US3805272A - Recording system utilizing magnetic deflection - Google Patents

Recording system utilizing magnetic deflection Download PDF

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Publication number
US3805272A
US3805272A US00284822A US28482272A US3805272A US 3805272 A US3805272 A US 3805272A US 00284822 A US00284822 A US 00284822A US 28482272 A US28482272 A US 28482272A US 3805272 A US3805272 A US 3805272A
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Prior art keywords
stream
deflection
deflecting
ink
recording system
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US00284822A
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English (en)
Inventor
G Fan
R Toupin
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Priority to US00284822A priority Critical patent/US3805272A/en
Priority to IT25624/73A priority patent/IT989319B/it
Priority to CA174,800A priority patent/CA1000340A/en
Priority to JP7715573A priority patent/JPS5321819B2/ja
Priority to GB3519973A priority patent/GB1434045A/en
Priority to DE2340120A priority patent/DE2340120C2/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/07—Ink jet characterised by jet control
    • B41J2/075—Ink jet characterised by jet control for many-valued deflection
    • B41J2/10—Ink jet characterised by jet control for many-valued deflection magnetic field-control type

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An ink jet recording system including means for producing a stream of high speed ferrofluid ink droplets, magnetic deflection means for deflecting said ink stream, said magnetic deflecting means including two spaced pole pieces forming an air gap therebetween located so that said ink stream passes therethrough, said gap being shaped to form a gradient magnetic field therein, said gap further being shaped so that movement of said ink stream in a direction normal to the gradient magnetic field does not result in the ink stream striking a pole piece.
  • Said system is further characterized by a plurality of magnetic deflection means located in the path of said ink stream wherein each deflecting means is capable of applying an increment of deflecting force to said stream.
  • Mechanical printers also suffer from an additional disadvantage in that their ultimate speed is severely limited by the mechanical inertia of their moving parts. It should be noted that virtually all mechanical printers fall into the category of impact printing wherein the type forming mechanism must come into forceable contact with the record receiving media at some point.
  • a relatively new printing technology which is applicable, in theory, both to graphical printing as well as alphanumeric printing is that known as ink jet printing.
  • the actual printed characters are formed by moving a stream of ink in a desired fashion, interrupting said stream as necessary and causing said stream to impinge upon a suitable recording surface such as a sheet of moving paper.
  • a suitable recording surface such as a sheet of moving paper.
  • Both the Sweet and Lewis et al. patents utilize what is known as electrostatic deflection of the ink jet. That is, an electric field is applied to a pair of deflecting plates for moving the charged particles of the ink jet in a desired trace across the recording path.
  • Electrostatic ink jet recording systems suffer from a number of disadvantages.
  • the charging of the individual ink droplets is quite critical insofar as synchronization of the charging voltage with the formation of the droplets is concerned.
  • the electrostatic deflection effect is somewhat limited in magnitude which results in the deflection system parameters being quite critical. Further, the charge effects between adjacent droplets causes considerable problems.
  • FIG. 1 is an organizational drawing of the present ink jet recording system showing the principle functional components thereof.
  • FIG. 2A is a detailed drawing showing a single magnetic deflection element illustrating a preferred form of said element.
  • FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic drawing indicating certain parameters involved in a magnetric deflection system.
  • FIG. 3 shows the details of the magnetic deflection system comprising a preferred embodiment of the invention incorporating a plurality of separate magnetic deflection stages or elements. 7
  • FIG. 4A is a top view of a multiple deflection station system, the control electronics for which are shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4B is a side detail view of the system of FIG. 4A specifically illustrating the preferred dimensions of the multiple deflection station system shown in FIG. 4A.
  • the objects of the present invention are accomplished in general by a method of making a permanent recording representative of an electric information signal comprising the steps of forming a ferrofluid ink stream, directing said stream at a writing surface, generating a gradient magnetic field in the path of said stream, forming said gradient magnetic field so that deflection of said stream into the higher density portions of said field does not result in an impingement of said stream upon the field generating means.
  • the ink stream is a series of droplets wherein adjacent drops may be selectively deflected.
  • said gradient magnetic field is generated between a pair of spaced pole pieces such that a wedge-shaped gap is formed therebetween but wherein said gap is open at 1 both sides thereof.
  • a plurality of individual magnetic deflection means are utilized wherein the length of said gap in the direction of travel of said ink stream is approximately the diameter of individual droplets making up said stream and wherein the spacing of adjacent deflection stations is approximately the spacing between such drops.
  • Utilization of plural magnetic deflection stations with suitable signal switching means provided therefor substantially increases the fineness of control of the deflection of adjacent drops since the deflecting field may be continued over a substantial portion of the path of travel of individualdroplets and yet only a desired deflection signal will be affecting a particular droplet. Further, an adjacent droplet may have a considerably different deflection signal without substantial interference or interaction of the deflecting signals upon subsequent drops. However, this mechanism will be set forth and described more fully subsequently.
  • a ferrofluid ink as described herein for use with the disclosed ink jet recording system comprises a fluid having magnetic polarizabilty, or in other words, one which maintains essentially fluid physical characteristics but which also will behave under the influence of a magnetic field much the same as any other soft or paramagnetic material.
  • a satisfactory ferrofluid to be utilized'as an ink in the present system would be one which would have substantially uniform magnetic properties so that its action is obviously predictable.
  • the type of fluid suitable for magnetic inks used in the present invention is unlike more or less well known magnetic clutch fluids of the type consisting of ferrite particles which chain together and essentially solidify under a strong magnetic field.
  • a ferrofluid consists of a colloidal suspension of submicronsized ferrite particles in a carrier fluid or vehicle such as kerosene, water, or silicone base fluids. A dispersing agent is added to prevent floculation.
  • a carrier fluid or vehicle such as kerosene, water, or silicone base fluids.
  • a dispersing agent is added to prevent floculation.
  • This type of ferrofluid is described by R. E. Rosenweig, Magnetic Fluids, International Science and Technology, July 1966, pgs. 48-56.
  • a further reference is Some Applithe sense of any sort of permanent or semipermanent' magnetic alignment within the individual ferromagnetic materials within a drop, as such an effect would be merely a random and temporary condition but it is the overall gross ferromagnetic property of the ink which allows the gradient field to pull the ferromagnetic droplet into the more concentrated portion of to FIG.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown an overall diagramatic organiza-tion of a typical ink jet recording system constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • the organization is quite similar to those utilized in other known ink jet systems. It comprises a nozzle 10 which produces the ink jet stream as a series of droplets as will be described fully subsequently.
  • the source of the droplets comprises the transducer arrangement 12 which receives ink from an ink reservoir, not shown.
  • the operation of such drop producing transducers is well known in the art, reference being specifically made to the Sweet US. Pat. No. 3,596,275 wherein a typical drop producing transducer is illustrated.
  • a deflection signal source 20 provides a deflecting signal to the magnetic deflecting means which in turn produces a gradient magnetic field within the path of the ink stream 11. It will be noted especially in referring to FIG. 2 that the direction of the gradient field is fixed by the physical construction; however, the strength may vary in accordance with the strength of the deflection signal applied to the winding coils. It will also be noted that a synchronization means 18 is shown which performs the necessary function of providing synchronization between the application of the deflecting signal to the deflecting means 16 and the ink droplet forming mechanism whereby proper deflection signals will be applied to desired ink droplets.
  • a shoot or gutter 22 is located downstream from the deflection means and generally in the path of a maximally or minimally deflected droplet to intercept same and return droplets so intercepted to the ink reservoir.
  • This means is provided, as will be well understood, when it is desired that certain droplets should not reach the recording surface. This is due to the fact that it is much easier to provide for interception of the droplets in the jet stream than to physically turn the nozzle off periodically. This is in contrast to the Johnson U.S. Pat. No. 3,5l0,878 referenced previously wherein a low speed droplet binary mechanism is utilized; i.e., turning a valve on and off.
  • the presently disclosed system is a free jet which obtains the fastest possible droplet formation for high quality recording.
  • FIG. 2A it will be noted that there is shown amagnetic structure 30 having a coil 32 surrounding same for generating the requisite -magnetic flux'in the armature structure 30. It will be further noted that the air gap 34 is essentially wedgeshaped and is open at both sides.
  • FIG. 2B the principles of the magnetic deflection of such an ink jet system will be specifically set forth.
  • the concept is essentially quite simple and involves passing the stream of magnetic fluid droplets close to one of the pole pieces of an electromagnetic deflecting element placed perpendicular to the undeflected stream.
  • a gradient in the field be established whereby the ferromagnetic ink droplet is pulled into the denser region thereof.
  • the following is a theoretical explanation of the physical attraction of the droplet by such a magnetic field.
  • A the distance between droplets, 6 angle of deflection, v velocity, d spacing of undeflected droplet from pole piece.
  • tip is the impulse (change of momentum) delivered to a droplet passing near a pole of an electromag-' net
  • p is its initial momentum
  • deflection of the droplet prior to saturation thereof is proportional to the product of the field H and the field gradient 8H. After the droplet is saturated, it is proportional only to the gradient.
  • the shape of the air gap or wedge can be changed to a somewhat different contour to maximize the I-I'6I-I product.
  • Another way to obtain maximum deflection is to use a static uniform magnetic field superimposed on a variable deflecting field.
  • the strength of this field should be sufficient to polarize to saturation or near saturation each magnetic fluid droplet.
  • formula (3) above applies with H replaced by the variable deflecting field and all the subsequent formulas and estimates are unaffected.
  • the advantages of superimposing the static field on the variable field are: l) the deflection is more linear with input current; and 2) there is more deflection in certain current ranges; i.e., the variable field need not be used to obtain satu ration of the droplets.
  • FIG. 3 wherein a plurality of transducers 40 are shown, each having the general configuration, for example, of the transducer shown in FIG. 2A.
  • the multiple transducer embodiment exemplified by FIG. 3, allows ready implementation ofdigital input information for the deflection control signal.
  • the multiple transducers are representedby the reference numeral 40.
  • each transducer for a unit of deflection.
  • a total of 10 units of deflection of a given ink droplet would occur providing all 10 transducers were energized.
  • it were only desired to give three units only three of the transducers would be energized, etc.
  • FIG. 3 a convenient way of obtaining this sort of deflection control is typified.
  • the AND circuits 42 and the Binary to Decimal Decoder 44 perform the function of selecting the particular transducers to be energized while the Ring Counter 46 under control of a clock signal steps a deflection signal along the group of transducers at substantially the same speed as the ink droplet travels.
  • the first four transducers would be activated by energizing the outputs of the first four lines of the decoder 44. Assuming a suitable reset signal is applied to the Ring Counter, as clock signals are received, the first four transducers would be energized sequentially.
  • the speed of propagation of the deflection signal along the group at AND circuits 42 must, of necessity, be equal to the physical speed or velocity of the droplets passing through the deflecting transducer element air gaps. It is believed to be obvious to provide compensating controls to maintain synchronization between droplet speed or velocity and the actual signal propagation rate through the transducer array due to ambient effects.
  • each deflecting element at any given time has a signal which only affects the droplet within its immediate physical range or area of attraction and thus there is very little interference between the deflection of adjacent droplets.
  • control circuits could readily be designed for controlling the multiple deflecting elements by those skilled in the art.
  • a fairly straightforward shift register could be used with adjacent stages connected to adjacent deflection elements.
  • a variable magnitude deflection signal could be applied to one end of the shift register which would in effect follow a particular droplet along the deflection path.
  • Still other control means could readily be adapted for use with the overall recording system concept of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4A is a top view of a multiple deflecting station embodiment wherein the individual deflecting elements 16A, 16B and 16C are shown displaced in the direction of deflection of the droplet stream.
  • Four discrete positions of deflection of the droplet stream 11 are illustrated in this figure. The one is for a 0 deflection. The next shows a deflection of 0 The next shows a deflection of 0 plus 6 and finally the fourth or leftmost stream indicates a deflection of 0 0 6
  • These deflections may be obtained with an analog deflecting signal applied to each of the windings 40 as shown in FIG.
  • each of the deflecting stations is supplied with a simple straightforward stream of binary bits which are effective to energize or de-energize same.
  • the synchronization of the pulse streams as well as thecharacter encoding are believed to be quite straightforward, and obvious to those skilled in the art.
  • an optimum dimension for each of the elements in such a system is that the width of a deflecting element or transducer should be approximately equal to the drop diameter and spacing of the actual elements must, of necessity, be approximately equal to the spacing of the droplets comprising the stream (or a multiple thereof) for the deflecting system to operate.
  • the width of a deflecting element or transducer should be approximately equal to the drop diameter and spacing of the actual elements must, of necessity, be approximately equal to the spacing of the droplets comprising the stream (or a multiple thereof) for the deflecting system to operate.
  • FIG. 4B clearly indicates the optimal dimensioning of a multiple deflection station system such as described in the previous paragraph. It may be seen that each of the deflecting magnet pole pieces 16A, 16B, and 16C have a width substantially equal to the diameter of an individual ink droplet making up the stream 11. Similarly, the spacing of the individual deflecting elements is equal to the spacing of the individual droplets making up the stream.
  • the ferrofluid ink utilized consisted of a colloidal water base suspension of magnetite particles having an average diameter of 100A.
  • the viscosity of the ink at room temperature was between 6 and 10 centipoise at low shear rate.
  • the surface tension of the ink was 35 dynes/cm and its saturation magnetization was emu/gm. Its density was 1.2 gm/cm.
  • the ink was supplied to a nozzle 1.4 mil inside diameter at a pressure of psi.
  • the velocity of the droplets was approximately 6 meters/sec.
  • a piezoelectric crystal transducer was connected to the nozzle structure to introduce pressure waves in the ink and thus produce a droplet frequency of 20 kilohertz.
  • the droplet size was approximately 2.3 times the nozzle diameter or 3.4 mils.
  • the spacing between successive droplets was approximately 12 mils.
  • the deflecting magnet was ferrite and had substantially the configuration shown in FIG. 2A.
  • the pole pieces formed a wedge shaped gap, as illustrated, wherein the angle between a plane normal to the axis of the pole pieces and the face of the pole piece was 15 (a total angle of between the pole faces).
  • the gap between the two adjacent pointed portions of the pole pieces (narrowest point) was 7 mils.
  • the deflecting magnet was 6 mils wide in the dimension parallel to the axis of the gap and 60 mils wide in the dimension perpendicular to the aixs and the gap.
  • the strength of the gradient of the magnetic field for a signal producing maximum desired deflection of the droplet stream was greater than 10 Gauss/cm.
  • the deflecting magnet was spaced approximately 0.3
  • Deflection of the droplet stream on the recording medium in the described embodiment was zero for no signal applied and approximately 1 mm. with a maximum signal used producing the magnetic field above described.
  • the energizing windings for the magnet consisted of 50 turns of No. 32 AWG wire fed with a signal of SOOmilliamps for maximum deflection.
  • the advantages of the present magnetic deflection system are that with an electromagnetic system, no high voltages are required for deflecting as with an electrostatically charged droplet stream. No charging or polarizing operation whatsoever is required, since it is not possible to permanently magnetically polarize such droplets. This latter fact makes synchronization problems somewhat less critical with this type of a magnetic deflection system than is the case with electrostatic systems.
  • the use of magnetic ink in the printing system also-results in a ferromagnetic record. If certain types of printing formats are utilized, subsequent readout of the printed record would be possible which, in certain applications, would have many advantages.
  • An ink jet recording system including means for producing a stream of high speed ferro fluid ink droplets, electromagnetic deflection means for deflecting said ink stream, said magnetic deflecting means including two spaced pole pieces defining an air gap and an associated winding for energizing same, said gap being shaped to produce a gradient magnetic field thereacross, said ink jet stream being located with respect to said pole pieces so that with no deflecting signal applied to said winding said stream occupies a space substantially equi-distant from each pole piece and wherein energizing said winding causes deflection of said stream in a plane perpendicular to said gradient magnetic field, and said air gap being further shaped so that movement of said ink stream in said deflection plane in response to said gradient magnetic field cannot result in said stream striking such pole pieces.
  • a recording system as set forth in claim 1 including a plurality of such electromagnetic deflecting means located in the path of said ink stream such that energization of each of said deflecting means causes incremental deflections of said stream.
  • each of said deflecting means includes an electrical winding wherein the passage of current through said winding produces said magnetic field in said air gap and circuit means for selectively energizing desired ones of said plural deflecting means to cause predetermined deflection of individual ink droplets defining said stream.
  • circuit means includes means for energizing a particular deflecting means with a particular deflecting signal only while a particular droplet is within the air gap of said deflecting means.
  • circuit means includes means for energizing a particular deflecting means with a particular deflecting signal only while a particular droplet is within the air gap of said deflecting means.
  • successive deflecting means are located in an arcuate path downstream of said ink jet producing means whereby each deflecting means is in an optimal location to produce a deflection effect upon a given magnetic droplet which has been incrementally deflected by the immediately preceding deflecting means.
  • circuit means includes N AND gates, each having an output connected to energize one of N magnetic deflecting means, a binary to digital decoder which accepts a binary input signal and energizes from 1 through N output lines depending upon the binary input, each of said output lines being connected to one i of said N AND circuits, a ring counter having N stages,
  • each stage having an output connected to one of said N AND circuits, a clock signal source for stepping said counter and a reset means for resetting said counter at the end of a particular deflection cycle.
  • each electromagnetic deflecting means has a width approximately equal to the diameter of a droplet of ink making up said ink stream and wherein the magnetic field thereacross, each said deflecting means being energized by an electrical winding, said ink jet stream being so located with respect to said pole pieces that with no deflecting signal applied to said winding said stream occupies a space substantially equi-distant from each pole piece and wherein energizing said winding causes deflection of said stream in a plane perpendicular to said stream in a plane perpendicular to said gradient magnetic field, said air gap being further shaped so that movement of said ink stream in said deflection plane in response to said gradient magnetic field cannot result in said stream striking such pole pieces,
  • switching circuit means for controlling the energization of said plural deflecting means, said circuit means including timing circuit means for energizing a particular deflecting means only as long as a particular ink droplet is within the magnetic field produced by that deflecting means, and

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  • Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
  • Recording Measured Values (AREA)
  • Facsimile Heads (AREA)
  • Fax Reproducing Arrangements (AREA)
US00284822A 1972-08-30 1972-08-30 Recording system utilizing magnetic deflection Expired - Lifetime US3805272A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00284822A US3805272A (en) 1972-08-30 1972-08-30 Recording system utilizing magnetic deflection
IT25624/73A IT989319B (it) 1972-08-30 1973-06-20 Sistema di registrazione utiliz zante la deflessione magnetica particolarmente per dispositivi di stampa a getto d inchiostro
CA174,800A CA1000340A (en) 1972-08-30 1973-06-22 Liquid jet printer utilizing magnetic deflection
JP7715573A JPS5321819B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-08-30 1973-07-10
GB3519973A GB1434045A (en) 1972-08-30 1973-07-24 Liquid droplet recording apparatus
DE2340120A DE2340120C2 (de) 1972-08-30 1973-08-08 Ablenkeinrichtung für einen Tintenstrahlschreiber

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US00284822A US3805272A (en) 1972-08-30 1972-08-30 Recording system utilizing magnetic deflection

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US (1) US3805272A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5321819B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1000340A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2340120C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1434045A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT989319B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3878518A (en) * 1974-02-04 1975-04-15 Ibm Method and apparatus for linearly amplifying the deflection of a droplet of a liquid magnetic stream
US3916419A (en) * 1974-02-27 1975-10-28 Ibm Method an apparatus for asynchronously forming magnetic liquid droplets
US3959797A (en) * 1974-12-16 1976-05-25 International Business Machines Corporation Ink jet printer apparatus and method of printing
US3992712A (en) * 1974-07-03 1976-11-16 Ibm Corporation Method and apparatus for recording information on a recording surface
DE2724548A1 (de) * 1976-06-01 1977-12-15 Ibm Tintenversorgungssystem fuer tintenstrahldrucker
US4068240A (en) * 1976-12-20 1978-01-10 International Business Machines Corporation Vector magnetic ink jet printer with stabilized jet stream
US4070679A (en) * 1975-06-30 1978-01-24 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for recording information on a recording surface by the use of magnetic ink
US20130327409A1 (en) * 2012-06-12 2013-12-12 Justin E. Silpe Active guidance of fluid agents using magnetorheological antibubbles

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1882043A (en) * 1928-10-20 1932-10-11 Telefunken Gmbh Signal recording
US3091762A (en) * 1957-02-04 1963-05-28 Xerox Corp Electrostatic apparatus for measuring and recording time intervals
US3287734A (en) * 1965-11-26 1966-11-22 Xerox Corp Magnetic ink recording
US3510878A (en) * 1968-04-02 1970-05-05 Vibrac Corp Oscillographic writing system
US3570275A (en) * 1965-02-08 1971-03-16 Halbmond Teppiche Veb Apparatus for the continuous dyeing of textile webs and the like

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3596275A (en) * 1964-03-25 1971-07-27 Richard G Sweet Fluid droplet recorder
US3298030A (en) * 1965-07-12 1967-01-10 Clevite Corp Electrically operated character printer

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1882043A (en) * 1928-10-20 1932-10-11 Telefunken Gmbh Signal recording
US3091762A (en) * 1957-02-04 1963-05-28 Xerox Corp Electrostatic apparatus for measuring and recording time intervals
US3570275A (en) * 1965-02-08 1971-03-16 Halbmond Teppiche Veb Apparatus for the continuous dyeing of textile webs and the like
US3287734A (en) * 1965-11-26 1966-11-22 Xerox Corp Magnetic ink recording
US3510878A (en) * 1968-04-02 1970-05-05 Vibrac Corp Oscillographic writing system

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3878518A (en) * 1974-02-04 1975-04-15 Ibm Method and apparatus for linearly amplifying the deflection of a droplet of a liquid magnetic stream
US3916419A (en) * 1974-02-27 1975-10-28 Ibm Method an apparatus for asynchronously forming magnetic liquid droplets
US3992712A (en) * 1974-07-03 1976-11-16 Ibm Corporation Method and apparatus for recording information on a recording surface
US3959797A (en) * 1974-12-16 1976-05-25 International Business Machines Corporation Ink jet printer apparatus and method of printing
US4070679A (en) * 1975-06-30 1978-01-24 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for recording information on a recording surface by the use of magnetic ink
DE2724548A1 (de) * 1976-06-01 1977-12-15 Ibm Tintenversorgungssystem fuer tintenstrahldrucker
US4068240A (en) * 1976-12-20 1978-01-10 International Business Machines Corporation Vector magnetic ink jet printer with stabilized jet stream
FR2374167A1 (fr) * 1976-12-20 1978-07-13 Ibm Imprimante a projection d'encre magnetique du type a impression de vecteurs avec stabilisation des suites de gouttelettes d'encre
US20130327409A1 (en) * 2012-06-12 2013-12-12 Justin E. Silpe Active guidance of fluid agents using magnetorheological antibubbles
US9068695B2 (en) * 2012-06-12 2015-06-30 Smrt Delivery Llc Active guidance of fluid agents using magnetorheological antibubbles

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CA1000340A (en) 1976-11-23
GB1434045A (en) 1976-04-28
JPS4947037A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-07
IT989319B (it) 1975-05-20
JPS5321819B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-07-05
DE2340120A1 (de) 1974-03-14
DE2340120C2 (de) 1982-11-18

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