US3462947A

US3462947A - Exhaust system for two-stroke engines

Info

Publication number: US3462947A
Application number: US776232A
Authority: US
Inventors: Klaus Frederick Nowak
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1968-11-15
Filing date: 1968-11-15
Publication date: 1969-08-26
Anticipated expiration: 1986-08-26
Also published as: DE1957036A1

Description

Aug. 26, 1969 K. F. NOWAK EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR TWO-STROKE ENGINES Filed Nov. 15, 1968 INVENTOR. KLAUS F. NOWAK y $7 M;

Attorney United States Patent O 3,462,947 EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR TWO-STROKE ENGINES Klaus Frederick Nowak, 12 Weatherstone Crescent, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada Filed Nov. 15, 1968, Ser. No. 776,232 Int. Cl. F0211 25/00; F01n 1/08 U.S. C]. 6032 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An exhaust system for two-stroke engines, wherein a divergent cone and a convergent cone are fitted within a sleeve having ends, so that the converging cone overlies the diverging cone. Sound mufi ling baflles may be installed beyond and over the outlet end of the converging cone; and a reflector plate may be installed beyond the wide end of the diverging cone.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The use of two-stroke engines has greatly increased due to many factors. Included among them are the vastly increased market for engine driven vehicles adapted to be driven over snow and/or water; as well as a vastly increased market in small and medium sized motorcycles, scooters and powered bicycles. Additionally, many tools such as hammers and rodding machines for the construction industry, chain saws and the like have been developed which are self-powered. Also, many racing events wherein powered vehicles of one sort or another compete in classesgenerally designated according to engine displacement and Weightare being organized. The effect of all of these factors has been a greater demand for two-stroke engines, particularly of the small and medium displacement ranges, and for higher output from such engines.

One way in which the output of a two-stroke engine may be increased is by mating the engine to a properly tuned exhaust system. By so doing, the exhaust system may then provide a supercharging effect and a more efiicient scavenging to the two-stroke engine, and increased output is achieved. The present invention provides an exhaust system for two-stroke engines whereby the output of the engine may be increased, thereby increasing engine efficiency, and whereby the exhaust system provided is compact in size.

DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART Many studies have been made having to do with theoretical and empirical improvements in the efficiency of two-stroke engines. Particularly, attention has been paid to small two-stroke engines of the 50 to 600 cc. displacement range. Notable among such studies are two publications of the Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., namely Paper No. 660009, The Present Day Efficiency and the Factors Governing the Performance of Small Two-Stroke Engines by Claus Waker given at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. -14, 1966; and Paper No. 680469, Investigation and Tuning of the Exhaust System of Small Two-Stroke Cycle Engines by Wilhelm A. Huelsse given at the Mid- Year Meeting, Detroit, Mich., May -24, 1968.

From the aforenoted papers, it becomes evident that the efficiencies of two-stroke engines may be increased by using exhaust systems in which a divergent cone is in communication with the outlet of the engine, and which exhaust system may further include convergent cones, stepped orifices and/or other exhaust outlets. However, the length of an exhaust system such as those discussed in the S.A.E. papers mentioned above is quite substantial, depending on the engine r.p.m. at rated output. For example, exhaust systems as discussed in the S.A.E. papers are upwards of 750 millimeters or 30 inches for a very small engine of 50 cc. displacement and 7000+ r.p.m., up to nearly 2500 millimeters or over inches for two-stroke engines of the 500+ cc. displacement range and 3000 r.p.m. Obviously, such long exhaust systems are adaptable, if at all, only to such devices as motorcycles.

A properly tuned exhaust system will develop pressure waves which travel back and forth in the exhaust system, and arrive at the open exhaust port of the engine at the proper time so as to provide scavenging and/or supercharging effects to the engine. The attempt is made, therefore, in any exhaust system for a two-stroke engine which is designed to increase the efiiciency of the engine, to have a back-pressure wave arrive at the exhaust port as it is closing and during fuel injection so as to provide a super-charging effect; and to have a negative pressure or gauge vacuum presented at the exhaust port during cylinder scavenging. Because the precise dimensions of an exhaust system are dependent upon many factors of the engine, including displacement, compression ratio, crank case compression ratio type of scavenging system used, etc., the present invention is not related directly to the physical size of an exhaust system. Rather, the present invention relates to an exhaust system for two-stroke engines which, when properly dimensioned, increases the efficiency of any two-stroke engine; and examples are given of an exhaust system related to a specific engine whose performance characteristics are known and, whereby the efficiency of the engine is greatly increased.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention, therefore, provides an exhaust system for two-stroke engines wherein there is provided a divergent cone which communicates with the exhaust port of the engine, and a converging cone which overlies the diverging cone to some extent and whose greatest diameter is therefore somewhat larger than the greatest diameter of the diverging cone. Additionally, the present invention may provide a reflector plate near the wide end of the diverging cone, and sound mufilng baflles which are in communication with the converging cone so as to provide a sound reducing effect to the exhaust of the two-stroke engine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING A more complete description of the exhaust system for two-stroke engines according to this invention follows in association with the single figure of drawings which illustrates, in partial and perspective cross-section, an exhaust system made according to this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The exhaust system shown generally at 10 basically comprises an outer shell 12 within which there is assembled a diverging cone 14, a reflector 16, converging cone 18 and

baffles

20a and 20b. In general, the assembly is made of such material as steel, and is welded. However, the exact assembly details of the exhaust system are irrelevant to the present discussion.

The outer shell 12 comprises a cylindrical sleeve 22 to which

end plates

24 and 26 are attached. Except as noted hereafter, the envelope enclosed by sleeve 22 and

end plates

24 and 26 is substantially gas tight.

An exhaust pipe 28 which communicates with the eX- haust port of the two-stroke engine passes through the end plate 24 and into the interior of the shell 12. The divergent cone 14 is attached to, and extends from, exhaust pipe 28 within shell 12. It will be noted that the length of the divergent cone 12 is such that it does not extend to within very close proximity of the end 26 of the shell 12, but stops some distance short thereof.

Also situated within shell 12 is converging cone 18. The largest diameter of cone 18 is such that the cone sits against the sleeve 22 at its large end; and the large end of cone 18 is closer to the end 24 of shell 12 than is the large end of cone 14. At the rear or small end of converging cone 18 there is a portion 30 thereof of substantially constant diameter, which diameter is somewhat larger than the diameter of the diverging cone 14 taken at the same distance from end 24 of shell 12 as the start of the substantially constant diameter portion of diverging cone 14. The start of the substantially constant diameter portion of converging cone 18 is indicated in the drawingat 29. Because of the diameter of the rear portion 30 of cone 18 is greater than any diameter of cone 14 measured along cone 14 beneath where portion 30 overlies the same, a somewhat annular passage 32 of increasing passage width is provided between the inner surface of cone 18 and the outer surface of cone 14.

It is also noted that the end 34 of cone 18 is spaced axially along the interior of shell 12 from the end 24. Also, it will be noted that the

baffles

20a and 20b, which are slotted so as to allow gas flow therethrough, extend radially outwards from the rear portion 30 of cone 1-8 to contact the inner surface of the sleeve 22.

It is now seen that there are several enclosed volumes within the shell 12 of the exhaust system of this invention. The enclosed volumes of particular significance to this discussion are: the interior of exhaust pipe 28 and diverging cone 14; the volume beyond the end of diverging cone 14 to reflector plate 16; the interior of converging cone 18 exterior of diverging cone 14; the passageway 32 between rear section 30 of converging cone 18 and the exterior surface of diverging cone 14; the volume 36 between end plate 24 and first baflle a exterior of diverging cone 14; volume 38 exterior of rear section of converging cone 14 and between

baffles

20a and 20b; and volume 40 which lies forward of baffle 20b exterior of converging cone 18. The enclosed

volumes

36, 38 and 40 are all bounded at their peripheries when considered with respect to the longitudinal axis of shell 12 by the interior surface of the sleeve 22.

Also communicating with the enclosed volume 40 is an outlet pipe 42 which conducts the exhaust gases away from the exhaust system of this invention to the atmosphere.

The exhaust gas flow within the exhaust system for two-stroke engines according to this invention is indicated by the flow arrows shown on the drawing. As can be seen, the exhaust gases enter the exhaust pipe 28 from the twostroke engine and flow through the diverging cone 14. On exiting from the diverging cone 14, the exhaust gas impinge upon the reflector plate 16 and the flow of the exhaust gases is reversed as indicated in the drawing. The gases then flow into the converging cone 1 8 and through the passageway 32 into the enclosed volume 36. Within the enclosed volume 36 the direction of the flow of gases is again reversed, and the gases flow through the baflle 20a, through the enclosed volume 38, through the baflie 20b and into the enclosed volume 40 whence they are removed to the atmosphere through outlet pipe 42.

The shape of the reflector plate 16 is illustrated as having a centrally located peak 44 facing along the axis of the exhaust system 10 into the wide end of diverging cone 14. The reflector plate is also shown as being upturned at its periphery adjacent the interior of the sleeve 22, with an annular depression between the peak and the upturned periphery. Obviously, such a shape for the reflector plate 16 provides a more complete reversal of the exhaust gas flow out of diverging cone 14 into the converging cone 18, and-also more readily assures that the exhaust gas flow will change from a somewhat axial flow as it leaves diverging cone 14 to an annular flow as it enters the converging cone 18. However, it is not absolutely necessary that the reflector plate 16 has the shape as shown, or indeed that the reflector plate be installed within the exhaust system 10. The reversal of the gas flow and the change from axial to annular flow may be effected by the gas impinging upon the end plate 26. However, as will appear more evident hereinafter, a reflector plate 16 having a shape somewhat as illustrated assures a more eflicient operation of the exhaust system 10 over a wider r.p.m. range for any given two-stroke engine.

It is evident that any tuned exhaust system for a twostroke engine must be related physically as to its size to the engine with which the exhaust system is operating. Thus, an exhaust system which may be tuned for a 50 cc. engine having a maximum output at 7400 r.p.m. may be entirely unsuitable for a 350 cc. engine having a maximum output at 5000 r.p.m. However, the precise dimension of the exhaust system according to this invention as it may be prepared for any two-stroke engine may be readily ascertained by one skilled in the art, provided that the engine characteristics are known; particularly engine displacement, engine r.p.m. for peak output, compression ratio, crank case ratio, the type of scavenging and the tim ing cycle of the engine. That is to say, knowing the above characteristics of the two-stroke engine to which the exhaust system is to be mated, the dimensions of the exhaust system can be determined so as to set up a standing wave within the exhaust system in such a way that the backpressure and the gauge vacuum arrive at the exhaust port of the engine at the appropriate times during the engine cycle.

However, it has been found that for a most eflicient exhaust system for a two-stroke engine according to this invention, and for compactness of the assembled exhaust system, the angle of divergence of the diverging cone 14 should be between 5 and 8, and the angle of divergence of the converging cone 18 should be between 15 and 40.

As it has been stated above, the precise design of the

baffles

20a and 20b is irrelevant, and is dependent upon the amount of sound mufiiing required and as well on the engine characteristics of the engine to which the exhaust system is mated.

It should also be noted that the rear portion 30 of the converging cone 18 may be of somewhat decreasing diameter, so that the width of passageway 32 between the outside of diverging cone 14 and the inside of the rear portion 30 remains constant.

It will be seen that-apart from the standing wave which may be set up in the exhaust system at any constant engine r.p.m.-because there is mass flow of exhaust gases through the system there is an expansion of the gases as they leave diverging cone 14; a compression of the gases as they flow through the converging cone 18 and the gas passageway 32; an expansion of the gases in the enclosed volume 36; and a recompression of the gases as they flow into the enclosed volume 40. In this manner, the direction of flow of the exhaust gases from the engine is assured without unnecessary back-pressures occurring to impede the flow, particularly through the passageway 32. Also, the precise configuration of reflector plate 16 and

end plates

24 and 26 are not critical, although as mentioned, the reflector plate 16 when as illustrated assumes a more complete flow reversal.

By way of example, there follows a brief discussion of tests which were performed with an exhaust system made according to this invention mated to an engine as discussed below. The engine which was used during the tests was one which was specifically intended for installation in snow-mobiles. The engine had a displacement of 320 cubic centimetres and had a name plate rating of 17 horsepower at 5500 r.p.m. Three tests were performed, the first being with the exhaust system and mufller as supplied by the manufacturer with the engine, the second with an open pipe 15 inches long, and the third with an exhaust system according to this invention.

With respect to the particular exhaust system used, its overall length was 13 inches, its overall diameter 4 inches and the large end of the diverging cone 14 was 3 inches from the end 26 while the large end of the converging cone 18 was 5 inches from the end 26 of the shell 12. The first baflle 20a was placed 2 inches from the end 24 and the bafiie 20b was spaced 1 inch from baffle 20a. The diameter of the constant diameter rear portion 30 of diverging cone 18 was 2 inches while the diameter of the diverging cone 14 immediately beneath baffle 20b was 1% inches. The diameter of the exhaust pipe 28 was 1%. inches, and the diameter of the open end of diverging cone 14 was 2 /2 inches. A reflector plate of the sort illustrated in the figure was used.

The following table shows some dynamorneter readings taken at various r.p.m. of the engine, and indicates both output torque in foot pounds and brake horsepower:

TABLE With tuned With open pipe exhaust system Torque Torque Engine, r.p.m. BHP (ft. lbs.) BHP (ft. lbs.)

It should be noted that the table indicates figures only for the 15 inch long open pipe and the tuned exhaust system according to this invention. All of the test results taken with the normal muffler supplied by the engine manufacturer were lower than the test results taken with the open pipe.

It is seen from the table, that except at the relatively low engine r.p.m. of 3500, the tuned exhaust system made according to this invention significantly increased the output of the engine. As noted, the rated output of the engine was 17 horsepower at 5500 r.p.m. and it is noted that with the open pipe at 5500 r.p.m. the brake horsepower was 16.8 whereas with the tuned exhaust system according to this invention the brake horsepower was 19.1. Additionally, it will be noted that at r.p.m. higher than rated, the brake horsepower and torque of the engine both fell off significantly when the open pipe was used whereas the torque fell 011 a lesser amount with the tuned exhaust system while the brake horsepower actually increased. Also, it will be noted that the torque output of the engine peaked at the rated r.p.m. when the exhaust system according to this invention was used, whereas it peaked at somewhat lower r.p.m. with the open pipe.

Other tests have indicated that, when no reflector plate is installed in the exhaust system, the maximum BHP and torque output available from the engine were slightly less; and that the torque output tended to peak at r.p.m. slightly less than rated r.p.m.

There has been described an exhaust system for twostroke engines which can increase the output of the engine while, at the same time, being of compact size representing both an economy in weight, material cost and manufacturing cost, and which also provides a noise mufiling effect. The principle of the operation of the exhaust system according to this invention has been discussed, and a specific example has been given for purposes of illustration.

I claim:

1. An exhaust system for a two-stroke engine comprising:

a cylindrical shell having first and second ends;

a first cone axially situated within said shell having its narrow end near the first end of said shell and its wide end spaced apart from the second end of said shell, the narrow end of said diverging cone being adapted for communication with the exhaust port of a two-stroke engine;

a second cone axially situated within said shell so that it overlies said first cone, and having its wide end in contact with the inside surface of said cylindrical shell and spaced further apart from the second end of said shell than the spacing of the wide end of said first cone;

the narrow end of said second cone being spaced apart from the first end of said shell and radially spaced apart from the outside surface of said first cone so as to provide a gas passageway therebetween;

an extension of said second cone overlying said first cone and having an angle of divergence less than the angle of divergence of said second cone so as to provide a gas passageway between the inside surface thereof and the outside surface of said first cone and being spaced apart from said first end of said shell;

and an outlet pipe communicating with the interior of said shell closer to said first end thereof than the contact between the wide end of said second cone and the inside surface of said shell.

2. The exhaust system of claim 1 further comprising at least one sound mufliing bafile placed radially outwardly from the outside surface of said extension of said second cone.

3. The exhaust system of claim 2 further comprising a. reflector plate spaced from the wide end of said first cone; said reflector plate having a centrally located peak facing along the axis of said first cone, and being upturned in the same direction as said peak at the periphery of said plate.

4. The exhaust system of claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein the angle of divergence of said first cone is from 5 to 8; the angle of divergence of said second cone is from 15 to 40; and the angle of divergence of said extension of said second cone is 0.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,778,101 10/1930 Bie 6032 3,385,052 5/1968 Holterman 6032 CARLTON R. CROYLE, Primary Examiner DOUGLAS HART, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R. 18153