US3804618A - Liquid crystal imaging system - Google Patents

Liquid crystal imaging system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3804618A
US3804618A US00646532A US64653267A US3804618A US 3804618 A US3804618 A US 3804618A US 00646532 A US00646532 A US 00646532A US 64653267 A US64653267 A US 64653267A US 3804618 A US3804618 A US 3804618A
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cholesteryl
liquid crystalline
image
members
mixture
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00646532A
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English (en)
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E Forest
C Keller
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Priority to US00646532A priority Critical patent/US3804618A/en
Priority to GB27467/68A priority patent/GB1235552A/en
Priority to DE19681772672 priority patent/DE1772672A1/de
Priority to FR1572784D priority patent/FR1572784A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3804618A publication Critical patent/US3804618A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/22—Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G13/24—Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 whereby at least two steps are performed simultaneously

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An imaging system wherein a liquid crystal composition is placed in an imagewise field. Molecular orientation within the liquid crystal in areas of field provides a visible image.
  • a system comprising placing a liquid crystalline substance in the field generated between an electrostatic latent image and a conductor, or in a field generated by a source of potential connected to shaped electrodes whereby the liquid crystalline substance is strained by the imagewise field in image configuration providing a visible image.
  • Liquid crystalline substances are those liquids whose molecules, instead of being randomly distributed such as a gas, are regularly oriented similar to the distribution of molecules in a crystalline solid. Normally, substances which exhibit liquid crystalline characteristics do so only in a relatively narrow temperature range; below this temperature range they are solids, above the range they are liquids.
  • liquid crystalline substances are divided into three classes: smectic, nematie and cholesteric. Mechanically, these substances resemble liquids having viscosities ranging from runny glue to solid glass. Optically, they behave like crystals, for example, a typical cholesteric liquid crystal substance scatters light in symmetrical patterns and refleets different colors depending on the angle from which it is viewed.
  • strained is meant that the oriented molecules in the liquid crystal are reoriented.
  • a visual difference between the field strained and the un-strained liquid crystals provides an image.
  • This difference may be a difference in hue such as red, green, blue, etc. or in lightness, i.e., different shades of grays.
  • the visible image may also result from a difference in reflectance, refraction, or transparency.
  • light information from the visible image may be projected onto a screen or onto a fast developing film.
  • This invention would be particularly useful in a rapid recording and display system such as that disclosed in US. Pat. 3,1 15,075 to Alexander.
  • the insulating member is then removed from the system, solvent washed to remove any liquid crystal adhering to it, air-dried, and stored for later use.
  • the liquid crystal is separated from the insulating member by a thin walled, opaque, insulating film, thereby preventing contact between the liquid crystal and the insulating member. This eliminates the requirement of solvent washing the insulating member followed by air-drying.
  • Reversal imaging may be accomplished by charging the conductive member to the same potential as is present on the charged areas of the electrostatic latent image.
  • the resultant field is present only between the conductive member and the uncharged areas of the electrostatic image resulting in straining of the liquid crystalline material above uncharged areas of the electrostatic image providing a visible image which is the reverse of the electrostatic latent image.
  • the electrostatic latent image may be forrned on either an insulating or photoconductive insulating surface. If a photoconductive insulating surface is to be used, care must be taken not to discharge the electrostatic latent image during display. That is, actinic radiation impinging on the surface of the photoconductive layer may discharge the electrostatic latent image before it has been developed and displayed. It may be necessary, therefore, to use light conditions during development and display which will not render the photoconductive layer conductive. For example, red light would be suitable for selenium photoconductive layers since selenium is not affected by red light.
  • Suitable lighting conditions for various photoconductive layers which will not render the photoconductor conductive may be determined by referring to graphs of the relative energy of response of photoconductors as a function of the wavelength of light used, avoiding wavelengths which result in photoconductor response. See, for example, Xerography and Related Processes by Dessauer and Clark, Focal Press Ltd, 1965.
  • the insulating film which is placed between the liquid crystal and the insulating member is opaque thereby eliminating the requirement of special lighting during development and display.
  • insulating when used in reference to the surface bearing the electrostatic image is intended to include photoconductive insulating materials.
  • Typical photoconductive insulating materials include inorganic photoconductors such as zinc oxide; cadmium sulfide; zinc sulfide; lead sulfide; cadmium selenide; selenium; lead iodide and lead chromate; organic photoconductors such as triphenyl amine; 2,4-bis (4,4'-diethylaminophenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol; N-isopropyl carbazole; triphenyl pyrrol; 4,5-diphenylimid-azolidinone; 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene; Z-mercapto-benzthiazole, 2,4-diphenylquinazoline; S-benzideaminoacenaphthalene; and mixtures thereof.
  • inorganic photoconductors such as zinc oxide; cadmium sulfide; zinc sulfide; lead sulfide; cadmium selenide; selenium; lead i
  • Typical binders are polystyrene resins, silicone resins, acrylic and methacrylic polymers and copolymers and mixtures thereof.
  • Selenium is preferred because it has excellent sensitivity and the ability to receive and retain an electrostatic image with comparatively low dark decay.
  • non-photoconductive insulating materials known in the art are: non-self-supporting or selfsupporting films of organic resins, plastics, binders including cellulose, cellulosic materials, and insulating resins such as lacquer coatings, and resin films and layers including urea and melamine-type resins, acrylic resins and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical liquid crystals are cholesteric liquid crystals, such as reaction products of cholesterol and inorganic acids such as cholesteryl chloride; cholesteryl nitrate; etc., organic esters of cholesterol such as cholesteryl crotonate, cholesteryl nonanoate; chlesteryl chloroformate; cholesteryl linolate; cholesteryl linolenate; cholesteryl oleate; cholesteryl erucate; cholesteryl butyrate; cholesteryl caprate; cholesteryl laurate; cholesteryl myristate; and cholesteryl clupanodonate; etc.; ethers of cholesterol such as cholesteryl decyl ether; cholesteryl lauryl ether; cholesteryl oleyl ether; etc.; carbamates and carbonates of cholesterol such as cholesteryl decyl carbonate; cholesteryl oleyl carbon
  • Typical transparent conductive materials include:
  • conductively coated glass such as tin or indium oxide coated glass, and aluminum coated glass, etc., and similar coatings on transparent plastic substrates.
  • NESA a tin oxide coated glass available from the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company
  • NESA is preferred because it is highly transparent and is readily available.
  • the thin film which is placed between the liquid crystal and the insulating member may be of any insulating material.
  • Typical insulating materials are: cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyurethane elastomers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polystyrene, polycarbonates, and mixtures thereof.
  • FIGURE shows a sectional side view of a simple exemplary system for carrying out the process of this invention wherein the liquid crystalline material has been placed between a photoconductive insulating member and a grounded transparent electrode.
  • a NESA glass plate 1 is prepared by placing on its surface an inert gasket 2.
  • the shallow cup formed by plate 1 and inert gasket 2 is filled with a liquid crystalline material 3.
  • the depth of this cup i.e., the depth of the liquid crystalline material 3 used is a function of the composition of the liquid crystal, the temperature of the liquid crystal, the potential of the electrostatic latent image and the thickness and insulating properties of thin film 4.
  • Insulating film 4 is placed in contact with liquid crystal 3 and inert gasket 2.
  • Xerographic plate 7 comprising a layer 5 of photoconductive material on a conductive substrate 6 is sensitized by corona charging.
  • Plate 7 is then exposed to a pattern of light and shadow which causes the charge to drain away from those areas on which light impinges. The remaining surface charge is an electrostatic latent image.
  • Xerographic plate 7 is brought into contact with film 4.
  • the molecules in liquid crystal 3 are strained in field areas providing a visible image viewable through NESA glass plate 1.
  • the charge density of the latent image is such that a field of about 2,000 to 4,000 volts is developed across the liquid crystalline layer.
  • EXAMPLE I A 2 inch square by /8 inch thick NESA glass plate is prepared by placing on its surface a Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.) gasket having overall dimensions about 2 inches square and a cross sectional dimension about 0.l millimeter. The NESA glass plate is then grounded. The NESA plate and Teflon gasket are then heated to a temperature of about 130C. and maintained at about that temperature throughout the experiment by an electrical radiant energy heater.
  • Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.
  • the about 0.1 millimeter deep cup formed by the Teflon gasket and NESA glass electrode is filled with a mixture of about 55 percent cholesteryl benzoate and about 45 percent cholesteryl acetate which is prepared as follows: The mixture of liquid crystals are placed in an oven and heated to a temperature of about 137C. The mixture is then removed from the oven and allowed to cool to a temperature of about 130C. The mixture is then poured onto the NESA glass plate. An approximately 0.05 millimeter thick film of Pigmented Type Tedlar is placed in contact with the liquid crystalline material and the Teflon gasket.
  • a 2 inch square by 7 8 inch thick Teflon member is corona charged through a grounded metal stencil in image configuration resulting in an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the insulating member.
  • the Teflon member containing the electrostatic latent image is then placed in contact with the insulating film.
  • the image is then viewed through the NESA plate. This experiment may be carried out under ordinary incandescent light conditions because the Teflon member is not photoconductive, hence will not discharge an electrostatic image in the presence of ordinary light conditions.
  • EXAMPLE II A 2 inch square by 7 9 inch thick NESA glass plate is prepared by placing on its surface a Teflon (polytetrafluoroethyle ne available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.) gasket having overall dimensions about 2 inches square and a cross sectional dimension about 0.1 millimeter. The NESA glass plate is then grounded. The NESA plate and Teflon gasket are then maintained at a temperature of about 24C. throughout the experiment.
  • Teflon polytetrafluoroethyle ne available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.
  • the about 0.1 millimeter deep cup formed by the Teflon gasket and NESA glass electrode is filled with a mixture of about 30 percent cholesteryl butyrate and about 70 percent cholesteryl myristate which is prepared as follows: the mixture of liquid crystals are placed in an oven and heated to a temperature of about 45C. The mixture is then removed from the oven, poured onto the NESA glass plate, and allowed to cool to a temperature of about 24C. An approximately 0.05 millimeter thick film of Pigmented Type 30 Tedlar (DuPont) is placed in contact with the liquid crystalline material and the Teflon gasket.
  • a 2 inch square by rt; inch thick selenium xerographic plate comprising an 80 micron selenium photoconductive layer on an aluminum substrate is sensitized by corona charging.
  • the xerographic plate is then exposed to a pattern of light and shadow which causes the charge to drain away from those areas on which light impinges.
  • the remaining surface charge is an electrostatic latent image.
  • the xerographic member containing the electrostatic image is placed under red light conditions in contact with the film. The image is then viewed through the NESA glass plate under conventional incandescent light conditions.
  • EXAMPLE III A liquid crystalline substance made of a mixture of about one part cholesteryl crotonate and about one part cholesteryl oleate is dissolved in chloroform to make a free flowing solution. This solution is poured onto the NESA glass plate Teflon gasket arrangement used in Example I except that in this experiment all components are at about room temperature. The chloroform is allowed to evaporate in air leaving a viscous liquid crystal material on the surface of the NESA glass plate. The insulating film of Example I is placed in contact with the liquid crystal and the Teflon gasket. The NESA glass plate is then grounded. The xerographic member of Example II containing an electrostatic latent image is then under red light conditions placed in contact with the insulating film. No heating device need be utilized in this Example since the liquid crystal used in this Example exhibits liquid crystal characteristics at or near room temperature. The image is then viewed through the NESA glass plate under conventional incandescent light conditions.
  • EXAMPLE IV A 2 inch square by A; inch thick polycarbonate member made from the phosgenation of bisphenol A (4,4- dihydroxydiphenyl-2-2-propane) is corona charged through a grounded metal stencil in image configuration resulting in an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the insulating polycarbonate member.
  • a Teflon gasket having overall dimensions about 2 inches square by about 0.1 millimeter in cross section is placed over an about 2 inch square by Vs inch thick NESA glass plate.
  • a mixture of approximately 30 percent cholesteryl butyrate and about percent cholesteryl myristate is dissolved in chloroform to provide a free-flowing solution.
  • the solution is then poured into the about 0.1 millimeter deep cup formed by the NESA plate and Teflon gasket.
  • the chloroform is allowed to evaporate in air.
  • the insulating film of Example II is then placed in contact with the liquid crystal and Teflon gasket.
  • the NESA plate is then grounded.
  • the polycarbonate member containing the electrostatic latent image is then placed in contact with the insulating film.
  • the image is then viewed through the NESA plate.
  • No heating device need be utilized in this Example since the liquid crystal used in this Example exhibits liquid crystal characteristics at room temperature. This experiment may be carried out under ordinary incandescent light conditions because the polycarbonate member is not photoconductive, hence, will not discharge an electrostatic image in the presence of ordinary light conditions.
  • EXAMPLE V A 2 inch square by :4; inch thick NESA glass plate is prepared by placing on its surface a Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.) gasket having overall dimensions about 2 inches square and a cross sectional dimension about 0.1 millimeter. The NESA glass plate is then grounded. The NESA plate and Teflon gasket are then heated to a temperature of about C. and maintained at about that temperature throughout the experiment by an electrical radiant energy heater.
  • Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.
  • the about 0.1 millimeter deep cup formed by the Teflon gasket and NESA glass electrode is filled with p-azoxyanisole which is prepared as follows: the crystals are placed in an oven and heated to a temperature of 140C. The liquid is then removed from the oven and poured onto the NESA glass plate. The liquid is then allowed to cool to the temperature of the NESA glass plate. An approximately 0.05 millimeter thick film of Pigmented Type 30 Tedlar is placed in contact with the liquid crystalline material and the Teflon gasket.
  • a 2 inch square by /8 inch thick polycarbonate member is corona charged through a grounded metal stencil in image configuration resulting in an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the insulating member.
  • This polycarbonate member containing the electrostatic latent image is then placed in contact with the insulating film. The image is then viewed through the NESA plate.
  • This experiment may be carried out under ordinary incandescent light conditions because the polycarbonate member is not photoconductive, hence, will not discharge an electrostatic image in the presence of ordinary light conditions.
  • EXAMPLE VI A 2 inch square by Vs inch thick NESA glass plate is coated with p-azoxyanisole as in Example V. An approximately 0.05 millimeter thick film of Pigmented Type 30 Tedlar is placed in contact with the liquid crystalline material and the Teflon gasket. A shaped electrode is made by vacuum depositing aluminum in image configuration on the surface of a 2 inch square by /8 inch thick piece of molded polycarbonate made from the phosgenation of bisphenol A(4,4- dihydroxydiphenyl-2-2'-propane). The aluminum image is continuous so that current will flow to all parts of the image. The polycarbonate member is then placed on the Tedlar so that the aluminum image contacts the Tedlar film. The conductive surface of the NESA plate is connected to the negative terminal of a potential source of 3,000 volts DC and ground. The aluminum image is connected to the positive terminal of the potential source. The image is then viewed through the NESA plate.
  • EXAMPLE VII A 2 inch square by /4; inch thick NESA glass plate is coated with p-azoxyanisole as in Example V. An approximately 0.05 millimeter thick film of Pigmented Type 30 Tedlar is placed in contact with the liquid crystalline material and the Teflon gasket. A second 2 inch square by Vs inch thick NESA glass plate is prepared by placing Kodak Photoresist insulator (available from the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, New York and described generally as the cinnamate esters of polyvinyl alcohol and of cellulose) on it in image configuration. The Photoresist coated surface of the NESA plate is placed in contact with the Tedlar. The liquid crystal coated NESA plate is connected to the negative terminal of a 2,000 volt DC potential source and ground. The other NESA plate is connected to the positive terminal of the potential source. The image is viewed through the liquid crystal coated NESA plate.
  • Kodak Photoresist insulator available from the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, New York and
  • An imaging process comprising:
  • an imaging composition comprising a material having a cholesteric liquid crystalline phase
  • said imaging composition comprises a mixture of cholesteryl benzoate and cholesteryl acetate.
  • imaging composition comprises a mixture of cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl crotonate.
  • said imaging composition comprises a mixture of cholesteryl myristate and cholesteryl butyrate.
  • composition comprises a mixture of cholesteric liquid crystalline material and nematic liquid crystalline material.
  • the photoconductive member comprises phthalocyanine dispersed in a binder.
  • the photoconductive member comprises zinc oxide dispersed in a binder.
  • composition comprises a mixture of cholesteric liquid crystalline material and nematic liquid crystalline material.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US00646532A 1967-06-16 1967-06-16 Liquid crystal imaging system Expired - Lifetime US3804618A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00646532A US3804618A (en) 1967-06-16 1967-06-16 Liquid crystal imaging system
GB27467/68A GB1235552A (en) 1967-06-16 1968-06-10 Imaging system
DE19681772672 DE1772672A1 (de) 1967-06-16 1968-06-18 Elektrofotografisches Abbildungsverfahren
FR1572784D FR1572784A (cs) 1967-06-16 1968-07-03

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3917481A (en) * 1972-02-24 1975-11-04 Xerox Corp Liquid crystal compositions between electrodes, one of which is a photoconductor
US3935337A (en) * 1973-02-12 1976-01-27 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Preparation of liquid crystal containing polymeric structure
US3939345A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-02-17 Xonics, Inc. Liquid crystal imaging of radiograms
US4065655A (en) * 1976-05-17 1977-12-27 Canadian Patents And Development Limited Microwave leakage indicator strip
US4113482A (en) * 1976-01-22 1978-09-12 Xerox Corporation Migration imaging method involving color change
US4671618A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-06-09 Wu Bao Gang Liquid crystalline-plastic material having submillisecond switch times and extended memory
US4673255A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-06-16 John West Method of controlling microdroplet growth in polymeric dispersed liquid crystal
US4685771A (en) * 1985-09-17 1987-08-11 West John L Liquid crystal display material comprising a liquid crystal dispersion in a thermoplastic resin
US4688900A (en) * 1984-03-19 1987-08-25 Kent State University Light modulating material comprising a liquid crystal dispersion in a plastic matrix
WO1990010275A1 (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-09-07 Greyhawk Systems, Inc. Projected image linewidth correction apparatus and method
US4983479A (en) * 1988-02-29 1991-01-08 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of manufacturing a laminated element and the element thus obtained
WO1991004514A1 (de) * 1989-09-14 1991-04-04 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Reversible oder irreversible erzeugung einer abbildung
US5712066A (en) * 1990-07-04 1998-01-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method, recording medium, and visible image reproducing method

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US3167607A (en) * 1960-01-11 1965-01-26 Alvin M Marks Multi-element electro-optic crystal shutter
US3322485A (en) * 1962-11-09 1967-05-30 Rca Corp Electro-optical elements utilizing an organic nematic compound
FR1484584A (fr) * 1966-06-27 1967-06-09 Westinghouse Electric Corp Appareil indicateur de champ électrique
US3410999A (en) * 1965-06-29 1968-11-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp Display system utilizing a liquid crystalline material of the cholesteric phase
US3484162A (en) * 1963-10-03 1969-12-16 Xerox Corp Electroviscous recording
US3627408A (en) * 1965-06-29 1971-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electric field device

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US3167607A (en) * 1960-01-11 1965-01-26 Alvin M Marks Multi-element electro-optic crystal shutter
US3322485A (en) * 1962-11-09 1967-05-30 Rca Corp Electro-optical elements utilizing an organic nematic compound
US3484162A (en) * 1963-10-03 1969-12-16 Xerox Corp Electroviscous recording
US3410999A (en) * 1965-06-29 1968-11-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp Display system utilizing a liquid crystalline material of the cholesteric phase
US3627408A (en) * 1965-06-29 1971-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electric field device
FR1484584A (fr) * 1966-06-27 1967-06-09 Westinghouse Electric Corp Appareil indicateur de champ électrique

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158TH American Chemical Society Annual Meeting, N.Y., N.Y., September 7 12, 1969, Abstract of Papers, Craftsman Press, Inc., Bladensburg, Md., Coll., 72. Liquid Crystals IV, Electro Optic Effects in P Alkyloxybenzilidene p Aminoalkylphenones and Related Compounds. *
Domains in Liquid Crystals Richard Williams Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 39, No. 1, 7/15/63. *
Harper, Voltage Effects in Caolesteric Liquid Crystals, Westinghouse Research Labs., 1966, pp. 325 332. *
Jones et al., Investigation of Large Area Display Screen Using Liquid Crystals, Westinghouse Research Lab., 12/65, pp. 4, 7, 9, 15, 99, 101, 119. *
Les Etats Mesomorphes de la Matiere, Friedel, Ann. de Phys. Le Serie, t XVIII (1922) pp. 273 474. *
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Zocher, H. and Birstein, J. Beitrage zur Kenntnis Der Mesophasen, J. uber Die Beeinflussung durch Das Elecktrische und Magnetische Feld Zeitschrift fur Physikalishe Chemie, Vol. 142, pt. A, (1929), pp. 186 194. *

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3917481A (en) * 1972-02-24 1975-11-04 Xerox Corp Liquid crystal compositions between electrodes, one of which is a photoconductor
US3935337A (en) * 1973-02-12 1976-01-27 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Preparation of liquid crystal containing polymeric structure
US3939345A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-02-17 Xonics, Inc. Liquid crystal imaging of radiograms
US4113482A (en) * 1976-01-22 1978-09-12 Xerox Corporation Migration imaging method involving color change
US4065655A (en) * 1976-05-17 1977-12-27 Canadian Patents And Development Limited Microwave leakage indicator strip
US4688900A (en) * 1984-03-19 1987-08-25 Kent State University Light modulating material comprising a liquid crystal dispersion in a plastic matrix
US4685771A (en) * 1985-09-17 1987-08-11 West John L Liquid crystal display material comprising a liquid crystal dispersion in a thermoplastic resin
US4673255A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-06-16 John West Method of controlling microdroplet growth in polymeric dispersed liquid crystal
US4671618A (en) * 1986-05-22 1987-06-09 Wu Bao Gang Liquid crystalline-plastic material having submillisecond switch times and extended memory
US4983479A (en) * 1988-02-29 1991-01-08 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of manufacturing a laminated element and the element thus obtained
WO1990010275A1 (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-09-07 Greyhawk Systems, Inc. Projected image linewidth correction apparatus and method
WO1991004514A1 (de) * 1989-09-14 1991-04-04 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Reversible oder irreversible erzeugung einer abbildung
US5312703A (en) * 1989-09-14 1994-05-17 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Reversible or irreversible production of an image
US5712066A (en) * 1990-07-04 1998-01-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method, recording medium, and visible image reproducing method

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FR1572784A (cs) 1969-06-27
DE1772672A1 (de) 1971-04-08
GB1235552A (en) 1971-06-16

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