these sizing agents.
• the sizing agents may be employed in amounts ranging from about 0.05 to about 3.0 percent of the dry weight of the pulp in the finished sheet or web. While amounts in excess of 3 percent may be used, the benefitsof increased sizing properties are usually not economically justified. Within the mentioned range the precise amount of size which is to be paper is destined. Thus, for example, paper which will require good water resistance or ink holdout will necessitate the use of a higher concentration of sizing agent than paper which will be used in applications where excessive sizing is not needed. The same factors also apply in relation to the amount of cationic agent which may be used in conjunction with these sizing agents. The practitioner will be able to use these materials in any concentration which is found to be applicable to his specific operating conditions.
• a range of from 0.5 to 2.0 parts by weight of cationic agent per 1.0 part of sizing agent is usually adequate. It can be noted that the cationic agent is present in a quantity of at least 0.025 percent of the dry weight of the pulp in the paper.
• the use of the sizing agents of this invention provides a degree of acid water resistance to paper which is substantially higher than is obtained bysizing agents of the prior art and particularly those of U.S. Pat. No. 3,102,064.
• This example illustrates the use of a sizing agent representative of the sizing agents of this invention in the form of an aqueous emulsion wherein the emulsifier used is a tertiary amine cationic starch derivative.
• the water resistance of the resulting paper is compared with that of paper which had been sized with isooctadecenyl succinic acid anhydride, a size typical of those described in US. Pat. No. 3,102,064.
• An aqueous emulsion of a sizing agent which had been prepared from maleic anhydride and octadecene- 9 (hereinafter referred to as MA/OD-9) was prepared by first cooking 10 parts of the betadiethyl aminoethyl chloride hydrochloride ether of corn starch, whose preparation is described in Example I of US. Pat. No. 2,813,093, in parts of water which was heated in a boiling water bath. The dispersion of the cationic starch derivative after being cooked for 20 minutes was cooled to room temperature and transferred to a high speed agitator whereupon 5 parts of MA/OD-9 were slowly added to the agitated dispersion. Agitation was continued for about 3 minutes and the resulting emulsion was then diluted by the addition of water to equal a total of 1,000 parts (0.5 percent solids).
• Sheets were formed and dried in accordance with TAPPI standards, the basis weight of these sheets being 55 lbs/ream. By means of the same procedure, comparable sheets were made for comparison purposes containing comparable concentrations of IODSA. As in Example I, where the sheets were cured, the curing was effected by use of hot air for one hour at 105 C.
• the acid ink penetration test is a comparison test. j wherein a swatch of test paper is floated in a dish of Sh 7 b f i o eet v y wt. 0 time in sec. acid ink (pH 1 5) at 100 and the time (measured 1n No. sizing Agent dry pulp Uncured Cured seconds) required for the ink to penetrate through the 7 paper to reach an end-point where about 50 percent of MA/TDJ 010 8 d d 2.
• MAflD-7 0.25 131 140 the paper is colore 1s note M AITDJ 040 189 255 I
• the following table presents data on the various 4.
• aqueous emulsion of a sizing agent prepared from maleic anhydride and tetradecene-7 (abbreviated MA/TD-7 hereinafter) was prepared by means of the procedure described in Example I wherein the tertiary amine cationic starch derivative described therein was again used as the emulsifier. Calculated amounts of the stock emulsion were added to separate batches of bleached sulfate pulp having a freeness of 500 and a consistency of 0.5 percent so as to result in a size con--
• This example compares the sizing properties of a sizing agent of this invention with a similar sizing agent of U.S. Pat. No. 3,102,064 prepared with an olefin having an equal number of carbon atoms but having its double bond in the 1-position. 7
• sizing agent of this invention were emulsified with one part of a cationic starch.
• Paper sheets were prepared employing the emulsified sizing agent using bleached softwood pulp at pH 7.6 and 6.0 (pH lowered with alum) so that the sizing agent was present in a concentration of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 percent by weight of the dry pulp.
• TDSA tetradecenyl succinic acid anhydride
• MA/OD-9 MA/OD-9 was emulsified with one part of a ter tiary amine cationic starch derivative.
• Paper sheets were prepared employing the emulsified sizing agent in the usual manner using bleached kraft softwood pulp so that the sizing agent was present in a concentration of 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 percent by weight of the dry pulp. The sheets were cured, one hour at In testing the resultant sheets against sheets which Table IV by wt. of Lactic Acid Penetration Sizing Agent dry pulp (time in secs.)
• a sizing agent of this invention was prepared by reacting maleic acid anhydride with a mixture of olefins which consisted of one part of tetradecene-7, two parts of hexadecene-7, and one part of octadecene 9.
• the resulting sizing agent was emulsified with the beta-diethyl aminoethyl chloride hydrochloride ether of corn starch and thereafter was used in sizing paper sheets following the procedure described in Example I.
• Res'ults obtained in acid ink tests run on the sized paper showed the paper to have an acid waterresistance su- I perior to paper sized with IODSA and comparable to that sized with MA/OD-9 described in Example I.
• novel sizing agents herein have been limited to those prepared by the reaction of maleic acid anhydride with selected olefins
• sizing agents may be prepared using a homologous anhydride, glutaconic acid, together with the identical olefins and be expected to provide similarly effective sizing properties to
• the invention is seen to provide the practitioner with novel sizing agents which are operable under a wide variety of conditions and are capable of providing paper products which are characterized by their exceptionally high degree of acidic water resis tance at low levels of sizing agent concentration. Variations may be made in proportions, procedures and materials without departing from the scope of this invention.
• the method of sizing paper which comprises the step of intimately dispersing within the wet pulp, prior t9th i ltimstssqatsrsisn9t,sais ..psk int a.rxzeta;
• a sizing agent which comprises the: reaction product of maleic acid anhydride with an internal olefin corresponding to p R, -CI-I -CI-I CH on, R, wherein R is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms and R, is an alkyl radical containing at 3 least four carbon atoms, in sufficient amount to size the said paper.
• a paper product having intimately dispersed within the wet pulp thereof, prior to its conversion into a dry web a sizing agent which comprises the reaction product of maleic acid anhydride with an internal olefin corresponding to R -CI-l -CH CH CH -R wherein R, is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms and R is an alkyl radical containing at least four carbon atoms, in sufficient amount to size the said paper and (b) at least 0.025 percent, based on the dry weight of the pulp, of a cationic agent.
• said cationic agent is selected from the group consisting of alum, aluminum chloride, long chain fatty amines, substituted polyacrylamide, animal glue, polyamide polymers, cationic resins and cationic starch derivatives.
• the method of sizing paper whichcomprises the stepsof intimately dispersing within the wet pulp, prior to the ultimate conversion of said pulp into a dry web, (a) a sizing agent which comprises the reaction product of maleic acid anhydride with an internal olefin corresponding to ionic resins and cationic starch derivatives.
• the sizing agent is the reaction product of maleic acid anhydride with an internal olefin selected from octadecene-9, tetra- 5 decene-7, hexadecene-7 and eicodecene-l l.

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Cited By (63)

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• 1973
  • 1973-01-02 US US00319980A patent/US3821069A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1973-11-20 CA CA186,235A patent/CA994963A/en not_active Expired
  • 1973-12-06 NL NL7316707.A patent/NL157362B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1973-12-21 GB GB5958573A patent/GB1409830A/en not_active Expired
  • 1973-12-27 FR FR7346648A patent/FR2212463B1/fr not_active Expired
  • 1973-12-27 JP JP744407A patent/JPS5328526B2/ja not_active Expired
  • 1973-12-28 AU AU64048/73A patent/AU6404873A/en not_active Expired
  • 1973-12-31 IT IT54689/73A patent/IT1002583B/it active
• 1974
  • 1974-01-02 SE SE7400014A patent/SE399919B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1974-01-02 DE DE19742400058 patent/DE2400058B2/de active Granted

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