US3815705A - Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool - Google Patents

Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool Download PDF

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Publication number
US3815705A
US3815705A US00311760A US31176072A US3815705A US 3815705 A US3815705 A US 3815705A US 00311760 A US00311760 A US 00311760A US 31176072 A US31176072 A US 31176072A US 3815705 A US3815705 A US 3815705A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
muffler
tool
expansion chamber
jacket
further characterized
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00311760A
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English (en)
Inventor
D Bennett
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thor Power Tool Co
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Thor Power Tool Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thor Power Tool Co filed Critical Thor Power Tool Co
Priority to US00311760A priority Critical patent/US3815705A/en
Priority to CA185,509A priority patent/CA990596A/en
Priority to FR7342595A priority patent/FR2208763A1/fr
Priority to IT54055/73A priority patent/IT997925B/it
Priority to DE2360430A priority patent/DE2360430A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3815705A publication Critical patent/US3815705A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
    • B25D17/00—Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
    • B25D17/11—Arrangements of noise-damping means
    • B25D17/12—Arrangements of noise-damping means of exhaust silencers

Definitions

  • a muffler for attenuating the sounds generated by the [111 7 3,815,705 June 11, 1974 operation of a pneumatic percussion tool is disclosed, wherein the muffler is formed in two, symmetricallyshaped halves to facilitate mounting and demounting from the body of the tool.
  • the mufiler When mounted on the tool, the mufiler surrounds a portion of the tool body including the exhaust ports and includes two expansion chambers and elongated passage means arranged in series flow relation.
  • the first and second expansion chambers are arranged on opposite sides of the tool body and are defined in part by the outer surface of the body.
  • a first orifice means having a predetermined area relationship with respect to the area of the exhaust ports, interconnects the first and second expansion chambers.
  • a second orifice means having a predetermined area relationship with respect to the effective flow area of the first orifice means, interconnects the second expansion chamber with the elongated passage means.
  • SHEET 2 BF 2 I- MUFFLER FOR A PNEUMATICPERCUSSION TOOL This invention relates to sound attenuating devices, and more particularly relates to a muffler for reducing the operating noise level of a pneumatic percussion tool.
  • Pneumatic percussion tools such as pavement breakers and the like
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pneumatic percussion tool, in the present instance a paving breaker, the latter being equipped with a muffler embodying the features of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a transverse cross sectional view taken substantially along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a somewhat enlarged, transverse sectional view taken substantially along the line 3-3 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a somewhat enlarged, longitudinal sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of FIG. 2
  • FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view taken substantially along the line 5-5 of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a staggered, transverse sectional view taken along the line 6-6 of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of the muffler illustrated in FIGS. 1-6, inclusive, and showing the parts of the muffler as they would appear in relation to an associated pneumatic tool.
  • the present invention contemplates a novel muffler for use with pneumatic percussion tools or the like, for attenuating the sounds generated by the operation of such tools.
  • the muffler to be hereinafter the normal rough handling incident to the operation of tools of this character.
  • Another object is to provide a novel muffler for attenuating the sounds generated by a pneumatic percussion tool, which does not reduce the operating efficiency of the tool to any significant extent.
  • a further object is to provide a novel muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool, which is capable of attenuating substantially the-entire frequency range of the sounds generated by the tool when the latter is in operation.
  • Still another object is to provide a novel muffler of the foregoing character having improved high frequency sound attenuation characteristics.
  • a particular object is to provide a novel muffler for a pneumatic percussion-type tool, which is compact in size, rugged in construction, durable in use, and economical to manufacture.
  • a still further object is to provide a novel muffler for a pneumatic tool, which may be easily and rapidly mounted on or demounted from an associated pneumatic tool.
  • the muffler halves are preferably symmetrical in shape and adapted to surround a portion of the body of the associated percussion tool in the vicinity of the exhaust ports.
  • the muffler forms a jacket which coacts with the exterior of the body to define at least one and preferably a plurality of expansion chambers therein.
  • Internal ribs or baffles are provided on the inner surface of the muffler halves, such ribs coacting with the outer surface of the associated tool body to define two of the expansion chambers.
  • a first orifice means having an effective flow area of a particular size interconnects these chambers.
  • the muffler also includes a third expansion chamber provided by a pair of elongated passages which communicate at one end with the second expansion chamber and at their opposite ends with outlet ports in the jacket through which the expanded air from the exhaust ports of the tool finally discharges.
  • the effective flow area of the third orifice means is likewise of a particular size.
  • the muffler halves are of an elastomeric material which improves both the durability and high frequency sound attenuating characteristics of the muffler.
  • a muffler embodying the features of the present invention is indicated generally at 10 and shown as it would appear when mounted on an associated pneumatic tool, such as paving breaker, indicated generally at B.
  • the paving breaker B in the present instance, comprises an elongated tool body 11 having handles 12 and a control lever 13 at the upper end thereof for controlling the operation of the too].
  • a work steel such as a moil point 14 of the type disclosed in the copending Irvin R. Danielson U.S. Patent application, Ser. No. 260,373, filed June 7, 1972 and assigned to the assignee of this application, is shown mounted in the lower end, indicated at 16, of the tool body 11.
  • the moil point 14 is releasably retained in the body 11 by a latch assembly 17.
  • Working fluid in the present instance air under pressure
  • a piston or a hammer 22 (FIG. 4) that is reciprocatively mounted in a bore 23 (FIG. 4) in the body 11.
  • the piston 22 impacts against the upper end of a tappet 24 which is reciprocatively mounted in a stepped bore 25 in the tool body 11 and which imparts impact blows to the upper end of the steel 14.
  • Air under pressure is exhausted from the tool body 11 at the completion of each working stroke of the piston 22 through exhaust port means in the form of a plurality of exhaust ports 26.
  • the operation of the paving breaker B is continuous so long as the throttle lever 13 is held in a depressed position and air under pressure is continuously supplied to the inlet fitting l8.
  • the muffler 10 is formed in two parts or halves 10a and 10b, which are preferably symmetrical and of an elastomeric material, such as polyurethane.
  • an elastomeric material such as polyurethane.
  • the muffler halves 10a and 10b respectively have generally semi-cylindrical side walls 32a and 32b, and upper and lower end walls 33a and 33b and 34a and 34b.
  • the upper and lower end walls 33a and 33b and 34a and 34b are respectively provided with recesses 36a and 36b and 37a and 37b, which are shaped to closely conform to the external contours of the tool body 11 when the muffler 10 is mounted thereon.
  • the recesses 36a and 36b in the upper end walls 330 and 33b are generally semicircular, while the recesses 37a and 37b in the lower end walls 34a and 34b are generally V-shaped in cross section.
  • a pair of clamps 42 and 43 are provided for surrounding and compressing axially outwardly extending flange portions 44a and 44b and 45a and 45b on the upper and lower end walls 33a and 33b and 34a and 34b, respectively.
  • flanges 47a and 47b are provided with outwardly extending flanges 47a and 47b, respectively, having a plurality of openings 48a and 48b therethrough for receiving a plurality of fasteners such as screws 52. Since the flanges 47a and 47b, and the other portions of the mufiler halves 10a and 10b are preferably of an elastomeric material, the flanges are reinforced with metal inserts. A pair of these inserts is indicated at 53b and 54b in FIG. 4 in the flange 47b of the muffler halve 10b.
  • a similar pair of inserts are provided in the flange 47a of a mufiler halve 10a.
  • the inserts 53b and 54b are threaded to receive the threaded shanks of the screws 52 and the inserts in the flange47a are merely bored to permit the shanks of the screws 52 to extend through the flange 47a.
  • the flanges 47a and 47b sealingly engage each other.
  • the muffler 10 is provided with at least one and preferably a plurality of expansion chambers therein for receiving the high velocity, pulsating, flow of air from the discharge ports 26 of the tool, and for attenuating the level'of thesound generated by such flow when the tool is in operation.
  • the halves 10a and 10b are respectively provided with partition means defined by inner walls or partitions 56a and 56b (FIGS. 4-7, inclusive), which divide the'interior of each muffler half into two compartments.
  • Each of the partitions 56a and 56b is preferably formed integrally'with the material of its respective muffler half and comprises a pair of longitudinally extending, transversely spaced ribs 57 and 58.
  • the radial width of the ribs is such that 61 and 62 are in series flow relation.
  • first orifice means is provided for continuously interconnecting the chambers 61 and 62.
  • Such orifice means is preferably provided by a pair of gaps 63 and 64 (FIG. 4 and 5) defined between the lower end edges 66 of the ribs 56a and 56b, and the adjacent end face, indicated at 67, of a flange 68 on the body 11 of the tool.
  • the pulsating flow of air from the'exhaust ports 26 of the tool B first discharges into the expansion chamber 61 at an angle determined by the exit angle of the ports 26. After entering the chamber 61, the flow expands and the sound level of the flow is attenuated. Some attenuation also occurs as a result of the interference between the pressure waves in the flow as the waves reflect back and forth from the various walls of the chamber 61.
  • the flow proceeds through the first orifice means or gaps 63 and 64 at the lower ends of the partitions 56a and 56b, and then enters the second expansion chamber 62.
  • the gaps 63 and 64 and other geometry of the muffler 10 are such that the area of the first orifice means is in the range of between about 1.4 to about 1.5 times the eumulative area of the exhaust ports 26 in the tool body
  • the air flow from the exhaust ports 26 changes direction as it passes through the gaps .63 and 64 and then enters the lower end of the second expansion chamber 62. This change in direction of the exhaust air flow contributes to the attenuation of the sound level of the flow. Expansion of the exhaust air flow in the second expansion chamber results in further attenuation of the level of the sound in the exhaust flow.
  • Such passage means is defined by a pair of elongated passages 72a and 72b (FIGS. 3-6) formed in a pair of longitudinally extending bosses 73a and 73b on the inner surface of the side walls 32a and 32b of the housing portions a and 10b.
  • the bosses 73a and 73b. are formed integrally with the material of the muffler halves 10a and 10b and the cross sectional shape of the passages 172a and 72b is generally oval.
  • the bosses 72a and 72b extend longitudinally through the second expansion chamber 62 from the lower end wall 34a and 34b of the muffler halves 10a and 10b toward the upper end walls 33a and 33b thereof but terminate short of the upper end walls, as is apparent 'from FIGS. 4, 5 and 7.
  • Thepassages 72a and 72b are thus disposed in and isolated fromthe second expansion chamber 62, except for their upper ends 74a and 74b which comprise a second orifice means connecting the second expansion chamber 62 with the passages 72a and 72b.
  • the length of the passages 72a and 72b is preferably approximately 70 percent of that of the length of the expansion chamber 62, and the combined cross sec- 'tional area of the passages 72a and 72b is preferably in the range of about to% times the area of the first orifice means.
  • the aforementioned area relationship between the first orifice means and the exhaust ports 26 of the tool body ll, and the area relationship between the second orifice means and the first orifice means, reduces the high frequency sounds generated by the exhaust air flow from the ports 26 and also inhibits frosting and/or freezing of water vapor present in the exhaust air. Moreover, the aforementioned area relationships do not appreciably increase the back pressure of the muffler and hence do not reduce the operating efficiency of the pneumatic motor ofthe tool.
  • the muffler 10 is preferably. constructed from an elastomeric material such as polyurethane.
  • an elastomeric material such as polyurethane.
  • the use of such a material not only contributes to the sound attenuating character istics of the muffler but also serves to attenuate the sounds generated from the impacts of the piston 22 on the tappet 24 and from the tappet 24 hitting the upper end of the steel mounted in the tool body 1 1.
  • the material of the muffler 10 is a resilient, durable, plastic, the possibility of damage to or destruction of the muffler due to rough handling, bumping or jarring, is substantially eliminated.
  • a muffler for reducing the operating noise level of a pneumatic percussion tool having an elongated body and exhaust port means in said body through which air under pressure discharges when said tool is in operation, said muffler comprising a jacket adapted to surround said tool body in the vicinity of said exhaust port means and having partition means therein adapted to coact with said body to define first and second expan- 2.
  • said jacket has a generally cylindrical side wall portion spaced from the outer surface of said tool body when said jacket is mounted on said body, and said partition means comprises a pair of ribs on the inner surface of said side wall portion, said ribs having radially inner edges adapted to engage the body of said tool in sealing relation to define said expansion chambers.
  • the muffler of claim 4 further characterized in that said jacket has axially spaced end wall portions, said ribs extend axially from one of said end wall portions toward the other of said end wall portions, and at least-one of said ribs terminates axially inwardly of the inner surface of said other end wall portion to define a gap therebetween, said gap comprising a portion of said first orifice means.
  • the muffler of claim 1 further characterized in that said first orifice means has an effective flow area of about 1.4 to about l .5 times the flow area of said exhaust port means.
  • the muffler of claim 1 further characterized in that said jacket is formed in at least two, substantially symmetrical, separable parts, whereby said muffler may be easily mounted on or demounted from the body of said tool.
  • the muffler of claim 10 further characterized in that a pair of said elongated passages are provided in said jacket.
  • the muffler of claim 14 further characterized in that said pair of elongated passages have upstream ends communicating with said-second expansion chamber and comprising second orifice means interconnecting said second and third expansion chambers.
  • the muffler of claim 15 further characterized in that the effective flow area of said second orifice means is about 1 to Vs times the effective flow area of said first orifice means.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
US00311760A 1972-12-04 1972-12-04 Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool Expired - Lifetime US3815705A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00311760A US3815705A (en) 1972-12-04 1972-12-04 Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool
CA185,509A CA990596A (en) 1972-12-04 1973-11-09 Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool
FR7342595A FR2208763A1 (forum.php) 1972-12-04 1973-11-29
IT54055/73A IT997925B (it) 1972-12-04 1973-12-03 Dispositivo di attenuazione di rumori in particolare per uten sili a percussione
DE2360430A DE2360430A1 (de) 1972-12-04 1973-12-04 Schalldaempfer fuer pneumatische schlagwerkzeuge

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00311760A US3815705A (en) 1972-12-04 1972-12-04 Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3815705A true US3815705A (en) 1974-06-11

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00311760A Expired - Lifetime US3815705A (en) 1972-12-04 1972-12-04 Muffler for a pneumatic percussion tool

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US3815705A (forum.php)
CA (1) CA990596A (forum.php)
DE (1) DE2360430A1 (forum.php)
FR (1) FR2208763A1 (forum.php)
IT (1) IT997925B (forum.php)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4010819A (en) * 1973-12-27 1977-03-08 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Arrangement for muffling the exhaust of a pneumatic rock drilling machine
US4227591A (en) * 1978-06-21 1980-10-14 Signode Corporation Muffler for air-powered nailers and the like
US4244442A (en) * 1978-10-13 1981-01-13 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Method and apparatus for treating exhaust gases particularly for air-operated tools
US4294330A (en) * 1979-02-13 1981-10-13 Inco Limited Mufflers for percussive pneumatic machines
US4303133A (en) * 1979-02-28 1981-12-01 Compair Construction & Mining Limited Compressed-gas-operated reciprocating-piston devices
US4303131A (en) * 1980-02-27 1981-12-01 Compair Construction And Mining Ltd. Compressed-gas-operated reciprocating piston devices
US4327817A (en) * 1978-10-13 1982-05-04 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Method and apparatus for treating exhaust gases particularly for air-operated tools
US4346783A (en) * 1980-09-26 1982-08-31 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Apparatus for treating flowing working gases particularly to reduce the noise in operation thereof
US4496023A (en) * 1982-09-16 1985-01-29 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Pneumatically operated impact tool
US4821840A (en) * 1988-01-20 1989-04-18 Ap Parts Manufacturing Company Stamp formed exhaust muffler with conformal outer shell
US5272285A (en) * 1992-08-20 1993-12-21 Scott Mfg., Inc. Sound attenuating machinery cover
USD355422S (en) 1992-10-09 1995-02-14 Ingersoll-Rand Company Muffler for a jackhammer
US5419404A (en) * 1990-05-23 1995-05-30 Bretec Oy Hydraulic impact hammer
US20050274569A1 (en) * 2004-05-14 2005-12-15 Seel Robert V Compressor sound attenuation enclosure
US20070295520A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2007-12-27 Montabert Ramming Device To Be Assigned To A Rock Breaker
US20090090530A1 (en) * 2007-07-13 2009-04-09 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise abatement device for a pneumatic tool
US20090294211A1 (en) * 2008-05-28 2009-12-03 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise reducing device for a pneumatic tool
US20110126541A1 (en) * 2009-12-02 2011-06-02 Longyear Tm, Inc. Muffler system for noise abatement and ice control
US9153225B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2015-10-06 Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. Sound enclosure for enclosing a compressor assembly
US11867102B2 (en) 2019-08-28 2024-01-09 Snap-On Incorporated Pneumatic tool exhaust muffler

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2820842A1 (de) 1978-05-12 1979-11-22 Sig Schweiz Industrieges Pneumatisch betaetigtes schlaggeraet
US4189917A (en) * 1978-09-18 1980-02-26 Kent Air Tool Company Air hammer and muffler combination

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2128742A (en) * 1937-04-09 1938-08-30 Ingersoll Rand Co Muffling device
GB496454A (en) * 1938-04-05 1938-11-30 Albert Walter Christian Mandel Improvements in or relating to gas-pressure actuated percussive drills and the like
US2166218A (en) * 1937-04-06 1939-07-18 Ingersoll Rand Co Muffling device
US2789653A (en) * 1954-05-17 1957-04-23 Fannen John Muffler attachment for air driven tools of the impact type
US3224527A (en) * 1964-04-03 1965-12-21 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co Percussive drill with noise silencer
US3554316A (en) * 1969-11-25 1971-01-12 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co Detachable elastomer muffler for pneumatic percussive tools

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2166218A (en) * 1937-04-06 1939-07-18 Ingersoll Rand Co Muffling device
US2128742A (en) * 1937-04-09 1938-08-30 Ingersoll Rand Co Muffling device
GB496454A (en) * 1938-04-05 1938-11-30 Albert Walter Christian Mandel Improvements in or relating to gas-pressure actuated percussive drills and the like
US2789653A (en) * 1954-05-17 1957-04-23 Fannen John Muffler attachment for air driven tools of the impact type
US3224527A (en) * 1964-04-03 1965-12-21 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co Percussive drill with noise silencer
US3554316A (en) * 1969-11-25 1971-01-12 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co Detachable elastomer muffler for pneumatic percussive tools

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4010819A (en) * 1973-12-27 1977-03-08 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Arrangement for muffling the exhaust of a pneumatic rock drilling machine
US4227591A (en) * 1978-06-21 1980-10-14 Signode Corporation Muffler for air-powered nailers and the like
US4244442A (en) * 1978-10-13 1981-01-13 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Method and apparatus for treating exhaust gases particularly for air-operated tools
US4327817A (en) * 1978-10-13 1982-05-04 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Method and apparatus for treating exhaust gases particularly for air-operated tools
US4294330A (en) * 1979-02-13 1981-10-13 Inco Limited Mufflers for percussive pneumatic machines
US4303133A (en) * 1979-02-28 1981-12-01 Compair Construction & Mining Limited Compressed-gas-operated reciprocating-piston devices
US4303131A (en) * 1980-02-27 1981-12-01 Compair Construction And Mining Ltd. Compressed-gas-operated reciprocating piston devices
US4346783A (en) * 1980-09-26 1982-08-31 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Apparatus for treating flowing working gases particularly to reduce the noise in operation thereof
US4496023A (en) * 1982-09-16 1985-01-29 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Pneumatically operated impact tool
US4821840A (en) * 1988-01-20 1989-04-18 Ap Parts Manufacturing Company Stamp formed exhaust muffler with conformal outer shell
US5419404A (en) * 1990-05-23 1995-05-30 Bretec Oy Hydraulic impact hammer
US5272285A (en) * 1992-08-20 1993-12-21 Scott Mfg., Inc. Sound attenuating machinery cover
USD355422S (en) 1992-10-09 1995-02-14 Ingersoll-Rand Company Muffler for a jackhammer
US20050274569A1 (en) * 2004-05-14 2005-12-15 Seel Robert V Compressor sound attenuation enclosure
US7398855B2 (en) * 2004-05-14 2008-07-15 Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. Compressor sound attenuation enclosure
US20070295520A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2007-12-27 Montabert Ramming Device To Be Assigned To A Rock Breaker
US7413028B2 (en) * 2005-02-10 2008-08-19 Montabert Ramming device to be assigned to a rock breaker
US7681690B2 (en) 2007-07-13 2010-03-23 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise abatement device for a pneumatic tool
US20090090530A1 (en) * 2007-07-13 2009-04-09 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise abatement device for a pneumatic tool
US20100155174A1 (en) * 2007-07-13 2010-06-24 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise abatement device for a pneumatic tool
US7845464B2 (en) 2007-07-13 2010-12-07 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise abatement device for a pneumatic tool
US20090294211A1 (en) * 2008-05-28 2009-12-03 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise reducing device for a pneumatic tool
US7735603B2 (en) 2008-05-28 2010-06-15 Longyear Tm, Inc. Noise reducing device for a pneumatic tool
US20110126541A1 (en) * 2009-12-02 2011-06-02 Longyear Tm, Inc. Muffler system for noise abatement and ice control
US8215449B2 (en) * 2009-12-02 2012-07-10 Longyear Tm, Inc. Muffler system for noise abatement and ice control
US9153225B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2015-10-06 Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. Sound enclosure for enclosing a compressor assembly
US11867102B2 (en) 2019-08-28 2024-01-09 Snap-On Incorporated Pneumatic tool exhaust muffler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT997925B (it) 1975-12-30
FR2208763A1 (forum.php) 1974-06-28
CA990596A (en) 1976-06-08
DE2360430A1 (de) 1974-06-06

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