US3809541A - Vanadium-containing tool steel article - Google Patents
Vanadium-containing tool steel article Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3809541A US3809541A US00300094A US30009472A US3809541A US 3809541 A US3809541 A US 3809541A US 00300094 A US00300094 A US 00300094A US 30009472 A US30009472 A US 30009472A US 3809541 A US3809541 A US 3809541A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- vanadium
- steel
- tool
- article
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/30—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/1208—Containers or coating used therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
- C22C33/0285—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5% with Cr, Co, or Ni having a minimum content higher than 5%
Definitions
- Wear resistance is promoted by high hardness and, particularly, by high MC-type (vanadium) carbide content of the tool steel.
- toughnesscommonly measured in terms of impact strength also contributes to tool life in that, particularly in intermittent cutting applications, the tool is able to withstand repeated impacts during cutting without breaking.
- the combination of high wear resistance and high toughness is diflicult to achieve, because of the MC-type carbide content is increased by the necessary changes in the composition of the steel, the toughness or impact resistance of the steel decreases.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the amount of MC-type (vanadium) carbide in the as-hardened structure of conventional high-speed steels AISI M1, M4 and T15;
- FIG. 2 is a similar graph showing the efiect of MC-type (vanadium) carbide contents on the toughness of these three conventional steels when heat treated to a hardness of R 65;
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the MC-type (vanadium) carbide contents of these three conventional steels on the wear resistance when heat treated to a hardness of R 64;
- FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph of a steel compact in accordance with the present'invention showing the carbide size and distribution thereof at a magnification of 1000 and
- FIG. 5 is a photomicrograph showing the prior austenite grain size of the compact of FIG. 4 at a magnification of 1000X.
- the tool steel of the invention consists essentially of, in weight percent, carbon 1.5 to 1.6, chromium 3.5 to 4.5, vanadium 2.5 to 3.5, tungsten 9 to 11, molybdenum 4.5 to 5.5, cobalt 8.0 to 12.5, manganese up to 1, silicon up to 1, nitrogen .02 to .08 and balance iron.
- this steel is used in the form of powder of about minus 16 mesh US. Standard. This powder is placed in a metal container, which is gas tight.
- the container is heated to an elevated temperature in excess of about 2000 F. and during the initial stages of heating its interior is pumped to a low pressure whereupon the gaseous reaction products and principally those resulting from the reaction of carbon and oxygen are removed from the interior of the container, which operation is termed as outgassing. Thereafter and upon rernoval of the gaseous reaction products, the container is heated to or above the desired compacting temperature,
- Compacting may be achieved by use of a mechanical apparatus wherein the sealed container is placed in a die and a ram is inserted therein? to compact the container and charge.
- the container may be placed in a fluid-pressure vessel, 'corn 1900 F.
- compacting to this density' may be i achieved by a plurality of separate compacting" opera-'- tions, and the powder charge may be precompacted to a low density, e.g. 60%, prior to outgassing.
- a low density e.g. 60%
- the articles are austenitized at a temperature on the order of 2170 F. and then hardened during cooling.
- the austenitizing step involves heating to a temperature sufiicient to dissolve, to a considerable extent, the.
- carbide phases present in the microstructure of the steel After quenching from the austenitizing temperature, the article is subjected to reheating at a lower temperature in which case carbide-forming elements, e.g. vanadium, tungsten ,and molybdenum, are precipitated in the form of fine carbides. This, of course, produces the secondary hardening necessary for high-speed cutting applications.
- carbide-forming elements e.g. vanadium, tungsten ,and molybdenum
- the restricted combination of carbon and vanadium in the alloy achieves the result of a good combination of wear resistance and toughness.
- the cobalt present in the alloy contributes to the retention of hardness at high temperature, to which the alloy articles are subjected during high-speed cutting use. Nitrogen is necessary to achieve a desired fine carbide distribution. Both molybdenum and tungsten within the recited limits are necessary to obtain suflicient heat resistance for operation of a cutting tool at high speeds.
- powdered charges of steels A, B, C and D of Table I were made by conventional gas atomizing and screened to a size consist of minus 16 mesh US. Standard.
- Each of the particle charges of steels A, B, C and D were processed in the following manner.
- a particle charge of A and B was placed in a mild-steel cylinder about 6" length and having a diameter of 5 /2".
- the particle charge of C and D was filled into a cylinder about 48" length and having a diameter of about 11".
- the particle-filled container was heated to a temperature of about 2100 F. for about 5 hours, and during the early stages of heating the interior of the container was connected to a vacuum pump which was used to remove the gaseous reaction products from the container.
- the container and charge were compacted to achieve a density of about 99% of theoretical by the use of an isostatic compaction pressure of 15,000 p.s.i. in a gas pressure vessel with nitrogen being the gaseous pressure medium employed.
- the compacted article was forged into 1" square bars.
- the bars were then austenitized at 2160" F. for 2 minutes and then oil quenched. Microscopic examination of these bars showed a uniform dispersion of carbides in an iron-rich alloy matrix, and further that the carbide phase particles were predominantly less than 3 microns in size.
- Steels A, B, and C as a group were distinctly superior to steel D as well as to AISI Type T15 high-performance high-speed tool steel.
- tool life increased from steel A to steel B to steel C, i.e., in the order of the increasing carbon or vanadium carbide contents, as expected.
- a definite criticality of the carbon content of the inventive steel in the range of 1.50 to 1.60% is indicated. This finding is even more surprising when the higher hardness of steel B (R 69.5) in comparison to steel A (R, 68.5) and steel D (R 68.5) is taken into consideration. As explained hereinabove, at this higher hardness, one would expect that the toughness of the tool bit of steel B, as demonstrated by intermittent cut tool life, would decrease.
- a full dense, tool-steel, powder-metallurgy compacted article produced from prealloyed tool-steel powder consisting essentially of, in weight percent, carbon 1.5 to 1.6, chromium 3.5 to 4.5, vanadium 2.5 to 3.5, tungsten 9 to 11, molybdenum 4.5 to 5.5, cobalt 8.0 to 12.5, manganese up to 1, silicon up to 1, nitrogen .02 to .08 and balance iron.
- the article of claim 1 having a substantially uniform carbide dispersion with the carbide particles predominantly less than three microns in size.
Abstract
Description
Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00300094A US3809541A (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1972-10-24 | Vanadium-containing tool steel article |
GB4816473A GB1394316A (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-16 | Vanadium-containing tool steel article thereof and method for producing the same |
CA183,610A CA981490A (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-17 | Vanadium-containing tool steel, article thereof and method for producing the same |
DE2352620A DE2352620B2 (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-19 | Powder metallurgically manufactured high-speed steel product with high hardness and toughness |
ES419865A ES419865A1 (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-23 | Vanadium-containing tool steel article |
BR8257/73A BR7308257D0 (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-23 | STEEL FOR TOOLS, COMPACT AND DENSE STEEL FOR STEEL PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY PO METALLURGY AND PRODUCTION PROCESS OF SUCH ARTICLES |
AT898773A AT334937B (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-23 | PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING WORK PIECES FROM TOOL STEEL |
SE7314386A SE395289C (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-23 | TOOL STEEL PRODUCT AND WAY TO MANUFACTURE |
IT53318/73A IT994794B (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-24 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING VANADIUM STEEL TOOLS AND RELATED TOOLS |
FR7337912A FR2203887B1 (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-24 | |
JP11904573A JPS5427817B2 (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1973-10-24 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00300094A US3809541A (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1972-10-24 | Vanadium-containing tool steel article |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3809541A true US3809541A (en) | 1974-05-07 |
Family
ID=23157680
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00300094A Expired - Lifetime US3809541A (en) | 1972-10-24 | 1972-10-24 | Vanadium-containing tool steel article |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3809541A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS5427817B2 (en) |
AT (1) | AT334937B (en) |
BR (1) | BR7308257D0 (en) |
CA (1) | CA981490A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2352620B2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES419865A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2203887B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1394316A (en) |
IT (1) | IT994794B (en) |
SE (1) | SE395289C (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3850621A (en) * | 1972-12-27 | 1974-11-26 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Gmbh | High-speed tool steels |
US4140527A (en) * | 1976-05-21 | 1979-02-20 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Nitrogen containing powder metallurgical tool steel |
US4242130A (en) * | 1977-12-27 | 1980-12-30 | Thyssen Edelstahlwerke Ag | High-speed steel |
WO1981003451A1 (en) * | 1980-05-30 | 1981-12-10 | Uk Nii Spezial Stalei Splavov | Method of making tool articles with steel powders |
US4780139A (en) * | 1985-01-16 | 1988-10-25 | Kloster Speedsteel Ab | Tool steel |
US5435827A (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1995-07-25 | Erasteel Kloster Aktiebolag | High speed steel manufactured by power metallurgy |
US5525140A (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1996-06-11 | Erasteel Kloster Aktiebolag | High speed steel manufactured by powder metallurgy |
US6162275A (en) * | 1997-03-11 | 2000-12-19 | Erasteel Kloster Aktiebolag | Steel and a heat treated tool thereof manufactured by an integrated powder metalurgical process and use of the steel for tools |
US20100233500A1 (en) * | 2009-03-12 | 2010-09-16 | Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh & Co Kg | Cold-forming steel article |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS58175712U (en) * | 1982-05-18 | 1983-11-24 | 藤原 利一 | cufflinks button |
CH680137A5 (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1992-06-30 | Htm Ag | |
WO1993002819A1 (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1993-02-18 | Kloster Speedsteel Aktiebolag | High-speed steel manufactured by powder metallurgy |
FR2754275B1 (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 1998-12-24 | Thyssen France Sa | IMPROVEMENTS TO STEELS FOR SHAPING TOOLS |
CN111690800B (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2022-02-18 | 北京首钢吉泰安新材料有限公司 | Steel for cone pulley of wire drawing machine, preparation method of steel, cone pulley of wire drawing machine and application of cone pulley |
CN113814400A (en) * | 2021-08-18 | 2021-12-21 | 泉州市宇豪粉末冶金有限公司 | Production process of seedling needle of rice transplanter |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB873529A (en) * | 1958-08-12 | 1961-07-26 | Boehler & Co Ag Geb | Improvements in and relating to cast high-speed steel tools |
US3150444A (en) * | 1962-04-26 | 1964-09-29 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method of producing alloy steel |
US3556780A (en) * | 1966-01-03 | 1971-01-19 | Iit Res Inst | Process for producing carbide-containing alloy |
US3561934A (en) * | 1967-09-11 | 1971-02-09 | Crucible Inc | Sintered steel particles containing dispersed carbides |
-
1972
- 1972-10-24 US US00300094A patent/US3809541A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1973
- 1973-10-16 GB GB4816473A patent/GB1394316A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-10-17 CA CA183,610A patent/CA981490A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-10-19 DE DE2352620A patent/DE2352620B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1973-10-23 ES ES419865A patent/ES419865A1/en not_active Expired
- 1973-10-23 BR BR8257/73A patent/BR7308257D0/en unknown
- 1973-10-23 SE SE7314386A patent/SE395289C/en unknown
- 1973-10-23 AT AT898773A patent/AT334937B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-10-24 IT IT53318/73A patent/IT994794B/en active
- 1973-10-24 JP JP11904573A patent/JPS5427817B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1973-10-24 FR FR7337912A patent/FR2203887B1/fr not_active Expired
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3850621A (en) * | 1972-12-27 | 1974-11-26 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Gmbh | High-speed tool steels |
US4140527A (en) * | 1976-05-21 | 1979-02-20 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Nitrogen containing powder metallurgical tool steel |
US4242130A (en) * | 1977-12-27 | 1980-12-30 | Thyssen Edelstahlwerke Ag | High-speed steel |
WO1981003451A1 (en) * | 1980-05-30 | 1981-12-10 | Uk Nii Spezial Stalei Splavov | Method of making tool articles with steel powders |
US4780139A (en) * | 1985-01-16 | 1988-10-25 | Kloster Speedsteel Ab | Tool steel |
US5435827A (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1995-07-25 | Erasteel Kloster Aktiebolag | High speed steel manufactured by power metallurgy |
US5525140A (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1996-06-11 | Erasteel Kloster Aktiebolag | High speed steel manufactured by powder metallurgy |
US6162275A (en) * | 1997-03-11 | 2000-12-19 | Erasteel Kloster Aktiebolag | Steel and a heat treated tool thereof manufactured by an integrated powder metalurgical process and use of the steel for tools |
US20100233500A1 (en) * | 2009-03-12 | 2010-09-16 | Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh & Co Kg | Cold-forming steel article |
US8298313B2 (en) * | 2009-03-12 | 2012-10-30 | Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh & Co Kg | Cold-forming steel article |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1394316A (en) | 1975-05-14 |
IT994794B (en) | 1975-10-20 |
SE395289B (en) | 1977-09-05 |
FR2203887B1 (en) | 1976-10-01 |
FR2203887A1 (en) | 1974-05-17 |
JPS5427817B2 (en) | 1979-09-12 |
CA981490A (en) | 1976-01-13 |
ATA898773A (en) | 1976-06-15 |
SE395289C (en) | 1987-01-22 |
DE2352620B2 (en) | 1979-05-17 |
JPS4994515A (en) | 1974-09-07 |
BR7308257D0 (en) | 1974-06-27 |
AT334937B (en) | 1977-02-10 |
DE2352620A1 (en) | 1974-05-02 |
ES419865A1 (en) | 1976-07-01 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP. Free format text: MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE CENTER COMPANY (INTO) CRUCIBLE INC. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004120/0308 Effective date: 19821214 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A DE CORP. Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION) A Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. FOR THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK (NA Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. AS AGENT FOR MELLON BANK N.A. & Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 |
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Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, NEW YORK Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:MELLON BANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:005240/0099 Effective date: 19891020 |