US3807975A - Middle distillate fuel oil compositions having improved pumpability - Google Patents

Middle distillate fuel oil compositions having improved pumpability Download PDF

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US3807975A
US3807975A US00107509A US10750971A US3807975A US 3807975 A US3807975 A US 3807975A US 00107509 A US00107509 A US 00107509A US 10750971 A US10750971 A US 10750971A US 3807975 A US3807975 A US 3807975A
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middle distillate
fuel
styrene
pumpability
fuel oil
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US00107509A
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R Mieville
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BP Corp North America Inc
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Standard Oil Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/146—Macromolecular compounds according to different macromolecular groups, mixtures thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/1658—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing conjugated dienes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic

Definitions

  • This invention relates to fuel oil compositions having improved pumpability characteristics. More particularly, this invention relates to improving the pumpability of fuel oils which have already been modified to exhibit depressed pour points.
  • the styrene-butadiene copolymers useful in this invention possess number average molecular weights no higher than about 5000 and contain from about 10 to about 40 weight percent styrene units.
  • the middle distillate oils with which my invention is concerned may generally be described as distillates boiling in the range from 350 to 750F. and already modified to exhibit depressed pour points below 0F. These distillates may comprise virgin oils or cracked stocks derived, for example, from cycle oils boiling higher than gasoline. Examples of distillates suitable for use in this invention include diesel fuel (ASTM D975 ),jet fuel, fuel oils (ASTM D396), gas oils and the like. Of course, suitable distillates may additionally contain additives such as rust inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, anti-oxidants and similar agents designed to impart a specific property to the oil.
  • pour point depressants suitable for modifying the middle distillates with which this invention is concerned, include any effective pour depressant known to the art.
  • depressants may be ethylene/propylene, ethylene/vinyl acetate, ethylene/aminoalkyl ester, and ethylene/acrylic acid ester copolymers.
  • a particularly effective pour depressant is an ethylene/acrylic ester/propylene terpolymer.
  • the styrene-butadiene copolymers which I have discovered'to be effective in improving the pumpability of the pour-depressed middle distillate oils described above range in styrene content from about 10 to about 40 weight percent and have a number average molecular weight less than 5,000. Inclusion of amounts as low as 0.005 weight percent of such copolymers in a pour point depressed middle distillate will result in improved pumpability.
  • the amount of copolymer employed is preferably in the range 0.005 to 0.10 weight percent, and 0.01 weight percent is an especially effective amount.
  • a tape wrapped 500 ml. leveling bulb is fitted at the top with a 3-way stopcock which is wired on.
  • the bottom of the bulb is connected by a short strip of rubber tubing to the bottom of a J-shaped piece of three-sixteenths inch copper tubing 14 inches long.
  • the top of the copper tubing is fitted with a brass union containing a 30-mesh screen soldered into a brass washer having a fifteen thirty-seconds inch opening.
  • the level of the screen is at about the same height as the stopcock on the leveling bulb.
  • a 250 ml. buret is connected to the brass union by rubber tubing.
  • a 300 ml. fuel sample is poured into the leveling bulb and, with the stop-cock open, is subjected to one of the cooling sequences shown in Table I.
  • a nitrogen pressure of 15 p.s.i.g. is introduced through the stopcock.
  • a pumpability reading is obtained by measuring the delivery time in seconds between the 0 and 200 ml. marks on the measuring buret.
  • Fuel l was a No. 2 fuel oil having the following specifications:
  • Fuel ll was a No. 2 fuel oil having the following specifications:
  • SB30 is a styrene-butadiene copolymer comprising 30 weight percent styrene and having a molecular weight of about 2,500.
  • S840 is a styrene-butadiene copolymer comprising forty weight percent styrene and having a molecular weight of about 2,500.
  • SBlO is a styrene-butadiene copolymer comprising ten weight percent styrene and having a molecular weight of about 2,500.
  • Each of the two fuel oils was additionally tested containing varying concentrations of the ester-based pour point depressant but containing no pumpability additive. In every case, the test apparatus became plugged and 200 ml. of the sample oil could not be delivered.
  • pour-depressed fuels containing additionally a styrene-butadiene copolymer additive according to this invention show marked increases in pumpability and are suitable for storage and handling under very cold climatic conditions.
  • a fuel composition having improved pumpability performance comprising (a) a middle distillate fuel oil containing sufficient pour depressant additive to provide a pour point below 0F., and (b) from about 0.005 to about 0.10 weight percent of a styrene-butadiene copolymer having from about 10 to about 40 weight percent styrene units and having a number average molecular weight less than 5,000.

Abstract

Fuel oil compositions, containing a pour depressant to provide a pour point below 0*F., exhibit improved pumpability as a result of the inclusion of a minor amount of certain styrenebutadiene copolymers.

Description

United States Patent 1191 Mieville Apr. 30, 1974 MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUEL 01L 3,419,365 12/1968 COMPOSITIONS HAVING IMPROVED PUMPABIUTY 3:467:597 9/1969 Inventor: Rodney L. Mieville, Evanston, Ill.
Assignee: Standard Oil Company, Chicago, 111.
Filed: Jan. 18, 1971 Appl. No.: 107,509
Related US. Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 770,077, Oct. 23, 1968, abandoned.
us. (:1. 44/62, 44/80 1m. c1 c101 1/18 Field of Search 44/70, 62
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 6/1969 Otto 44/62 Primary Examiner-Patrick P. Garvin Assistant ExaminerMrs. Y. H. Smith Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Arthur G. Gilkes; William T. McClain; Philip Hill [57] ABSTRACT Fuel oil compositions, containing a pour depressant to provide a pour point below OF., exhibit improved pumpability as a result of the inclusion of a minor amount of certain styrenebutadiene copolymers.
3 Claims, No Drawings MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUEL OIL COMPOSITIONS HAVING IMPROVED PUMPABILITY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the storage and use of heavy and middle distillate fuel oils, problems connected with pour point are familiar to the art. The pour point of an oil is defined as the lowest temperature at which the oil will pour or flow when chilled without disturbance under specified conditions. Pour point problems arise through the formation of solid or semi-solid waxy particles within an oil composition. For example, in the storage of fuel oils (e.g., heater oil or furnace oil) or diesel oil during the winter months, temperatures frequently are in the range of to --F. These low temperatures often cause crystallization or solidification of wax in the distillate oil.
One solution to the problem of handling oils below their natural pour point is to incorporate in the oil composition one of a wide number of known pour point depressants. In this manner it is possible to maintain flowability in a fuel even at very cold temperatures. It has been discovered, however, that pour point depressants alone are often notsufficient to permit effective handling of fuel oils at cold temperatures. This is because all hydrocarbon fuels yield crystals of solid wax as their temperature is lowered beyond the cloud point which is defined as the temperature at which paraffin wax or other solid substances begin to crystallize outor separate from solution when the oil is chilled under definite prescribed conditions (ASTM D 97). In many cases, even in the presence of a pour point depressant, the
crystals which form are sufficiently'dense so that an immobile layer of crystals is formed in the bottom of storage tanks and tends severely to clog pumps,f1lters and screens. Unfortunately, most pour point depressants tailored for middle distillate fuels are not effective in inhibiting such crystal growth or in modifying it in such a way as to maintain pumping capacity in the oil.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to fuel oil compositions having improved pumpability characteristics. More particularly, this invention relates to improving the pumpability of fuel oils which have already been modified to exhibit depressed pour points.
I have now discovered that certain copolymers of styrene and butadiene, when incorporated in pourdepressed middle distillate fuel compositions at a concentration ranging from 0.005 to 0.10 weight percent,
inhibit and/or modify the growth of solid wax crystals such that workable pumpabilities are maintained for the fuels even at very low temperatures.
The styrene-butadiene copolymers useful in this invention possess number average molecular weights no higher than about 5000 and contain from about 10 to about 40 weight percent styrene units.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The middle distillate oils with which my invention is concerned may generally be described as distillates boiling in the range from 350 to 750F. and already modified to exhibit depressed pour points below 0F. These distillates may comprise virgin oils or cracked stocks derived, for example, from cycle oils boiling higher than gasoline. Examples of distillates suitable for use in this invention include diesel fuel (ASTM D975 ),jet fuel, fuel oils (ASTM D396), gas oils and the like. Of course, suitable distillates may additionally contain additives such as rust inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, anti-oxidants and similar agents designed to impart a specific property to the oil.
Pour point depressantssuitable for modifying the middle distillates with which this invention is concerned, include any effective pour depressant known to the art. For example, such depressants may be ethylene/propylene, ethylene/vinyl acetate, ethylene/aminoalkyl ester, and ethylene/acrylic acid ester copolymers. A particularly effective pour depressant is an ethylene/acrylic ester/propylene terpolymer.
The styrene-butadiene copolymers which I have discovered'to be effective in improving the pumpability of the pour-depressed middle distillate oils described above range in styrene content from about 10 to about 40 weight percent and have a number average molecular weight less than 5,000. Inclusion of amounts as low as 0.005 weight percent of such copolymers in a pour point depressed middle distillate will result in improved pumpability. The amount of copolymer employed is preferably in the range 0.005 to 0.10 weight percent, and 0.01 weight percent is an especially effective amount.
EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION To illustrate the effectiveness of the inclusion of a small amount of a styrene-butadiene copolymer in middle distillate fuel compositions, pumpability tests were run on No. 2 fuel oils containing pour point depressants. The pumpability test employed is designed to similate actual fuel handling conditions and is described as follows:
A tape wrapped 500 ml. leveling bulb is fitted at the top with a 3-way stopcock which is wired on. The bottom of the bulb is connected by a short strip of rubber tubing to the bottom of a J-shaped piece of three-sixteenths inch copper tubing 14 inches long. The top of the copper tubing is fitted with a brass union containing a 30-mesh screen soldered into a brass washer having a fifteen thirty-seconds inch opening. The level of the screen is at about the same height as the stopcock on the leveling bulb. A 250 ml. buret is connected to the brass union by rubber tubing.
To perform a test with this equipment, a 300 ml. fuel sample is poured into the leveling bulb and, with the stop-cock open, is subjected to one of the cooling sequences shown in Table I. When cooling is complete, a nitrogen pressure of 15 p.s.i.g. is introduced through the stopcock. A pumpability reading is obtained by measuring the delivery time in seconds between the 0 and 200 ml. marks on the measuring buret.
TABLE I GENERAL TEMPERATURE SEQUENCE Temperature, Degree, Farenheit Pumpability tests were run on two different fuel compositions each containing 0.04 weight percent of an ethylene/acrylic ester/propylene terpolymer as a pour point depressant. Fuel l was a No. 2 fuel oil having the following specifications:
Cloud point, F. -15
Pour point, F. 60
Gravity, APl 33.5 Fuel ll was a No. 2 fuel oil having the following specifications:
Cloud point, F. -5
Pour point, F. 40
Gravity, API 34.2 Each of the fuel compositions was tested alone and with 0.01 weight percent of a styrene-butadiene copolymer additionally present. All fuels were tested for a 20F. specification temperature. The results are presented in Table II.
0.01 wt.% -SB30 0.01 wt.% -SB40 0.0l wt.% -SBl0 None 0.01 wt.% -SB30 SB30 is a styrene-butadiene copolymer comprising 30 weight percent styrene and having a molecular weight of about 2,500. S840 is a styrene-butadiene copolymer comprising forty weight percent styrene and having a molecular weight of about 2,500. SBlO is a styrene-butadiene copolymer comprising ten weight percent styrene and having a molecular weight of about 2,500.
Each of the two fuel oils was additionally tested containing varying concentrations of the ester-based pour point depressant but containing no pumpability additive. In every case, the test apparatus became plugged and 200 ml. of the sample oil could not be delivered.
it is apparent from these data that pour-depressed fuels containing additionally a styrene-butadiene copolymer additive according to this invention show marked increases in pumpability and are suitable for storage and handling under very cold climatic conditions.
I claim:
1. A fuel composition having improved pumpability performance, comprising (a) a middle distillate fuel oil containing sufficient pour depressant additive to provide a pour point below 0F., and (b) from about 0.005 to about 0.10 weight percent of a styrene-butadiene copolymer having from about 10 to about 40 weight percent styrene units and having a number average molecular weight less than 5,000.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of styrene-butadiene copolymer in the middle distillate fuel oil is about 0.01 weight percent;
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the number average molecular weight of the styrene-butadiene copolymer is about 2,500.

Claims (2)

  1. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of styrene-butadiene copolymer in the middle distillate fuel oil is about 0.01 weight percent.
  2. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the number average molecular weight of the styrene-butadiene copolymer is about 2, 500.
US00107509A 1968-10-23 1971-01-18 Middle distillate fuel oil compositions having improved pumpability Expired - Lifetime US3807975A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050016060A1 (en) * 2003-07-21 2005-01-27 Clariant Gmbh Fuel oil additives and additized fuel oils having improved cold properties

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3419365A (en) * 1966-11-21 1968-12-31 Phillips Petroleum Co Petroleum distillates containing butadiene-styrene copolymers
US3447915A (en) * 1966-10-31 1969-06-03 Standard Oil Co Fuel oil compositions
US3462249A (en) * 1967-03-31 1969-08-19 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel oil compositions containing grafted polymers
US3467597A (en) * 1966-11-22 1969-09-16 Exxon Research Engineering Co Grafted terpolymers,their process of production,and use as additives for lubricants and fuels
US3479278A (en) * 1967-06-07 1969-11-18 Phillips Petroleum Co Solvent dewaxing with hydrogenated polymeric dewaxing aids

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3447915A (en) * 1966-10-31 1969-06-03 Standard Oil Co Fuel oil compositions
US3419365A (en) * 1966-11-21 1968-12-31 Phillips Petroleum Co Petroleum distillates containing butadiene-styrene copolymers
US3467597A (en) * 1966-11-22 1969-09-16 Exxon Research Engineering Co Grafted terpolymers,their process of production,and use as additives for lubricants and fuels
US3462249A (en) * 1967-03-31 1969-08-19 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel oil compositions containing grafted polymers
US3479278A (en) * 1967-06-07 1969-11-18 Phillips Petroleum Co Solvent dewaxing with hydrogenated polymeric dewaxing aids

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050016060A1 (en) * 2003-07-21 2005-01-27 Clariant Gmbh Fuel oil additives and additized fuel oils having improved cold properties
US7550019B2 (en) 2003-07-21 2009-06-23 Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh Fuel oil additives and additized fuel oils having improved cold properties

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