US3810917A - Oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl-coumarins - Google Patents

Abstract

THIS INVENTION RELATES TO NOVEL PROCESSESS AND TO NOVEL OXYOMEGASULFOHYDROCARBON-DI-YL COUMARINS WHEREIN THE HYDROCARBON MOIETY CONTAINS AT LEAST 2 CARBON ATOMS AND THE OXYOMEGASULFOHYDROCARBON-DI-YL GROUP IS SUBSTITUTED ON THE CARBOCYCLIC NUCLEUS OF THE COUMARIN GROUP, TYPICALLY HAVING THE FORMULA

5-((X-)(1-D),(M-O3S-R-O-)D),6-((X-)(1-C),(M-O3S-R-O-)C),

7-((X-)(1-B),(M-O3S-R-O-)B),8-((X-)(1-A),(M-O3S-R-O-)A)-

2H-CHROMEN-2-ONE

WHEREIN X IS AN INERT SUBSTITUENT, M IS A CATION, R IS A HYDROCARBON-DI-YL GROUP CONTAINING AT LEAST 2 CARBN ATOMS, AND A, B, C, AND D ARE EACH INTEGERS LESS THAN 2, THE SUM OF A, B, C, AND D BEING AT LEAST 1. THE NOVEL COMPOSITIONS ARE USEFUL IN NICKEL PLATING PROCESSES.

Description

United States Patent 3,810,917 OXYOMEGASULFOHYDROCARBON-DI-YL COUMARINS Frank Passal, Detroit, Mich, assignor to M 8: T

Chemicals Inc., Greenwich, Conn.

No Drawing. Continuation-impart of abandoned application Ser. No. 683,035, July 31, 1967, which is a division of application Ser. No. 420,172, Dec. 21, 1964, now Patent No. 3,367,854. This application Dec. 2, 1970, Ser. No. 94,633

Int. Cl. C07d 7/26 US. Cl. 260--343.2 R 21 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to novel processes and to novel oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarins wherein the hydrocarbon moiety contains at least 2 carbon atoms and the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl group is substituted on the carbocyclic nucleus of the coumarin group, typically having the formula wherein X is an inert substituent, M is a cation, R is a hydrocarbon-di-yl group containing at least 2 carbon atoms, and a, b, c, and a are each integers less than 2, the sum of a, b, c, and d being at least 1. The novel compositions are useful in nickel plating processes.

This invention relates to the electroplating of nickel. More particularly, it relates to the electroplating of semibright nickel characterized by its fine grain, uniformity, ductility, freedom from sulfur, and by its high leveling ability. This application is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 683,035, filed July 31, 1967,

Patented May 14, 1974 formedfrom plating baths of the prior art suffer from inadequate leveling, high tensile stress and non-uniform grain size.

In an effort to correct these deficiencies of semi-bright nickel plating baths, various additives have been used including coumarin derivatives having various groups atnow abandoned, which in turn is a divisional application of US. patent application Ser. No. 420,172, filed Dec. 21, 1964 now US. Pat. No. 3,367,854 which issued Feb. 6, 1968.

As is well known to those skilled-in-the-art, nickel may be electroplated onto various basis metals to obtain a bright nickel surface. When it is desired to produce a nickel surface possessing maximum brightness and luster and/or when the surface of the basis metal may possess numerous scratches or other minor imperfections, it is common to electroplate onto the surface a first layer of nickel particularly characterized by its leveling ability. This deposit may be called a semi-bright nickel deposit because it does not possess the extremely high brilliance and luster commonly attained by a bright-nickel deposit. There may commonly be deposited onto this first semibright nickel layer a second bright nickel layer. The semibright nickel layer may be polished and buffed prior to deposition of the bright nickel layer. The resulting duplexnickel system may be characterized by its high degree of brilliance and by superior resistance to corrosion, even when the bright nickel deposit is relatively thin.

The first or semi-bright layer of nickel has heretofore commonly been deposited from various nickel-plating baths, including for example Watts baths, sulfamate baths, chloride-free baths, etc. which contain an additive. Prior art semi-bright nickel plating baths have commonly used coumarin as an additive. Although it may be possible to produce a semi-bright nickel deposit by prior art methods, there are numerous defects which render these processes less than fully satisfactory. Semi-bright nickel deposits tached to the aromatic or to the heterocyclic ring. These compounds have, however, been found not to be satis-' factory in that they do not permit attainment of an improved semi-bright nickel plate, but rather they have suffered from defects such as very low solubility, difficulty*of' synthesis, and tendency to readily decompose during electrolysis to give undesirable products, typically resinous or polymeric materials which result in interior deposits, etc.

It is an object of this invention to provide a novel process for the electroplating of semi-bright nickel particularly characterized by its high leveling ability. Other objects will be apparent to those skilled-in-the-art on inspection of the following description.

In accordance with certain of its aspects, the novel process of this invention for electroplating a semi-bright sulfur-free, nickel plate onto a basis metal may comprise passing current from an anode to a basis metal cathode through an aqueous acidic nickel plating solution containing at least one nickel compound providing nickel ions for electroplating of nickel, and including as a semi-bright additive, a compound containing an oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin anion wherein the hydrocarbon-diyl moiety contains at least two carbon atoms and the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl group is substituted on the carbocyclic nucleus of the coumarin group.

The basis metal onto which the semi-bright deposits of this bath may be applied may include basis metals which are characterized by a low degree of luster or brightness or which possess a degree of surface roughness which would fail to permit attainment of a satisfactory quality of final finish and appearance if they were directly plated with a bright nickel plate. Typically the basis metals may include ferrous metal such as steel, copper, including its alloys such as brass, bonze, etc.; zinc, particularly in the form of die castings which may bear a plate of copper, etc.

The novel baths of this invention may typically include Watts-type baths, sulfamate-type baths, fiuoborate-type baths, chloride-free sulfate baths, chloride-free sulfamate baths, etc.

A typical Watts bath which may be used in practice of this invention may include the following components in aqueous solution, all values being in grams per liter (g./l.) except for the pH:

A typical sulfamate-type bath which may be used in practice of this invention may include the following components:

TABLE 11 Min- Maximum imum Preferred Component:

Nickel sulfamate 330 400 375 Nickel chloride 15 60 46 Boric acid 35 55 45 Semi-bright additive 0. 2 3 0. pH electrometric 3 5 4. 0

3 A typicalfluoborate-type bath may be used in the practice of the invention and may include the following components:

TABLE III Min- Maxlmum imum Preferred Component:

Nickel fluoborate- 250 400 300 Nickel chloride... 45 60 50 Boric acid 15 3O 20 Semlright additlve.. 0. 2 3 0.75 pH eleetrometrie 2 4 3.

A typical chloride-free sulfate-type bath which may be used in practice of this invention may include the following components:

TABLE IV Min- Maximum lmum Preferred Component:

Nickel sulfate 300 500 400 Boric acid 35 55 45 Semi-bright addi 0.2 3 0.75 pH electrornetric 3 5 4. 0

A typical chloride-free sulfamate-type bath which may be used in practice of this invention may include the following components:

It will be apparent that the above baths may contain compounds in amounts falling outside the preferred minimum and maximum set forth, but most satisfactory and economical operation may normally be effected when the compounds are present in the baths in the amounts indicated. A particular advantage of the chloride-free baths of Tables IV and V, supra, is that the deposits obtained may be substantially free of tensile stress.

The semi-bright additives which may be employed in practice of this invention according to certain of its aspects may include compounds containing the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin anion wherein the hydrocarbon moiety contains at least two carbon atoms. The oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl group is substituted on the carbocyclic ring of the coumarin nucleus and most preferably in the 7 position of the coumarin nucleus. The hydrocarbon-di-yl moiety may bear inert substituents. Typically such compounds may include those wherein the cation M (see infra) may be a bath-compatible cation i.e. a cation which is soluble in the electroplating bath and which does not interfere with attainment of the desired semi-bright plate. Typically, the cation M may include hydrogen and alkali metals including sodium, potassium, lithium, etc.; polyvalent metals such as nickel, cobalt, magnesium, etc. The omega carbon atom of these novel compounds is the carbon atom linking the sulfo group to the remainder of the molecule. Most commonly the omega position is the carbon atom most distant from the coumarin nucleus. Water-soluble or bath-soluble compounds are preferred for practical and economic reasons. However, when a hydrocarbon-di-yl group in the chain linking the coumarin nucleus to the sulfo group contains carboncontaining substituents, the omega position as herein defined may not be the carbon atom most distant from the coumarin nucleus.

The novel compounds containing the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin anion may typically have the following formula:

X1--lM- O-S OaR-0]a-- (I) wherein a, b, c and d are each integers less than two, i.e. 0 and 1, the sum of a, b, c, and d being greater than 0 and preferably 1 and wherein M is a cation as defined supra, R is a hydrocarbon-di-yl group wherein the hydrocarbon moiety contains at least two carbon atoms, and X is an inert substituent. Typical inert substituents (i.e. substituents which do not cause unfavorable effects to occur in electroplating baths including the novel compounds of this invention), include hydrogen, halogen e.g. chloro, alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, etc. As shown, the inert substituent when present is preferably on the aromatic ring of the coumarin nucleus.

In the above formula R may be a divalent hydrocarbon group having at least two carbon atoms. Typically R may be arylene such as o-phenylene; m-phenylene; p-phenylene; aralkylene such as o-benzyl; m-benzyl; or p-benzyl; alkarylene such as 1-methyl-2,3 phenylene; 1-methyl-2, 4-phenylene; l-methyl-2,5 phenylene; etc. alkylene such as ethane-1,2-di-yl; propane-1,2-di-yl; propane-1,3-di-yl; butane-1,4-di-yl; butane-1,3-di-yl; pentane-l,5-di-yl; etc. These groups may bear inert substituents including hydrocarbon substituents. The preferred "R group may contain at least three carbon atoms, and more preferably 3-5 carbon 'atoms in a straight chain extending from the carbon atom closest to the coumarin nucleus to the omega carbon atom the amega position being as hereinbefore defined. Preferred R groups may contain a linked chain of methylene groups and the most preferred R may be propane-1,3-di-yl, -CH CH CH In formulae containing a plurality of R groups, the R groups may preferably be the same.

With respect to Formula 1 supra, it will be apparent that when a is 1, b is 1, and c is 0 and d is 0, the formula and that when a is 0, b is l, c is 1, and a' is 0 the formula may be:

x I M-O-SOz-R-O fi MOS0zRO =o it 11) and that when a is 0, b is 1, c is 0 and d is 0 the formula may be:

M-O-S Or-R-O X (IV) It will be apparent that the values of a, b, c, and d may be independently varied between 0 and 1 to produce coumarin derivatives other than those specifically set forth.

Na-O-S Og-( CH2) n-O 0 wherein n is preferably 3-5, and most preferably 3.

It will be apparent to those skilled-in-the-art that the compounds noted supra will provide the baths of this invention with the desired anion viz.

(VIII) or the following corresponding anions to the abovenoted specific compounds, (II), III), and IV:

6 Typical preferred specific compounds which may be used in practice of this invention may include:

TABLE VI potassium 7-0xyomegasulfopr0pyl coumarin potassium 6-chloro-7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin sodium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin sodium 6-chloro-7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin disodium 6,7-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin disodium 7,8-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin nickel 6,7-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin cobalt 7,8-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin nickel 7,8-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin potassium 8-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin potassium 6-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin sodium 5-oxyomegasulfobutyl coumarin potassium 7-oxyomegasulfobutyl coumarin sodium 7-oxyomegasulfobenzyl coumarin (i.e. sodium 7-oxy-ortho sulfobenzyl coumarin), viz.

SOzONB The most preferred compounds may typically be the first four compounds in Table VI. It will be apparent that other cations as hereinbefore noted may replace those present in the specific compounds in Table VI.

The novel oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin compounds, wherein the hydrocarbon-di-yl moiety contains at least 2 carbon atoms and the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl is substituted on the carbocyclic nucleus of the coumarin group of this invention may, in accordance with certain of its aspects, be prepared 'by the process which comprises mixing in a solvent dispersion, a hydroxy coumarin wherein the hydroxy group is substituted on the carbocyclic nucleus of the coumarin group, a compound of the formula MOH wherein M is a cation including those hereinbefore noted, and a hydrocarbon sultone wherein the hydrocarbon moiety contains at least 2 carbon atoms thereby forming a reaction mixture, and heating said reaction mixture.

The solvents used in this preparation may preferably be those in which the reactants are dispersible, i.e. suspendable or soluble and most preferably one in which the compound MOH is soluble. Such solvents may typically include organic solvents such as alcohols, etc.

The sultones which may be employed to prepare the novel compounds of this invention may include those containing a carbon-oxygen-sulfur-carbon linkage in a ring, the hexavalent sulfur atom being further bonded to two additional oxygen atoms. The sultone which may prefer ably be used may contain 3-5 carbon atoms, these sultones being characterized by generation of a minimum of foaming. The most preferred sultone may be 1,3-propane sultone,

cn,cm (3H,

\d although sultones such as 1,4-butane sultone,

on, on, AH,

\S a and 1,3'butane sultone,

CHa

H- on,

also may produce highly useful additives. The longer chain alkane sultones or other sultones containing more than carbon atoms, such as tolyl sultone,

may also be used to produce additives within the scope of the invention.

I-Iydroxy-coumarins which may be used in preparing the novel compounds may include the following hydroxy coumarins which carry one hydroxyl substituent on the carbocyclic nucleus of coumarin, typically including monoand poly-hydroxy coumarins such as:

S-hydroxy coumarin 6-hydroxy coumarin 7-hydroxy coumarin 8-hydroxy coumarin 6,7-dihydroxy coumarin 7 ,S-dihydroxy coumarin 6-chloro-7-hydroxy coumarin Preferred coumarins may include the 7-hydroxy coumarins such as 7-hydroxy coumarin se.

These hydroxy coumarin may be readily available or may be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding resorcinol with malic acid in the presence of catalyst, e.g. concentrated sulfuric acid; e.g., to prepare 6-chloro-7-hydroxy coumarin, malic acid may be reacted with 4-chloro resorcinol. Besides concentrated sulfuric acid other catalysts may be used such as the pyrophosphates of titanium and zirconium used singly or in combination.

The preferred compounds MOH which may be used in the process of this invention include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, 2.3-3.3 parts, say 2.8 parts of MOH, preferably potassium hydroxide, may be added to 3-4 moles, say 3.1 moles of solvent, preferably methanol. 7.5-11 parts, preferably 8.1 parts of 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-hydroxy coumarin, preferably 7-hydroxy coumarin, may then be added together with 4.9-7.3 parts, say 6.7 parts of hydrocarbon sultone, preferably 1,3-propane sultone. Preferably the molar ratio of MOH to hydrocarbon sultones may be about 1 to 1. The reaction mixture may then preferably be heated typically to reflux temperature for 1-4 hours, say 2 hours. All parts referred to above are parts by weight.

At the conclusion of the reaction time, the reaction vessel may be cooled and the desired product may precipitate. The product may be separated, washed with a solvent in which the product is sparingly soluble, such as methanol and dried. Typically the pure yield may be at least about 60% by weight based on the coumarin starting material, although crude yield may also be used as semi-bright additives to electroplating baths without deleterious results. Alternatively, the solvent, such as methanol, may be removed by heating under reduced pressure and the residual product dissolved in water to a convenient concentration and used as the additive stock solution to essentially obtain a quantitative yield of the active ingredient.

If it be desired to convert the alkali metal salt of the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin to other salts, the alkali metal salt of the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbondi-yl coumarin compound may preferably be reacted with a cationic exchange resin such as a sulfonic acid cationic exchange resin on the hydrogen cycle. The free sulfonic acid in the eluate may then be reacted with the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, etc. of the metal desired e.g. nickel or cobalt to neutrality to form the desired metal salt of the free sulfonic acid. Any excess of the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, etc. may be removed by filtration.

The novel compounds or additives of this invention may preferably be used in nickel plating baths, such as those of Tables I-V, in amounts of at least 0.2 g./l. of plating bath. Lower concentrations may give appreciable grain refinement but the deposits may be less glossy. When the concentration of additive exceeds 3 g./l. of plating bath the results obtained generally do not give additional advantages over the lower ranges. The preferred concentration ranges from about 0.5-1 g./l. of additive in the plating bath.

The presence of the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl group in the additives for the plating baths which may be used in this invention imparts surface active anti-pitting properties and extends and augments the grain refining effect of the coumarin group. The plating baths may also contain optional additional constituents such as anionic wetting agents to reduce pitting even further than would be effected by the novel additives of the invention. High foaming anionic wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate may be used in conjunction with mechanical agitation; and low foaming anionic wetting agents such as sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinates may be used with air agitation. Although these wetting agents may commonly contain sulfur, unexpectedly, no increase in the sulfur content of the deposits may be observed when they are used with the additives of the invention.

It is a particular feature of this invention according to certain of its aspects that medium or very high-speed electroplating of semi-bright nickel may be eflected by the process comprising passing current from a substantially non-polarizing anode to a basis metal cathode through an aqueous nickel plating solution including at least one nickel compound capable of providing nickel ions for electroplating nickel and including as a semibright additive a compound containing oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin anion wherein the hydrocarbon, moiety contains at least 2 carbon atoms and oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl group is substituted on the carbocyclic nucleus of the coumarin group, maintaining the cathode current density during said plating at a level of at least 10 amperes per square decimeter (a.s.d.) and maintaining a high relative velocity between said nickel plating solution and said basis metal cathode thereby obtaining a glossy, leveled, semi-bright high-speed nickel plate.

The substantially non-polarizing anodes which may be used in the medium or very high-speed electroplating aspect of this invention may be insoluble anodes, such as lead which have very little tendency to polarize, even at very high current density, or certain soluble anodes, such as the commercially available SD type of nickel which has less tendency to polarize than other soluble nickel anodes and may be used at current densities as high as 40 a.s.d. The SD type of nickel is an electrolytic nickel containing a controlled amount of sulfur.

Thus, according to this aspect of the invention a current density of over about 10 a.s.d., and preferably of 20-60 a.s.d., may be used, although a current even as high as or higher than a.s.d. may be applied during electroplating of nickel using baths containing the novel additives of the invention. Plating carried out in this manner may permit deposition of predetermined thicknesses of semi-bright, leveled nickel in a time which is as little as 10% or less of the time required when ordinarily used plating conditions with soluble nickel anodes are used. Typically production of a semi-bright nickel plate 25 microns thick according to this aspect of the invention may require 3 minutes in contrast to 30 minutes for usual plating conditions.

When medium or very high speed electroplating is desired, a high relative velocity may be maintained between the bath and the cathodeto attain a substantially homogeneous catholyte. This serves to replenish the cathode film with nickel ions as they are plated out therefrom. Typically the high relative velocity between the bath and the cathode is maintained at a level equivalent to 60-320, say 150 cm./second. The agitation may be produced by vibration (including ultrasonic), rotation of the cathode relative to the solution, by pumping the electrolyte e.g. catholyte through the system and over the cathode surface or by very vigorous agitation of the electrolyte with appropriately positioned propellers or other devices, etc.

Semi-bright nickel plating in accordance with this invention may also be carried out under lower speed conditions by immersing a basis metal cathode into a nickel plating bath as hereinbefore disclosed. The anode may be either a soluble anode, typically nickel metal, or an insoluble anode, typically lead. If nickel is used as the anode, it is preferably SD type of nickel. Plating may be carried out in chloride-containing baths for 30-60 minutes, say 30 minutes at 40-60" 0., say 50 C., with mechanical or air agitation. The cathode current density may typically be 2.5- a.s.d., preferably 5 a.s.d.

The novel process of this invention may permit attainment of a 12.5 to 50 microns, say 25 microns of semibright nickel plate characterized by its fine grain, high ductility, high gloss, uniform appearance, high leveling, and high covering power. The plate is also characterized by its essentially sulfur-free character.

The following illustrative examples disclose synthesis of typical additives of this invention, nickel plating baths containing the novel additives of this invention, and electroplating processes wherein these baths are used.

EXAMPLE 1 100 ml. of methanol, 2.8 grams of potassium hydroxide and 8.1 grams of 7-hydroxy coumarin may be introduced into a 500 ml. Erlenmeyer flask, to form a deep red solution. 6.7 grams of 1,3-propane sultone may then be added and the flask then heated under reflux on a hot plate for 2 hours while the composition is magnetically stirred. A pink precipitate obtained, may be filtered out, cooled to ambient temperature, and washed several times with methanol. The precipitate may then be dried for 2 hours at 60 C., leaving 9.4 grams (59% yield) of potassium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin. The melting point of 237 C.-240 C. may then be determined.

EXAMPLE 2 6.5 grams of potassium hydroxide dissolved in 100 ml. of methanol may be introduced into a suspension of grams of -6-chloro-7-hydroxy coumarin in 300 ml. of methanol producing a mustard colored precipitate. The suspension may then be heated to reflux and a solution of 13 grams of 1,3-propane sultone in 100 ml. of methanol added dropwise over a 15-minute period. This may be followed by stirring and refluxing for 4 hours to obtain a tan-gray precipitate of potassium 6-chloro-7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin. The methanol may be removed by heating in a stream of air, leaving 40 grams of the crude coumarin derivative. The compound does not melt at temperatures of up to 300 C.

EXAMPLE 3 Other coumarin derivatives which may be prepared according to the general methods of the above examples include sodium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin, prepared in a methanol solvent interaction of 7-hydroxy coumarin,

The bath may be thermostatically controlled at 60 C. and air agitated with a perforated glass-plastic air agitation coil. A single cotton cloth bagged SD nickel anode may be positioned in the bath. A highly polished brass strip of 20 cm. x 2.5 cm. x 0.08 cm., pleated in 45 angles, may then be cleaned and immersed as the cathode in the bath except for the top 2.5 cm.

In a control run, a current of 2.5 amperes may be passed through the bath at 50 C. for 30 minutes to obtain a dull, grainy, non-uniform deposit.

In practice of the invention, 0.8 gram of potassium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin additive may then be mixed into the bath and the plating test repeated. This time, a beautifully fine grained, very ductile deposit of high gloss and very uniform appearance may be obtained. When a similar cathode, which had been scribed with a single pass of 1.2 cm. wide zero-grit emery paper, was thereafter plated for 30 minutes using the bath containing the additive, the emery paper scratches may be found to be substantially filled in indicating excellent leveling.

EXAMPLE 5 4 liters of the Watts bath of Example 4 may be prepared and 3.2 grams of potassium 7-oxyomegasulfopropy1 coumarin and 0.5 grams of the low-foaming wetting agent sodium di-n-hexylsulfosuccinate added thereto. Electroplating may be carried out using a bagged SD nickel anode; and a highly polished, brass cathode strip pleated in 45 angles may then be plated at a current of 5 amperes at 50 C. for 30 minutes to obtain a beautifully fine grained, very ductile deposit of high gloss and very uniform appearance.

The essentially sulfur-free character of the deposits may be determined by analyzing the deposits obtained in Examples 4 and 5. It may be found in each instance that the sulfur content is about 0.003% by weight. This value is so unusually low that the deposits may be considered to be essentially sulfur-free.

The beneficial characteristics exemplified by Examples 4 and 5 may be maintained over a prolonged period of electrolysis, for example up to 500 ampere-hours or longer by periodically adjusting the bath pH to within recommended limits as with dilute sulfuric acid and by replenishing the additive.

It may be found that the rate of consumption of the semi-bright additive of the invention appears to be substantially lower than that of coumarin. This may be due to the extending and augmenting of the grain refining effect of the coumarin group which is provided by the oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl group. This grain refining effect may also be maintained more uniformly over long period of operation and over a Wider current density range than has previously been attained with prior art additives such as coumarin.

The essentially sulfur-free character of the deposits may be maintained as the current and plating time length is varied and also when other bath formulations and other additives of the invention are used.

EXAMPLE 6 1 liter of the following sulfamate bath formulation may be prepared:

G./l. Nickel sulfamate 360 Nickel chloride 15 Boric acid 45 pH electrometric, 3.5. Water to 1 liter.

The process of Example 4 using the Watts bath thereof may be repeated using as the additive 0.8 g./l. of potas- The process of Example 4, using the Watts bath thereof may be repeated using as the additive 0.8 g./l. of sodium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin with essentially the same results obtained.

EXAMPLE 9 4 liters of the following chloride-free nickel bath formulation may be prepared:

G./l. Nickel sulfate 375 Boric acid 45 pH electrometric, 4.0. Water to 1 liter.

The bath may be thermostatically controlled at 70 C. and mechanically agitated by propellers during plating.

0.4 g./l. of potassium 6-chloro-7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin may be added to the bath. A single cotton cloth bagged SD nickel anode is positioned in the bath. A highly polished bent brass strip cathode pleated in 45 angles of 2.5 cm. x 20 cm. x 0.08 cm. may be scribed with a single pass of a 1.2 cm. wide zero-grit emery board. The strip may be clamped in a plastic fixture exposing only the scribed side of the strip to the anode and the plating bath discharged from a pressure pump to impinge on the exposed scribed area of the strip at an angle of about 45. A current density of 40 amperes per square decimeter may be applied at 50 C. for 3 minutes to obtain by this high speed process a glossy beautifully fine grained, very ductile deposit having a thickness of 25 microns. The cathode plate attained from the chloride free bath of this example possesses very little tensile stress. The emery paper scratches may be found to be substantially filled in and the leveling is excellent.

EXAMPLE 10 375 grams per liter of nickel sulfamate may be substituted for nickel sulfate in the bath of Example 9 and the process repeated, with essentially the same results attained.

Although this invention has been illustrated by reference to specific examples, numerous changes and modifications thereof which clearly fall within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled-in-the-art.

I claim:

1. A compound of the formula wherein X is an inert substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and aryloxy, provided that alkyl is of 2 to 7 carbon atoms; and aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl are carbocyclic and of 6 to 10 carbon atoms; M is a bath soluble cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and magnesium, R is selected from alkyl of 2 to carbon atoms and benzoylene, and a, b, c, and d are each integers less than 2, the sum of a, b, c, and d being at least 1.

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R is an alkyl group containing 3-5 carbon atoms.

3. An oxyomegasulfohydrocarbon-di-yl coumarin as claimed in claim 2 wherein the inert substituent X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and aryloxy, provided that alkyl is of 2- to 7 carbon atoms; and aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl are carbocyclic and of 6 to 10 carbon atoms; M is a bath soluble cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt and magnesium; and R is a divalent saturated, straight chain alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

4. A compound of the formula wherein M is a bath soluble cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and magnesium and X is an inert substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and aryloxy, provided that alkyl is of 2 to 7 carbon atoms; and aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl are carbocyclic and of 6 to 10 carbon wherein M is a cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and magnesium.

wherein M is a cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and magnesium.

7. Potassium 7-oxyomegasu1fopropyl coumarin.

8. Potassium 6-chloro-7-oxyomegasulfopropyl couma- 9. Sodium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin.

10. Sodium 6-chloro-7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin.

11. Disodium 6,7-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin.

12. Disodium 7,8-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin.

113. Nickel 6,7-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin.

14. Cobalt 7,8-di(oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin.

15. Nickel di(7,8-oxyomegasulfopropyl) coumarin.

16. Potassium 8-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin.

17. Potassium 7-oxyomegasulfopropyl coumarin.

18. Sodium 5-oxyomegasulfobutyl coumarin.

19. Potassium 7-oxyomegasulfobutyl coumarin.

20. Sodium 7-oxyomegasulfobenzyl coumarin.

21. A composition of the formula:

S OzONa References Cited Helberger et al., Annalen der Chemie, vol. 565, pp. 27-9 (1949).

JOHN M. FORD, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 204-49