US3818474A - Method of and apparatus for comparing desired and actual values presented in digital form - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for comparing desired and actual values presented in digital form Download PDF

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US3818474A
US3818474A US00121841A US12184171A US3818474A US 3818474 A US3818474 A US 3818474A US 00121841 A US00121841 A US 00121841A US 12184171 A US12184171 A US 12184171A US 3818474 A US3818474 A US 3818474A
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actual
values
memory
desired values
inscribing
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US00121841A
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H Kurner
K Bindewald
M Schwarztrauber
L Eckmar
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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Siemens Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G1/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data
    • G09G1/06—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows
    • G09G1/14—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam tracing a pattern independent of the information to be displayed, this latter determining the parts of the pattern rendered respectively visible and invisible
    • G09G1/16—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam tracing a pattern independent of the information to be displayed, this latter determining the parts of the pattern rendered respectively visible and invisible the pattern of rectangular co-ordinates extending over the whole area of the screen, i.e. television type raster
    • G09G1/162—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam tracing a pattern independent of the information to be displayed, this latter determining the parts of the pattern rendered respectively visible and invisible the pattern of rectangular co-ordinates extending over the whole area of the screen, i.e. television type raster for displaying digital inputs as analog magnitudes, e.g. curves, bar graphs, coordinate axes, singly or in combination with alpha-numeric characters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R13/00—Arrangements for displaying electric variables or waveforms
    • G01R13/20—Cathode-ray oscilloscopes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R13/00—Arrangements for displaying electric variables or waveforms
    • G01R13/20—Cathode-ray oscilloscopes
    • G01R13/22—Circuits therefor
    • G01R13/34—Circuits for representing a single waveform by sampling, e.g. for very high frequencies
    • G01R13/345—Circuits for representing a single waveform by sampling, e.g. for very high frequencies for displaying sampled signals by using digital processors by intermediate A.D. and D.A. convertors (control circuits for CRT indicators)

Definitions

  • the desired value curve runs across the entire screen, while the actual value curve extends only across a part thereof.
  • the most recent actual values are shown in a midportion of the screen. In this manner, desired values are shown for which no corresponding actual values are yet available.
  • the usual way to proceed in the research technique is to measure all significant variables and to indicate the momentary values with analog or digital indicating instruments.
  • the measured values of particularly important variables are continuously recorded by means of dot or line plotters to reveal the value variations as a function of time.
  • an instrumentation of this kind leads to such an expansion of control panels that the individual instruments, particularly in case of a malfunctioning, may no longer be entirely supervised and the measured values may be compared only with much difficulty.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that an installation may be better operated if not only the current values are represented, but there is also shown a corresponding desired value curve consisting, for example, of the measured values of the corresponding period of the previous day. The curves are so plotted that the desired values precede the actual values. In this manner the trend of the actual values is demonstrated and a timely interference may be effected concerning the course of the process.
  • the actual and desired values are represented as graphs on the screen of a television set and further, the actual and desired values corresponding to one another are represented in the same line of the television screen. Also, the desired value curve extends across the entire area of the screen, whereas the actual value curve extends only over a part thereof. The newest actual values appear in a middle range of the screen area.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus for practising the method according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an image repeating memory for the desired and actual values
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an arrangement to determine the moment of release or readout of actual values with the aid of a shift counter;
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a static image repeating memory
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a dynamic image repeating memory
  • FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 represent graphs of signal pulses to illustrate the operation of the dynamic image repeating memory shown in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a video apparatus l which receives signals from a pulse central 2.
  • the apparatus 1 and the pulse central 2 are components of a commercially available conventional industrial television system.
  • the pulse central 2 may be replaced by a light intensity amplifier which produces, from the digital light-dark signals, the signal (containing the image pulse, blanking pulse and synchronizing pulse) for the control of the video apparatus.
  • the camera of the television system is replaced by a counter 20 (controlled by a beat generator 5), by two comparator circuits 23 and 24 which compare the contents of the counter 20 with the contents of two readout registers 21 and 22 and by two image repeating memories 4 and 4' which control the readout registers 21 and 22.
  • an address or line counter 17 and a scale-down circuit 6. The latter forms, from the beatfrequency, the horizontal and the vertical scanning frequencies of the electron beam of the video apparatus 1 and controls the pulse central 2.
  • a work memory 7 which is associated with a process calculator and in which there are stored series of measured values from various measuring stations. If measured values from a certain measuring station are to be represented, then first the corresponding memory range of the process calculator has to be called. This is performed in the usual manner by giving a command by operating an appropriate control panel. Thereupon the process calculator transfers the measured values from the work memory 7 to the image repeating memories 4 and 4'. The number of the measured values is adapted to the storage capacity of the image repeating memories.
  • the measured values are, during normal operation, cyclically transmitted from the image repeating memories 4 and 4' to the readout registers 21 and 22, respectively.
  • the contents of these registers are compared in the comparator stages 23 and 24 with the contents of the counter 20.
  • the latter counts upwardly by means of the beat pulses, with each line pulse as a start signal. Upon reaching the terminal position, it resets itself automatically and an admission of further beat pulses is blocked until a new start signal, that is, the successive line return pulse, appears.
  • one of the two comparator stages 23 and 24 determines that the counter position is identical to the contents of a readout register, then it delivers a light pulse signal to the pulse central 2. Since the counter 20 counts through from until the terminal value, it is capable to pick up all values of data words in one series of counting. With such an arrangement, two curves may be simultaneously represented on the screen.
  • One of the two curves shown on the screen is the desired value curve, while the other is the actual value curve.
  • the desired values may be, for example, the corresponding actual values of the previous day.
  • Each desired value and its corresponding actual value should appear in the same line of the television picture. Therefore, the desired and actual values corresponding to one another are introduced in the same addresses of the memories 4 and 4'. If both memories are filled with values, then the newest actual value appears at the upper edge of the screen field standing by for the signal representation.
  • both curves are shifted by one line downwardly and the newest actual value and the associated desired value are introduced in the uppermost line.
  • This method lends itself only to a comparison for determining to what extent the desired and actual values differ from one another. For the control of a process frequently it is much more advantageous to also know how the actual values will presumably change in the future. For this purpose even those desired values are utilized for which no corresponding actual values are still in existence. If the desired values are contained in the memory 4', then a determined number of additional desired values is introduced thereinto in such a manner that the addresses of the already stored desired values are increased by l and the new desired value is introduced into the memory cell with the lowest address. In this manner the desired value curve is shifted on the screen downwardly.
  • the addresses of the actual values in the memory 4 are also changed so that the beginning of the actual value curve is shifted downwardly on the screen of the video apparatus 1. If, for example, 200 lines are available for the representation of the curves and 100 additional desired values are inscribed, then the actual value curve begins in the middle of the screen. It is here assumed that for each actual value there exists a corresponding desired value. Otherwise, the corresponding desired value has to be first calculated. If a new actual value appears, then the latter is represented in the middle of the picture screen after the actual value curve has been shifted downwardly by one line. Simultaneously, a desired value is added to the desired value curve at the upper edge of the screen. Thus, both curves travel simultaneously downwardly with identical speed.
  • the two curves have, in principle, a configuration shown in FIG. 1 on the screen of the video apparatus l.
  • the right-hand curve which extends across the entire screen is the desired value curve while the lefthand curve which begins in the middle of the screen is the actual value curve.
  • FIG. 2 there are shown exemplary circuits constituting the image repeating memories 4 and 4. Basically, they comprise shift registers 41, 41' and 42 in feedback connection.
  • the shift registers contain inscribing and readout registers 9, 9 and 10.
  • additional values for example, lOO in number, are introduced into the desired value memory.
  • the shift registers 41' and 42 of the actual value memory 4 receive, for example, measured values each. Upon introduction of the 100 desired values, the values in the register 41' are shifted into the register 42 while the values in the register 42 are erased.
  • the desired value curve extends across the entire screen while the actual value curve extends only across the lower portion thereof.
  • the inscription of new desired and actual values in then controlled in such a manner that the desired values are inscribed through the inscribing register 9 in the shift register 41 while the actual values are inscribed through the inscribing register 10 in the shift register 42.
  • the image repeating memory 4 may consist only of the shift register 42. in such a case the contents of the register 42 circulate twice during an image reproduction.
  • the electron beam has to be controlled dark" for the actual value curve. This is achieved simply by blocking the output signal of the comparator 23 during the first lap of the circulating signal pulses. Such blocking may be controlled, for example, by the address counter 17. Accordingly, it is also possible not to extinguish the actual values already in the register 42 during inscription into the latter of the last l00 actual values, but to shift them into the shift register 41' and upon their reproduction to modulate the electron beam dark.”
  • the lead of the desired value curve with respect to the actual value curve may be varied only with difficulty.
  • HO. 3 illustrates an arrangement by means of which such a lead may be varied at will.
  • the information lNF for the tie sired value memory 4 and for the actual value memory 4 is directed through an inscription control 16.
  • the latter delivers the stepping pulses for the address and line counter 17, which, in turn, emits control pulses for the introduction and release of values into and from the memories 4 and 4'.
  • a comparator l8 emits a starting signal for the readout of the actual values and for the moment of inscription of new actual values.
  • the shift counter 19 has reached the count 50, provided it was previously set to zero.
  • the line counter 17 which is set to zero with the image return pulses, reaches the position 50 with the fiftieth line of an image, and the comparator 18 transmits a control signal to the inscription control 16 which, in turn, emits a command signal for the readout of the actual values from the memory 4.
  • the newest actual value will therefore appear in line 50 or 51.
  • the uppermost values of the curves are represented not in the first line but in a line of a higher order, for example, 51, so that the shift counter 19 is reset not to zero but to a higher number, for example, 51.
  • the pulses, for example 50 in number, which the shift counter 19 summarizes upon inscription of additional desired values, are added to the preset number so that in the example, the newest actual value is represented in line 101.
  • the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 is adapted to compare two series of measured values plotted in the past.
  • the two measured value series are again inscribed in the memories 4 and 4'.
  • the shift counter 19 is not switched when desired values are inscribed in the memory 4', but there is provided a beat generator 25 by means of which the position of the counter 19 can be varied.
  • the stepping pulses may be individually triggered in a manual manner, but, for a rapid shift of the desired value curve, they may be produced in a generator with an output frequency of, for example, cycles.
  • the counter 19 should be a forward and backward counter.
  • FIG. 4 there is shown an extension of the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • a second shift counter 27 and a comparator stage 26 which, in case of an identical position of counters l7 and 27, transmits a switch signal to one input of a trigger pair circuit BK, the other input of which of which is controlled by the comparator stage 18.
  • This trigger pair circuit is incorporated in the inscription control designated with 16 in FIG. 3. From its output there is applied a release signal to a gate circuit T, to the other input of which there are applied the shift beat pulses for the actual value memory 4 which here again is expediently designed as a shift register.
  • the latter should be able to store only as many values as there are lines in the screen field where the curves are to be plotted. In any case, it has to be ensured that the shift register circulates only once during the reproduction of an image.
  • This purpose is served by the counter 27 which in this embodiment is set to a number which, corresponding to the line number in the screen field, is by 200 higher than the number to which the counter 19 is preset. If, for example, the counter 19 is in position 51, then the counter 27 is in position 251.
  • the counter 19 will be in position 151 and the counter 27 in position 37 because, upon reaching position 314 which corresponds to the total number of lines in the image, it resets itself to 1.
  • the trigger pair circuit BK upon inscription of the one hundred fiftyfirst line, is switched and the gate T is set free for the shift beat pulse.
  • the frequency of this beat pulse has a fixed relationship with respect to the line frequency to ensure that one desired value and one actual value is shifted into the readout register of the memories during a line period.
  • the line counter After the scanning of 200 lines with the gate T open, the line counter reaches the count 37, the comparator 26 responds and switches the trigger pair circuit BK so that the gate T is again closed.
  • the values have circulated the memory exactly once.
  • the line counter again reaches count 151, the gate T is again opened and the first actual value is indicated in the one hundred fifty-first line.
  • the arrangement serves for the control of the circulation of the actual values in the image repeating memory.
  • the arrangement for the control of the circulation of the desired values in their circulation memory is similarly designed except that only a single counter is required for the beat pulses.
  • the oldest values have to be removed from the memories and replaced by the newest values whereby the newest values have to be represented at the beginning of the curve.
  • the gate is closed when the shift counter reaches the position 250.
  • the two hundred fifty-first measured value may then be written over with the newest value if at that moment the oldest measured value is in the inscribing and readout register.
  • only the newest value can be represented in the line 51; it joins the curve at the upper screen edge. Simultaneously in order to ensure that both curves retain the same time relation the actual value curve also has to be provided at its beginning with its newest value.
  • the light intensity modulation for the actual value curve is turned off.
  • the signal therefor may be obtained by superposition of the output signal of the trigger pair circuit BK with the signal which indicates the end (i.e., line 252) of the screen range used for the reproduction.
  • light intensity modulation of the actual values occurs only from the starting moment for the shift pulses until line 251.
  • circulation memories are used which may be arrested for a while and then may be restarted. Very often, however, the use of circulation memories should be possible in which the data circulate in a continuous manner. Such memories are, for example, plate, drum, or transit time memories. More recently, dynamic shift registers have been developed in the integrated MOS-technique which have a large capacity and small space requirement, but which require shift beat pulses with a minimum frequency below which the stored information may be lost. If the capacity of such a shift register is selected to be exactly of such a magnitude that the information to be represented may just be stored therein, then after the readout of the last word of a reproducing cycle the shift beat frequency must be blocked until the last image is inscribed.
  • FIG. there is shown the basic circuit diagram of an arrangement in which such image repeating memories may be used.
  • Reference numerals 4 and 4' again indicate the desired value memory and the actual value memory, respectively. Since dynamic shift registers have to receive shift beal pulses continuously, the new measured values cannot be inscribed at an arbitrary moment between the reproduction of the last and the first represented measured values as it was possible, for example, in the arrangement according to FIG. 4. Thus, a new measured value is inscribed in the circulating shift register at a moment when the line counter 17 reaches the count or the address, as the case may be, of the memory cell in which the newest measured value has to be inscribed.
  • a take-over pulse for the desired value memory thus occurs always synchronously with the writing of the line 50.
  • the position 50 of the line counter 17 is determined by a line counter evaluating circuit 31 which then transmits a signal to the inscription control 16.
  • the evaluation of the line counter position 50 also applies to the actual value memory if to the newest measured value thereof there is assigned the measured value address 0. This corresponds to a presetting of the shift counter 19 to the value 50.
  • the evaluation is, however, taken over by the comparator 18.
  • the representation of the measured values occurs from the measured value address 1, the content of which is represented in line 51. In order to complement the measured value curve in the afore-described manner with the newest measured values, the introduced measured values have to be re-addressed by one position after each inscription.
  • the simultaneous inscription of desired and actual values is illustrated for the case when the inscribed values are to be represented in the same line.
  • the addresses of all memory cells are increased by I so that the newest measured value will be represented in line 51.
  • the same process takes place in the actual value memory if the newest value thereof is to be represented in the same line as the newest desired value.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a pulse diagram for the simultaneous inscription of desired values and actual values in the case when the desired value curve has a lead with respect to the actual value curve.
  • the take-over pulses UEBl and UEB 2 arrive at different moments.
  • the signal UEB I for the desired values arrives synchronously with the line 50, and the readdressing signal MOD 1 for the desired value memory begins with the address 0.
  • the take-over signal UEB 2 arrives at a later moment, because it is generated only when the line counter 17 has reached the position of the shift counter 19.
  • the readdressing signal MOD 2 for the actual value memory begins only after the arrival of the take-over signal UEB 2.
  • the choice among the three inscribing methods may be made by the calculator which introduces the corresponding indications into a function register 30 which, in turn, effects the routing of the pulses within the inscription control. If the actual value curve is erased through the function register, then, from this occurrence a resetting pulse is derived which returns the shift counter 19 to position 50.
  • a further operating mode may be desirable in a case set forth hereinbelow.
  • the represented desired value of the previous day may have, for example, a particular course at a determined period. If the actual value curve shows a trend of a similar course, but for another point in time, then it is advantageous to be able to shift the curves in such a manner that the similar courses of the curves are disposed adjacent or in superposition with respect to one another.
  • the shift counter 19 is formed as a forward and backward counter. The attendant may now apply counting pulses through the function register 30 to the shift counter 19, and simultaneously apply, in an identical number, addressing signals to the actual value memory. In response, the actual value curve shifts on the screen in the desired direction. If, subsequently, the newest measured values are introduced, then, again, the inscription address is determined for the actual values by the position of the shift counter 19.
  • a method of comparing digitally presented actual and desired values comprising the steps of A. displaying a series of desired values as a curve extending across the entire field of a television screen,
  • An apparatus for comparing actual and desired values comprising:
  • G a first comparator circuit transmitting a setting signal to said trigger pair circuit when the contents of said shift counter and said line counter are identical
  • a second comparator circuit transmitting a resetting signal to said trigger pair circuit when the contents of said line counter and said further counter are identical and .l. a gate circuit connected to said trigger pair circuit and opened by the latter when in a set position to aliow passage of shift beat pulses to said image repeating memory for actual values.
  • An apparatus for comparing actual and desired values comprising:
  • comparison circuit means coupled to respective outputs from said line counter and said shift counter for producing a control signal whenever the outputs from said line counter and said shift counter are equal
  • G an inscription control circuit means coupled from said comparison circuit means and to each of said image repeating memories, to an input of said line counter and to an input of said shift counter for transmitting to effect the inscription of a desired value and an actual value, a take-over signal to said image repeating memory for desired values and to said shift counter at the moment when the line is written in which the first value of the desired value curve is plotted and for transmitting a take-over signal, in response to the control signal from said comparison circuit means, to said image repeating memory for actual values when the contents of said line counter and said shift counter become identical

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Controls And Circuits For Display Device (AREA)
  • Complex Calculations (AREA)
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US00121841A 1970-03-10 1971-03-08 Method of and apparatus for comparing desired and actual values presented in digital form Expired - Lifetime US3818474A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2011194A DE2011194C3 (de) 1970-03-10 1970-03-10 Verfahren zur Darstellung des zeitlichen Verlaufs von Meßwertreihen auf dem Bildschirm eines Sichtgerätes

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US (1) US3818474A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2011194C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2081817A6 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1349792A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT984531B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7102898A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3987432A (en) * 1974-02-25 1976-10-19 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Operation state display apparatus
US4035786A (en) * 1974-03-28 1977-07-12 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Operation state monitoring apparatus
US4331962A (en) * 1980-09-12 1982-05-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Device for gating a blanking bar into a recording of analog signals
US4426644A (en) 1980-09-12 1984-01-17 Siemens Ag Method and apparatus for generating three coordinate signals x, y, z for an x, y, z display device
US4546348A (en) * 1983-05-27 1985-10-08 Heath Company Dual channel curve tracer
US4677481A (en) * 1986-03-17 1987-06-30 Tektronix, Inc. Dual display monitor
US4837561A (en) * 1986-07-08 1989-06-06 Gould Electronics Limited Method and apparatus for the generation of mixed REFRESH and ROLL mode display in a CRT
US4908775A (en) * 1987-02-24 1990-03-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Cycle monitoring method and apparatus

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3242470A (en) * 1962-08-21 1966-03-22 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Automation of telephone information service
US3406387A (en) * 1965-01-25 1968-10-15 Bailey Meter Co Chronological trend recorder with updated memory and crt display
US3474438A (en) * 1965-09-30 1969-10-21 Monsanto Co Display system
US3487308A (en) * 1966-12-12 1969-12-30 North American Rockwell Variable display having a reference and a code for indicating absolute values of the reference
US3518657A (en) * 1966-11-01 1970-06-30 Singer General Precision Pulse code to alpha/numeric translator
US3522597A (en) * 1965-11-19 1970-08-04 Ibm Execution plotter

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3242470A (en) * 1962-08-21 1966-03-22 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Automation of telephone information service
US3406387A (en) * 1965-01-25 1968-10-15 Bailey Meter Co Chronological trend recorder with updated memory and crt display
US3474438A (en) * 1965-09-30 1969-10-21 Monsanto Co Display system
US3522597A (en) * 1965-11-19 1970-08-04 Ibm Execution plotter
US3518657A (en) * 1966-11-01 1970-06-30 Singer General Precision Pulse code to alpha/numeric translator
US3487308A (en) * 1966-12-12 1969-12-30 North American Rockwell Variable display having a reference and a code for indicating absolute values of the reference

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3987432A (en) * 1974-02-25 1976-10-19 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Operation state display apparatus
US4035786A (en) * 1974-03-28 1977-07-12 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Operation state monitoring apparatus
US4331962A (en) * 1980-09-12 1982-05-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Device for gating a blanking bar into a recording of analog signals
US4426644A (en) 1980-09-12 1984-01-17 Siemens Ag Method and apparatus for generating three coordinate signals x, y, z for an x, y, z display device
US4546348A (en) * 1983-05-27 1985-10-08 Heath Company Dual channel curve tracer
US4677481A (en) * 1986-03-17 1987-06-30 Tektronix, Inc. Dual display monitor
US4837561A (en) * 1986-07-08 1989-06-06 Gould Electronics Limited Method and apparatus for the generation of mixed REFRESH and ROLL mode display in a CRT
US4908775A (en) * 1987-02-24 1990-03-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Cycle monitoring method and apparatus

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IT984531B (it) 1974-11-20
DE2011194C3 (de) 1975-09-11
DE2011194A1 (de) 1971-09-23
FR2081817A6 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-12-10
DE2011194B2 (de) 1975-01-23
GB1349792A (en) 1974-04-10
NL7102898A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-09-14

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