US3804509A - Device for producing electrographic image from original provided with a conductivity pattern - Google Patents

Device for producing electrographic image from original provided with a conductivity pattern Download PDF

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US3804509A
US3804509A US00316498A US31649872A US3804509A US 3804509 A US3804509 A US 3804509A US 00316498 A US00316498 A US 00316498A US 31649872 A US31649872 A US 31649872A US 3804509 A US3804509 A US 3804509A
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conductivity
photoconductive layer
layer
insulating photoconductive
insulating
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C Cantarano
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/14—Transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G03G13/16—Transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/22—Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the production of electrographic images and to the transfer of the obtained images on to sheets or webs of copy material.
  • insulating is to be understood as defining the quality of having an electric conductivity lower than l9mho/cm and the term non-insulating as defining the quality of having an electric conductivity superior to 9mho/cm.
  • a feature of electrographic methods resides in the use of an original provided with a conductivity pattern including high insulating parts which will selectively hold electric charges to form a latent electrostatic image; thus an electrographic image may be developed by an electric responsive powder which adheres to the charged parts of the latent image.
  • a typical original of actual electrography consists in a photoconductive insulating layer provided with a conductivity pattern resulting-from an exposure to a light image; such a photoconductive layer will be a high insulator in the dark in order to obtain a conductivity pattern including the non-illuminated high insulating parts serving to develop an electrographic image according to existing methods.
  • These photoconductive insulating layers are slow in their response to successive different exposures to the light and, consequently, they may not be used to afford high speed processes to produce successive defferent electrographic images.
  • stable electrographic images may be formed and simultaneously developed from any original provided with a pattern of conductive and less conductive parts in the absence of a latent eletrostatic image; to thisend a thin layer of developer powder is sandwiched between the pattern of the original and an image'carrier having electric conductivities between the maximumand the minimum conductivities of said pattern, and an electric field is generated to charge the powder from said conductivity pattern and said image carrier simultaneously; because of the intermediate conductivities of said image carrier, under the influence of the electric field the charged powder is electrically attracted away from the most conductive parts 'of said pattern to form a first stable electrographic image on said image carrier while another part of the powder is electrically attracted towards the least conductive parts of said pattern to form a second stable electrographic image thereon.
  • the present invention thus provides devices for the development of stable electrographic image, through the use of a conductive. image carrier and for the transfer of the obtained images on to sheets or webs of copy material.
  • an electrographic powder image may be developed on a photoconductive layer acting as the original or the image carrier of the above mentioned method;
  • the photoconductive layer is exposed to a light image and thus it acts as an original provided with a conductivity pattern.
  • the photoconductive layer is exposed to the light and thus it acts as a conductive image carrier.
  • the intensity of the light is adjusted to render the conductivity of the photoconductive layer between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the pattern of the original.
  • a photoconductive insulating layer may be used, although it is preferred to use a photoconductive layer having an electric conductivity superior to l0'9mho/cm during the exposure serving to the transfer of the electrographic image, the dark conductivity of this layer being not critical in order to develop a satisfactory image according to the invention.
  • a photoconductive layer can be called photoconductive non-insulating layer to distinguish it from the photoconductive insulating layers of actual electrog'raphy.
  • Photoconductive materials having a virtually instantaneous response and a high sensitivity to the light as, for example, metallic selenium, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide and other materials of actual photoconductive cells, may advantageously constitute the photoconductive non-insulating layers used according to the invention.
  • An object of this invention is to provide improved means and devices for use in electrography.
  • FIG. l is a sectional view showing a development device comprising an original and an image carrier between two electrodes; 1
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation showing two electrographic images developed in the device of FIG.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic representation showing two grains of developer powder between the excited photoconductive layer and the image carrier of the device of FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 9 is a sectional view showing a development device comprising a first and a second photoconductive layer between two electrodes;
  • FIG. is a schematic representation showing two electrographic images developed in the device of FIG. 9;
  • FIG. 11 is a sectional view showing a transfer device comprising a uniformly excited photoconductive layer and a sheet of copy material, between two electrodes.
  • an original 1 provided with indicia 2 having another electric conductivity than the surface 3 of the backing material 11 is disposed between two electrodes 6 and 7. Owing to the differences of electric conductivity between the materials of the parts 11 and 2' of original 1, the latter is provided with a conductivity pattern formed by the areas 2 of the indicia and the blank surface 3 of the backing 11.
  • the indicia 2 may be of different types as typewriting, China ink or pencil traces, for example.
  • an original 1 will be used which is provided with differently conductive indicia 2 forming dense areas and half-shadow areas, as like as a photographic picture.
  • FIG. 1 On the other hand, as FIG.
  • an original 1 may be used which consists in a photoconductive layer 24 provided with a conductivity pattern 2, 3 resulting from an exposure to a light image; the pattern 2, 3 is then formed by the illuminated conductive parts 2 and the low illuminated low conductive parts 3 of the layer 24.
  • a layer 24 of a photoconductive non-insulating material which has a high sensitivity and a virtually instantaneous response to the light.
  • many photoconductive non-insulating materials may be used such as, for example, metallic selenium, thallium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, casmium selenide, lead sulfide.
  • the sensitivity to the light of the layers of non-insulating materials is generally from the 200 microamp/lumen of layers of metallic selenium to the 1,000 milliamp/lumen of cadmium selenide layers.
  • cadmium sulfide has virtually the same spectral response than human eye with maximum sensitivity between yellow and green, lead sulfidelias maximum sensitivity in the infra-red from 2 to 3,5 microns of wave length.
  • lead sultide, lead telluride or lead telenide layers may be used according to theinvention to photograph objects emitting invisible light from 2 to 20 microns of wave length.
  • the use of layers having maximum sensitivity in the visible' part of the spectrum is useful to reduce the losses in the transmission of light across the lens, mirrors etc. of the optical devices serving to form the light image to be reproduced.
  • cadmium selenide is well adapted for the high speed production of copies from successive different light images, the responses of this material to the light and to the dark being shorter than 15 milliseconds.
  • the above mentioned photoconductive layers may be produced, for example, by evaporating under vacuum the photoconductive material to deposit a thin uniform layer on the surface of a transparent backing.
  • a plate of insulating or conductive glass from I to 5 mm of uniform thickness or a sheet of MYLAR (registered trade mark) having a uniform thickness from 25 to 250 microns has been found useful to constitute the backing material of the photoconductive layer.
  • the receiving surface of the backing may be rendered rough to improve the adherence of the photoconductive layer.
  • Cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide are evaporated under vacuum to form a layer having a uniform thickness from 15 to 25 microns.
  • Suitable cadmium sulfide layers are sold under trade marks CDSX7 and CDSl-l35, and cadmium selenide layers under trade marks CDSEX7 and CDSEH35 by Acova Co, Paris.
  • amorphous selenium is evaporated under vacuum to form a layer having a thickness'of about 30 microns on the polished surface of a glass plate, thereafter a sheet of MYLAR is affixed by a transparent glue to the selenium layer, and then, while a pressure from 2 to Kgr/cm is exerted between the sheet and the glass plate, the selenium layer is heated at a temperature from 200 to 216 C for a period from a few minutes to one hour to develop the crystalline structure of the metallic variety of selenium; the MYLAR sheet and its metallic selenium layer are then easily detached from the polished surface of the glass plate.
  • a photoconductive insulating layer affixed to a backing electrode may be used, in spite of the low sensitivity of this type of photoconductive layer although, according to the invention, a photoconductive insulating layer may be used which is constituted by a thin metallic layer of about 5 microns of gold or tellurium affixed to an insulating backing and by a photoconductive layer of 50 microns of amorphous selenium evaporated on said thin metallic layer.
  • a thin uniform layer of developer powder 5 is placed against the conductivity pattern 2, 3 of original 1 and against an image carrier 4. If the grains size of powder 5 is from 1 and 20 microns, the thickness of the layer of powder 5 will be about 50 microns, for example.
  • the developer powder 5 may coat the pattern 2, 3 or the surface 14 of image carrier 4; for the uniform application of powder 5, classic spraying or cascading devices may be used, provided that a thin uniform layer of powder 5 is formed rather than a particular amount of grains.
  • a developer powder 5 having an electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the parts 2, 3 of original 1, although the exact conductivity of the powder is not critical in order to produce satisfactory electrographic images.
  • metallic or semi-conductive or thermoplastic powders have been found useful.
  • charcoal, stannous oxide, lead sulfide, cadmium selenide as well as other colored materials may be powdered to constitute suitable developers.
  • a suitable developer powder can be produced by oxidizing at a temperature of about 700 C a commercial bronze to obtain a black powder containing copper dioxide and other metallic oxides; this powder is then passed through v sieves to reduce the grains size between 2 and 10 microns, for example.
  • the grains of powder may be coated with stearic acid or zinc stearate, for example;
  • any other material having similar slight adhesive or insulating characters may be used to coat the grains of powder 5.
  • the electric conductivity of copper dioxide powders is generally between about and IO mhO/cm. It is moreover possible to use commercial bronze colored powders having a conductivity from 10 to l0 mho/cm.
  • thermoplastic powders such as thermoplastic powders
  • a conductive black thermoplastic powder may be obtained from a solid polystyrene resin; to this end, for example, two parts of the resin are melted at a temperature of about 160 C to be intimately mixed with one part of pure carbone, and thereafter, the mixture is cooled and powdered to obtain a developer having grains from]. to 10 microns, for example; the conductivity of these thermoplastic powders may be varied by changing the carbone ratio in themixture.
  • thermoplastic powders may be used which are rendered conductive, for example, by evaporating a metal to form a conductive coaton their grains.
  • the surface 14 of the image carrier 4 has a uniform conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the pattern'2, 3 of original 1.
  • a sheet of conductive paper may be used as imagecarrier 4.
  • the image carrier 4 may consist in a very thin metallic grate from the conductive indicia 2 towards the image carrier 4, while the powder 13 migrates from the image carrier 4 towards the low conductive blank surface 3, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 4.
  • the electrodes 6 and 7 are separated as FIG. 2 shows, the powder 12 facing the conductive indicia 2 will be found forming a first electrographic image on image carrier 4 while a second electrographic image is found on the low conductive blank surface 3 of original].
  • the powder 13 (FIG. 5) will migrate from-the'conductive surface 3 layer 34 (FIG. 1) affixed to a backing material 44; it a may be used, for example, a layer 34 having a'uniform thickness from a fraction of a micron to a few microns of gold, silver, aluminium or tellurium evaporated under vacuum on a sheet 44 of MYLAR, for example.
  • other conductive materials may be used to form the layer 34 as well as other rigid or flexible backing materials 44 may be used instead of MYLAR.
  • an insulating layer may be inserted between the image carrier 4 and the electrode ti to avoid a useless consumption of heating electric current across electrodes 6 and 7 when an electric voltage is applied to terminals 9. Moreover, an insulating layer may be interposed between original 1 and electrode 7.
  • an original 1 is used which is provided with conductive indicia 2 and a low conductive backing material 11; due to the relative conductivities of the parts 2, 3 and 4, the contact conductance between the grain 12 (FIG. 4) of the powder 5 and the indicia 2 is higher than the contact conductance between the grain l2 and the surface 14 of image carrier 4. Te contact conductance between thegrain 13 and surface 14 is higher than the contact conductance between grain 13 and blank surface 3. Under the influence of an electric field generated between electrodes 6 and 7, each grain of powder 5 is electrically charged under the sign of that surface to which the contact conductance is the more, and thus it will be electrically attracted away from this surface.
  • the powder 12 will electrically mitowards the image carrier 4, while the powder 12 mi-' grates from the image carrier 4 towards the low conductive indicia 2; thus, as FIG. 3 shows, the powder 13 facing the'blank surface 3 develops a first electrographic image on the image carrier 4, while the powder 12 forms a second electrographic image on the low conductive indicia 2.
  • the formation of the electrographic images depends on the relative conductivities of the parts 2, 3 and 14; consequently, according to the proposal of the invention, the satisfactory quality of the electrographic images is irrespective of the minimum conductivity of the pattern 2, 3 and of an excess in the duration of the electric field developing the images.
  • the electrographic images are obtained in a stable way and an original 1 provided with a non-insulatingconductivity pattern 2, 3 may be used; in particular, a photoconductive non-insulating layer having a relatively high dark conductivity may be used in carrying outthe invention.
  • a photoconductive layer 24 may be used as image carrier 4.
  • One of the photoconductive layers described above with reference to FIG. 6 may constitute the layer 24 of image carrier 4.
  • a transparent electrode ti is disposed against the transparent backing 44 of layer 24.
  • Electrode 6 consists, for example, in a thin layer of NESA, a high conductive transparent varnish sold by lPittsburg Plate Glass Co, Pittsburg.
  • the layer of NESA may be supported by a transparent glass plate 16, for example.
  • the light sources 54 uniformly illuminate the layer 24 through the electrode 6 and the backing material 44 to induce a uniform electric conductivity in the photoconductive layer 24.
  • a potentiometer 64 By means of a potentiometer 64, the intensity of the light of sources 54 is adjusted so that the uniform electric conductivity of layer 24 is between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the pattern 2, 3 oforiginal 1.
  • a CDSEX7 photoconductive layer 24 excited by a uniform illumination of 3 lux may be used as image carrier when, for example, the original 1 consists of a sheet of ordinary paper 11 having an electric conductivity of about lO mho/cm and carrying China ink traces.
  • Stable electrographic images may be developed from an original 1 provided with a conductive backing 11 and low conductive indicia2, by applying to terminals 9 a constant electric voltage from 100 to 5,000 Volts, for example.
  • this constant voltage it is preferred to place the conductive backing 11 of original 1 in electric contact with electrode 7 and to use an image carrier 4 having a non-insulating backing 44 in contact with electrode 6; this disposition of parts permits to maintain a constant electric field between the original 1 and the image carrier 4 during the application of the constant voltage.
  • a variable voltage having sufficient value to ionize the air of the gap 15,between original 1 and image carrier 4, may be advantageously applied to terminals 9 when an original 1 is used which is provided with an insulating backing 11.
  • An impulsion of direct voltage ionizing air 15 during 0,1 to l millisecond may be applied to develop electrographic images of satisfactory quality: although, the images being obtained in a stable way, a longer duration of the development will not be critical.
  • the satisfactory quality of continuous tone electrographic images is obtained by applying to terminals 9 two or three complete periods of an alternating or an alternatively modulated voltage producing the ionization of the air 15.
  • an alternating voltage of 50 or 60 cycles is suitable; although modulated voltages having frequency from 10 to 1,000 cycles may be applied.
  • a photoconductive layer 24 affixed to a transparent backing material 44 is used as original 1.
  • Light sources 41 illuminate a document 21 to be reproduced; the light is reflected by document 21 towards objective 31 and is transmitted across a transparent electrode 7 and backing 44 to form the optical image of document 21 on the photoconductive layer 24.
  • the intensity of the light is adjusted so that the uniform electric conductivity of the image carrier 4 isintermediate between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the parts 2 and 3 of layer 24 exposed to the light image.
  • a photoconductiveima'ge carrier 4 identical to that described with reference to FIG. 1, may be used in the device of FIG. 6.
  • the document'2l can be a sheet of paper carrying printed or typewritten matter.
  • r w ins m exa t ou other 3 things may be photographed such as 3-dimen sional ob jects, for example.
  • other radiations than light may be used to form the pattern 2, 3 such as, for example, X- or gamma-rays: furthermore, any other means inducing in the layer 24 a pattern of conductive parts 2 and low conductive parts 3 may be used to produce electrographic images according to invention.
  • a sheetof aluminium may constitute the transparent electrode 7.
  • an electric voltage ionizing the gap of air 15 between original 1 and image carrier 4 may be advantageously applied to terminals 9.
  • a layer 24 having an overall conductivity lower than about l0 mho/cm, such as a photoconductive insulating layer 24 the ionization of air 15 is to be avoided to prevent the conductive ionized air 15 from masking the low difi'erences in conductivity between the parts 2, 3 of the insulating layer 24; thus, by using an insulating layer 24, the intensity of the electric field is maintained lower than 3v/micron in the gap 15.
  • the sensitivity to the light of layer-24 may be improved by applying a high electric potential of suitable polarity to this layer; for example, the sensitivity of a layer 24 of selenium may be improved by applying 1,000 volts of positive potential to layer 24; to this end, the electrode 7 may be grounded, an electronic valve 49 and a condenser 39 are used to apply said positive potential to layer 24 through the image carrier 4, and an electric transformer l9 induces an alternating signal in the secondary coil 29 to alternatively modulate the direct voltage in order to produce satisfactory electrographic images according to the invention.
  • the best quality of continuous tone electrographic images is obtained by using a layer 24 which has a photoelectric linear character such as, for example, the above mentioned layer CDSI-I35 of cadmium sulfide; the linear feature of this layer residing in the proportionality between its electric conductivity and the intensity of the exciting light.
  • Contrastful electrographic images will be obtained when the CDSI-I35 layer 2 4 is excited, for example, by a light image rendering the parts3 about 30 orders in magnitude less conductive than the parts 2, the minimum illumination of parts 2 being as low as 0,1 lux, for example.
  • electrographic images may be developed by using a second original 10, instead of the image carrier 4 of the above described methods.
  • two photoconductive originals 1 and 10 are disposed between the transparent electrodes 6 and 7; the photoconductive layer 24 of original 1 is excited by a first light image, as well as the photoconductive layer 240 of original 10 by a second light image.
  • non-photoconductive originals l, 10 may be used.
  • the developer powder 5 By applying an electric voltage to terminals 9, the developer powder 5 will electrically migrate towards original 1 if the local conductivity of layer 240 is higher than that of layer 24, it will be equally distributed between layers 24 and 240 if the conductivities of the two layers have about the same value, and it will migrate towards original 10 if the conductivity of layer 240 is lower than that of layer 24.
  • This embodiment of the invention may serve, for example, to modify the electrographic image produced from an original 1 by electrically adding supplementary signs or effacing a part of this image. In the arrangement of FIG.
  • layer 240 is excited tocomrpise a part 440 having said intermediate electric conductivity, the part 220 is more conductive than the conductive part 22 of layer 24, and the part 330 is less conductive than the low conductive part 33 of layer 24; as shown in FIG. 10, after the development, the layer 24 carries an electrographic image comprising the powder image 13 obtained in substantial configuration with the pattern 2,
  • the maxi mum and the minimum illuminations of layer 24 may be 4 and 11,5 lux, respectively; the maximum and the minimum illuminations of layer 244 about 25 and ll,l lux, respectively; the intensity of light will be about 2,5 lux on the part 440 of layer 241, in order to induce in this layer a uniform electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of layer 24.
  • the part 22 of layer 24 is about 34) orders in magnitude more conductive than its parts 3 3
  • the part 220 of layer 240 is about 34 orders in magnitude more conductive than the part 22 of layer 24
  • the parts 330 oflayer 240 is about 30 orders in magnitude less conductive than the part 33 of layer 24.
  • the maximum conductivity of the layer 240 is about 9.10 orders in magnitude higher than its minimum conductivity in order to obtain satisfactory results.
  • lElectrographic images may be developed by coating the original l with a first colored powder and original lltl with a second differentlycolored powder; after the development, the area 130 of original l and the area 120 of original will carry particles of both the differently colored powders.
  • a sheet of copy material 8 is placed against the powder l2, 113 of an electrographic imagecarried by the photoconductive layer 24 affixed to a transparent backing material 44.
  • the sheet 8 and the layer 24 are interposed between a first electrode 7 and the transparent electrode 6.
  • the light of the sources 54 uniformly illuminate the photoconductive layer 24 to induce a uniform electric conductivity therein.
  • An insulating layer 18 may be interposed between the sheet 8 and electrode 7 as well as a transparent second insulating layer (not shown) may be disposed between the backing material 44 and electrode 6.
  • the layer 24 is uniformly excited to be 50 orders in magnitude more conductive than sheet 8.
  • a sheet 8 having an electric conductivity lower than 1014mho/cm will be used,.such as, for example, a sheet of special paper coated with polyvinyl chloride.
  • the electrographic images 12, 13 are developed on photoconductive non-insulating layers in order to obtain, in the device of FIG. 11, the satisfactory transfer of these images on to sheets of ordinary paper of copy; this type of paper is often constituted by a low insulating material having a conductivity from 10' to 10*mho/cm.
  • the best'quality'of the image transfer may be obtained by using one of the above mentioned photoconductive non-insulating layers; during the transfer, the noninsulating layer 24 maybe excited to a uniform conductivity of 10- mho/ cm by an illumination of i 10 lux, for example.
  • the electrographic image is first developed on the photoconductive image carrier 4 of the device illustrated with reference to FIG. l and, thereafter the image carrying photoconductive layer 24 is disposed in the device of FIG.
  • the electrographic image is first developed on the photoconductive original 1 of the device illustrated with reference to FIG. '6 and, thereafter the image carrying photoconductive layer 24 is disposed in the device of FIG. it to transfer the electrographic image on to the copy material 8.
  • two electrographic images are developed respectively on the originals 11 and It) of the device illustrated with reference to FIG. 9 and, thereafter, the first and the sec ond electrographic image carrying photoconductive layers (24 and 240) are successively disposed in the device of FIG. ill to transfer the two electrographic images on to a first and a second copy material, respectively.
  • An electrographic device comprising a first original provided with a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said first original havingdifferin'g electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting mini mum conductivity, a second original adjacently spaced from said first original and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed byareas on said second original including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and second conductivity pattern, means for generating across said first and said second original an electric field of sufficie'nt strength to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattem simultaneously whereby the particles in said layer of developer particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part'of said particles toward said first conductivity pattern to develop a first stable electrographic image thereon and
  • said second original includes indicia having different electric conductivity characteristics so that said second conductivity pattern is formed by said indicia on said second original.
  • said second original includes an image carrier having a uniform electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities which are included in said first conductivity pattern so that said second conductivity pattern is formed by said uniformly conductive image carrier on said second original.
  • said first original includes a first non-insulating photoconductive layer
  • saiddevice further comprises means for exposing said first non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer
  • said second original includes a second non-insulating photoconductive layer so that said second conductivity pattern is formed on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer and, said first stable electrographic image is developed on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer and said second stable electrographic image on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer
  • a first transfer station including means for placing a first copy material against the particles of said first electrographic image on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said first noninsulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for generating across said first copy material and said first non-insulating photoconductive layer a second electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said first electrographic image from said uniformly exposed first non-insulating photoconductive layer
  • An electrographic device comprising an original provided with a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said original having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, means having a non-insulating photoconductive layer adjacently spaced from said original and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said non-insulating photoconductive layer including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minim um conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and said second conductivity pattern, means for generating an electric field of sufficient strength across said original and said noninsulating photoconductive layer to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby said particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part of the particles in said layer of developer particles toward said first conductivity pattern and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of
  • a device as defined in claim 8 comprising means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said second conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
  • An electrographic device comprising means having a non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing in said non-insulating photoconductive layer a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said non-insulating photoconductive layer having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, an original adjacently spaced from said non-insulating photoconductive layer and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said original including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and said second conductivity pattern, means for generating an electric field of sufficient strength across said non-insulating photoconductive layer and said original to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby said particles layer receives electric charges attracting
  • a device as defined in claim 11, comprising means for exposing said second non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation forming said second conductivity pattern on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer.

Abstract

The invention provides an electrographic image by generating an electric field across a developer particles layer sandwiched between an original having a conductivity pattern of maximum and minimum conductivities and an image carrier of conductivity intermediate the maximum and the minimum conductivities of said pattern.

Description

United States Patent [191 Cantarano [451 Apr. 16, 1974 DEVICE FOR PRODUCING ELECTROGRAPHIC IMAGE FROM ORIGINAL PROVIDED WITH A CONDUCTIVITY PATTERN Inventor: Costantino Marcus Cantarano, No.
47, Avenue F. Roosevelt, Thiasis 94, France Filed: Dec. 19, 1972 Appl. No.: 316,498
Related US. Application Data Division of Ser. No. 870,404, Dec. 8, 1969, Pat. No. 3,721,551, Continuationin-part of Ser. No. 631,792,
vApril 8, 1967, abandoned.
US. Cl 355/3 R, 96/1 R, 11 7/175 Int.'Cl. G03b 21/00 Field of Search 355/3, 17; 117/175;
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,758,524 8/1956 Sugarmann, Jr. 117/17.5 X 2,758,525 8/1956 Moncrieff-Teates 1l7/17.5 X 2,976,144 3/1961 Rose l17/17.5 X 3,284,224 11/1966 Lehmann 96/15 D X Primary Examiner--Richard M. Sheer [5 7] ABSTRACT 12 Claims, 11 Drawing Figures: v
aawsoe APR 16 :974
SHEET 1 [IF 3 PAVENTEUAPR 16 I974 SHEET 2 OF 3 v. yv. 020%? PATENTEBAPR 16 m4 BBMLEUQ swim a or 3 DEVICE FOR PRODUCING ELECTROGIRAIIIIC IMAGE FROM ORIGINAL PROVIDED WITH-ll A CONDUCTIVITY PATTERN This application is a division of application Ser. No. 870,404, filed Dec. 18, 1969, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,721 ,55 l, which application in turn is a continuationin-part of application Ser. No.'63l,792, filed Apr. 8, 1967, now abandoned.
This invention relates to the production of electrographic images and to the transfer of the obtained images on to sheets or webs of copy material.
In the following specification, the term insulating is to be understood as defining the quality of having an electric conductivity lower than l9mho/cm and the term non-insulating as defining the quality of having an electric conductivity superior to 9mho/cm.
In the actual art, a feature of electrographic methods resides in the use of an original provided with a conductivity pattern including high insulating parts which will selectively hold electric charges to form a latent electrostatic image; thus an electrographic image may be developed by an electric responsive powder which adheres to the charged parts of the latent image. This electrographic ima'gewill not be obtained in a stable way because of the passage of electric charges even through the high insulating parts of the original causing the effacement of at least a part of the latent image during the step of the development. A typical original of actual electrography consists in a photoconductive insulating layer provided with a conductivity pattern resulting-from an exposure to a light image; such a photoconductive layer will be a high insulator in the dark in order to obtain a conductivity pattern including the non-illuminated high insulating parts serving to develop an electrographic image according to existing methods. These photoconductive insulating layers are slow in their response to successive different exposures to the light and, consequently, they may not be used to afford high speed processes to produce successive defferent electrographic images.
.I have found, however, that stable electrographic images may be formed and simultaneously developed from any original provided with a pattern of conductive and less conductive parts in the absence of a latent eletrostatic image; to thisend a thin layer of developer powder is sandwiched between the pattern of the original and an image'carrier having electric conductivities between the maximumand the minimum conductivities of said pattern, and an electric field is generated to charge the powder from said conductivity pattern and said image carrier simultaneously; because of the intermediate conductivities of said image carrier, under the influence of the electric field the charged powder is electrically attracted away from the most conductive parts 'of said pattern to form a first stable electrographic image on said image carrier while another part of the powder is electrically attracted towards the least conductive parts of said pattern to form a second stable electrographic image thereon. The present invention thus provides devices for the development of stable electrographic image, through the use of a conductive. image carrier and for the transfer of the obtained images on to sheets or webs of copy material.
Furthermore, in accordance with the present invention, an electrographic powder image may be developed on a photoconductive layer acting as the original or the image carrier of the above mentioned method;
thereafter, a sheet of copy material is placed against this electrographic image, the photoconductive layer is excited by a uniform exposure to a light of high intensity, and an electric field is generated to electrically charge the powder from the excited photoconductive layer; whereby, under the combined action of the electric field and of the light, the charged powder image is transferred on to the sheet of copy material.
According to an embodiment of the invention, during the step of the development the photoconductive layer is exposed to a light image and thus it acts as an original provided with a conductivity pattern.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, the photoconductive layer is exposed to the light and thus it acts as a conductive image carrier. During the development, the intensity of the light is adjusted to render the conductivity of the photoconductive layer between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the pattern of the original.
In carrying out the invention, a photoconductive insulating layer may be used, although it is preferred to use a photoconductive layer having an electric conductivity superior to l0'9mho/cm during the exposure serving to the transfer of the electrographic image, the dark conductivity of this layer being not critical in order to develop a satisfactory image according to the invention. Such a photoconductive layer can be called photoconductive non-insulating layer to distinguish it from the photoconductive insulating layers of actual electrog'raphy. Photoconductive materials having a virtually instantaneous response and a high sensitivity to the light as, for example, metallic selenium, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide and other materials of actual photoconductive cells, may advantageously constitute the photoconductive non-insulating layers used according to the invention.
An object of this invention is to provide improved means and devices for use in electrography.
Other objects of this invention will be apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings taken in connection with the appended claims.
In the drawings;
FIG. l is a sectional view showing a development device comprising an original and an image carrier between two electrodes; 1
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation showing two electrographic images developed in the device of FIG.
electrographic images developed in the device of. FIG.
FIG. 8 is a schematic representation showing two grains of developer powder between the excited photoconductive layer and the image carrier of the device of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view showing a development device comprising a first and a second photoconductive layer between two electrodes;
FIG. is a schematic representation showing two electrographic images developed in the device of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a sectional view showing a transfer device comprising a uniformly excited photoconductive layer and a sheet of copy material, between two electrodes.
In the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, for producing electrographic images an original 1 provided with indicia 2 having another electric conductivity than the surface 3 of the backing material 11 is disposed between two electrodes 6 and 7. Owing to the differences of electric conductivity between the materials of the parts 11 and 2' of original 1, the latter is provided with a conductivity pattern formed by the areas 2 of the indicia and the blank surface 3 of the backing 11. The indicia 2 may be of different types as typewriting, China ink or pencil traces, for example. Furthermore, if continuous tone electrographic images are to be produced, an original 1 will be used which is provided with differently conductive indicia 2 forming dense areas and half-shadow areas, as like as a photographic picture. On the other hand, as FIG. 6 shows, an original 1 may be used which consists in a photoconductive layer 24 provided with a conductivity pattern 2, 3 resulting from an exposure to a light image; the pattern 2, 3 is then formed by the illuminated conductive parts 2 and the low illuminated low conductive parts 3 of the layer 24.
[nthe preferred form of the invention, a layer 24 of a photoconductive non-insulating material is used which has a high sensitivity and a virtually instantaneous response to the light. Alternatively, many photoconductive non-insulating materials may be used such as, for example, metallic selenium, thallium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, casmium selenide, lead sulfide. The sensitivity to the light of the layers of non-insulating materials is generally from the 200 microamp/lumen of layers of metallic selenium to the 1,000 milliamp/lumen of cadmium selenide layers. The spectral response of metallic selenium is-from the ultra-violet to the red part of the spectrum with maximum sensitivity in the ultra-violet, cadmium sulfide has virtually the same spectral response than human eye with maximum sensitivity between yellow and green, lead sulfidelias maximum sensitivity in the infra-red from 2 to 3,5 microns of wave length. Alternatively and for example, lead sultide, lead telluride or lead telenide layers may be used according to theinvention to photograph objects emitting invisible light from 2 to 20 microns of wave length. The use of layers having maximum sensitivity in the visible' part of the spectrum is useful to reduce the losses in the transmission of light across the lens, mirrors etc. of the optical devices serving to form the light image to be reproduced. Moreover, cadmium selenide is well adapted for the high speed production of copies from successive different light images, the responses of this material to the light and to the dark being shorter than 15 milliseconds.
The above mentioned photoconductive layers may be produced, for example, by evaporating under vacuum the photoconductive material to deposit a thin uniform layer on the surface of a transparent backing. Alternatively and for example, a plate of insulating or conductive glass from I to 5 mm of uniform thickness or a sheet of MYLAR (registered trade mark) having a uniform thickness from 25 to 250 microns has been found useful to constitute the backing material of the photoconductive layer. The receiving surface of the backing may be rendered rough to improve the adherence of the photoconductive layer. Cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide are evaporated under vacuum to form a layer having a uniform thickness from 15 to 25 microns. Suitable cadmium sulfide layers are sold under trade marks CDSX7 and CDSl-l35, and cadmium selenide layers under trade marks CDSEX7 and CDSEH35 by Acova Co, Paris. Furthermore, in order to produce a metallic selenium layer affixed to an insulating flexible sheet, amorphous selenium is evaporated under vacuum to form a layer having a thickness'of about 30 microns on the polished surface of a glass plate, thereafter a sheet of MYLAR is affixed by a transparent glue to the selenium layer, and then, while a pressure from 2 to Kgr/cm is exerted between the sheet and the glass plate, the selenium layer is heated at a temperature from 200 to 216 C for a period from a few minutes to one hour to develop the crystalline structure of the metallic variety of selenium; the MYLAR sheet and its metallic selenium layer are then easily detached from the polished surface of the glass plate. On the other hand, when less than 4 electrographic images per second are to be produced from a high contrastful light image, a usual in the art photoconductive insulating layer affixed to a backing electrode may be used, in spite of the low sensitivity of this type of photoconductive layer although, according to the invention, a photoconductive insulating layer may be used which is constituted by a thin metallic layer of about 5 microns of gold or tellurium affixed to an insulating backing and by a photoconductive layer of 50 microns of amorphous selenium evaporated on said thin metallic layer.
As FIGS. 1 and 6 show, a thin uniform layer of developer powder 5 is placed against the conductivity pattern 2, 3 of original 1 and against an image carrier 4. If the grains size of powder 5 is from 1 and 20 microns, the thickness of the layer of powder 5 will be about 50 microns, for example. Alternatively, the developer powder 5 may coat the pattern 2, 3 or the surface 14 of image carrier 4; for the uniform application of powder 5, classic spraying or cascading devices may be used, provided that a thin uniform layer of powder 5 is formed rather than a particular amount of grains. In carrying out the present invention it is expedient to use a developer powder 5 having an electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the parts 2, 3 of original 1, although the exact conductivity of the powder is not critical in order to produce satisfactory electrographic images. Alternatively, metallic or semi-conductive or thermoplastic powders have been found useful. By way of example, charcoal, stannous oxide, lead sulfide, cadmium selenide as well as other colored materials may be powdered to constitute suitable developers. For instance, a suitable developer powder can be produced by oxidizing at a temperature of about 700 C a commercial bronze to obtain a black powder containing copper dioxide and other metallic oxides; this powder is then passed through v sieves to reduce the grains size between 2 and 10 microns, for example. The grains of powder may be coated with stearic acid or zinc stearate, for example;
which will render the powder somewhat adhesive and give to its grains a thin insulating coat which prevents electric discharges between contiguous parts of the layer of powder 5 during the application of the electric field developing the electrographic images; furthermore, after the development, the coated grains of powder will conserve intense residual charges improving the adherence of the electrographic images to the image carrier 4 and to the original 1, respectively. Alternatively, any other material having similar slight adhesive or insulating characters may be used to coat the grains of powder 5. The electric conductivity of copper dioxide powders is generally between about and IO mhO/cm. It is moreover possible to use commercial bronze colored powders having a conductivity from 10 to l0 mho/cm. Other types of developer powders, such as thermoplastic powders may be used; by-way of example, a conductive black thermoplastic powder may be obtained from a solid polystyrene resin; to this end, for example, two parts of the resin are melted at a temperature of about 160 C to be intimately mixed with one part of pure carbone, and thereafter, the mixture is cooled and powdered to obtain a developer having grains from]. to 10 microns, for example; the conductivity of these thermoplastic powders may be varied by changing the carbone ratio in themixture. Furthermore, other thermoplastic powders may be used which are rendered conductive, for example, by evaporating a metal to form a conductive coaton their grains.
According to the invention,the surface 14 of the image carrier 4 has a uniform conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the pattern'2, 3 of original 1. For example, a sheet of conductive paper may be used as imagecarrier 4. Moreover, the image carrier 4 may consist in a very thin metallic grate from the conductive indicia 2 towards the image carrier 4, while the powder 13 migrates from the image carrier 4 towards the low conductive blank surface 3, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 4. When, subsequently, the electrodes 6 and 7 are separated as FIG. 2 shows, the powder 12 facing the conductive indicia 2 will be found forming a first electrographic image on image carrier 4 while a second electrographic image is found on the low conductive blank surface 3 of original]. Similarly, referring to FIGS. 6 to 8, when an original 1 is used which consists in a photoconductive layer 24 exposed to a light image, under the influence of the electric field the powder 12 will migrate from the illuminated conductive parts 2 of layer 24 (FIG. 8) towards the image carrier 4, while powder l3migrates from image carrier 4 towards the low illuminated low conductive parts 3 of layer 24; thus, as FIG. 7 shows, the powder 12 facing the illuminated parts 2 develops a first electrographic image on the image carrier 4, while the powder 13 forms a second electrographic image on the low illuminated parts 3 of the photoconductive layer 24. Furthermore, with reference to FIGS. 1, 3'and 5, when an original 11 is used'which'is provided with a conductive backing 11 and low conductive indicia 2, under the influence of the electric field, the powder 13 (FIG. 5) will migrate from-the'conductive surface 3 layer 34 (FIG. 1) affixed to a backing material 44; it a may be used, for example, a layer 34 having a'uniform thickness from a fraction of a micron to a few microns of gold, silver, aluminium or tellurium evaporated under vacuum on a sheet 44 of MYLAR, for example. Alternatively, other conductive materials may be used to form the layer 34 as well as other rigid or flexible backing materials 44 may be used instead of MYLAR. Between the image carrier 4 and the electrode ti, an insulating layer may be inserted to avoid a useless consumption of heating electric current across electrodes 6 and 7 when an electric voltage is applied to terminals 9. Moreover, an insulating layer may be interposed between original 1 and electrode 7.
Referring now to the arrangements shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, an original 1 is used which is provided with conductive indicia 2 and a low conductive backing material 11; due to the relative conductivities of the parts 2, 3 and 4, the contact conductance between the grain 12 (FIG. 4) of the powder 5 and the indicia 2 is higher than the contact conductance between the grain l2 and the surface 14 of image carrier 4. Te contact conductance between thegrain 13 and surface 14 is higher than the contact conductance between grain 13 and blank surface 3. Under the influence of an electric field generated between electrodes 6 and 7, each grain of powder 5 is electrically charged under the sign of that surface to which the contact conductance is the more, and thus it will be electrically attracted away from this surface. For this reason, irrespectively of the direction of the electric field,.the powder 12 will electrically mitowards the image carrier 4, while the powder 12 mi-' grates from the image carrier 4 towards the low conductive indicia 2; thus, as FIG. 3 shows, the powder 13 facing the'blank surface 3 develops a first electrographic image on the image carrier 4, while the powder 12 forms a second electrographic image on the low conductive indicia 2.
From the foregoing explanations it becomes apparent that the formation of the electrographic images depends on the relative conductivities of the parts 2, 3 and 14; consequently, according to the proposal of the invention, the satisfactory quality of the electrographic images is irrespective of the minimum conductivity of the pattern 2, 3 and of an excess in the duration of the electric field developing the images. Thus, the electrographic images are obtained in a stable way and an original 1 provided with a non-insulatingconductivity pattern 2, 3 may be used; in particular, a photoconductive non-insulating layer having a relatively high dark conductivity may be used in carrying outthe invention.
Referring to FIG. 11, according to the invention, a photoconductive layer 24 may be used as image carrier 4. One of the photoconductive layers described above with reference to FIG. 6 may constitute the layer 24 of image carrier 4. As shown in FIG. 1, a transparent electrode ti is disposed against the transparent backing 44 of layer 24. Electrode 6 consists, for example, in a thin layer of NESA, a high conductive transparent varnish sold by lPittsburg Plate Glass Co, Pittsburg. The layer of NESA may be supported by a transparent glass plate 16, for example. The light sources 54 uniformly illuminate the layer 24 through the electrode 6 and the backing material 44 to induce a uniform electric conductivity in the photoconductive layer 24. By means of a potentiometer 64, the intensity of the light of sources 54 is adjusted so that the uniform electric conductivity of layer 24 is between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the pattern 2, 3 oforiginal 1. By way of example, a CDSEX7 photoconductive layer 24 excited by a uniform illumination of 3 lux may be used as image carrier when, for example, the original 1 consists of a sheet of ordinary paper 11 having an electric conductivity of about lO mho/cm and carrying China ink traces. Stable electrographic images may be developed from an original 1 provided with a conductive backing 11 and low conductive indicia2, by applying to terminals 9 a constant electric voltage from 100 to 5,000 Volts, for example. By the application of this constant voltage, it is preferred to place the conductive backing 11 of original 1 in electric contact with electrode 7 and to use an image carrier 4 having a non-insulating backing 44 in contact with electrode 6; this disposition of parts permits to maintain a constant electric field between the original 1 and the image carrier 4 during the application of the constant voltage. On the other hand, a variable voltage having sufficient value to ionize the air of the gap 15,between original 1 and image carrier 4, may be advantageously applied to terminals 9 when an original 1 is used which is provided with an insulating backing 11. An impulsion of direct voltage ionizing air 15 during 0,1 to l millisecond may be applied to develop electrographic images of satisfactory quality: although, the images being obtained in a stable way, a longer duration of the development will not be critical. When the images are obtained by ionizing the air 15, it will be advantageous to use, as developer 5, one of the above described powders constituted by high conductive particles provided with thin insulating coats. Moreover, whatever the backing ll of the original will be, the satisfactory quality of continuous tone electrographic images is obtained by applying to terminals 9 two or three complete periods of an alternating or an alternatively modulated voltage producing the ionization of the air 15. For example, an alternating voltage of 50 or 60 cycles is suitable; although modulated voltages having frequency from 10 to 1,000 cycles may be applied.
Referring now to FIG. 6, according to another embodiment of this invention, a photoconductive layer 24 affixed to a transparent backing material 44 is used as original 1. Light sources 41 illuminate a document 21 to be reproduced; the light is reflected by document 21 towards objective 31 and is transmitted across a transparent electrode 7 and backing 44 to form the optical image of document 21 on the photoconductive layer 24. The intensity of the light is adjusted so that the uniform electric conductivity of the image carrier 4 isintermediate between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of the parts 2 and 3 of layer 24 exposed to the light image. A photoconductiveima'ge carrier 4, identical to that described with reference to FIG. 1, may be used in the device of FIG. 6. The document'2l can be a sheet of paper carrying printed or typewritten matter. ...a, r w ins m exa t ou other 3 things may be photographed such as 3-dimen sional ob jects, for example. Alematively, other radiations than light may be used to form the pattern 2, 3 such as, for example, X- or gamma-rays: furthermore, any other means inducing in the layer 24 a pattern of conductive parts 2 and low conductive parts 3 may be used to produce electrographic images according to invention. On
the other hand, when, for example a X- rays image 2, i
3 is formed on the layer 24, a sheetof aluminium may constitute the transparent electrode 7. In order to develop stable electrographic images from an excited photoconductive non-insulating layer 24, an electric voltage ionizing the gap of air 15 between original 1 and image carrier 4 may be advantageously applied to terminals 9. Instead of this, by using a layer 24 having an overall conductivity lower than about l0 mho/cm, such as a photoconductive insulating layer 24, the ionization of air 15 is to be avoided to prevent the conductive ionized air 15 from masking the low difi'erences in conductivity between the parts 2, 3 of the insulating layer 24; thus, by using an insulating layer 24, the intensity of the electric field is maintained lower than 3v/micron in the gap 15. Furthermore, the sensitivity to the light of layer-24 may be improved by applying a high electric potential of suitable polarity to this layer; for example, the sensitivity of a layer 24 of selenium may be improved by applying 1,000 volts of positive potential to layer 24; to this end, the electrode 7 may be grounded, an electronic valve 49 and a condenser 39 are used to apply said positive potential to layer 24 through the image carrier 4, and an electric transformer l9 induces an alternating signal in the secondary coil 29 to alternatively modulate the direct voltage in order to produce satisfactory electrographic images according to the invention. On the other hand, the best quality of continuous tone electrographic images is obtained by using a layer 24 which has a photoelectric linear character such as, for example, the above mentioned layer CDSI-I35 of cadmium sulfide; the linear feature of this layer residing in the proportionality between its electric conductivity and the intensity of the exciting light. Contrastful electrographic images will be obtained when the CDSI-I35 layer 2 4 is excited, for example, by a light image rendering the parts3 about 30 orders in magnitude less conductive than the parts 2, the minimum illumination of parts 2 being as low as 0,1 lux, for example.
Referring now to FIG. 9, electrographic images may be developed by using a second original 10, instead of the image carrier 4 of the above described methods. In the arrangement of FIG. 9, two photoconductive originals 1 and 10 are disposed between the transparent electrodes 6 and 7; the photoconductive layer 24 of original 1 is excited by a first light image, as well as the photoconductive layer 240 of original 10 by a second light image. Although non-photoconductive originals l, 10 may be used. By applying an electric voltage to terminals 9, the developer powder 5 will electrically migrate towards original 1 if the local conductivity of layer 240 is higher than that of layer 24, it will be equally distributed between layers 24 and 240 if the conductivities of the two layers have about the same value, and it will migrate towards original 10 if the conductivity of layer 240 is lower than that of layer 24. This embodiment of the invention may serve, for example, to modify the electrographic image produced from an original 1 by electrically adding supplementary signs or effacing a part of this image. In the arrangement of FIG. 9, layer 240 is excited tocomrpise a part 440 having said intermediate electric conductivity, the part 220 is more conductive than the conductive part 22 of layer 24, and the part 330 is less conductive than the low conductive part 33 of layer 24; as shown in FIG. 10, after the development, the layer 24 carries an electrographic image comprising the powder image 13 obtained in substantial configuration with the pattern 2,
3 of layer 24, except the sign which has been effaced away and the sign which has been added to the powder image 13. The best results are obtained by using a layer 240 having a high sensitivity to the light.
By way of example, by using as layer 24 and as layer 244) two CDSX7 layers of cadmium sulfide, the maxi mum and the minimum illuminations of layer 24 may be 4 and 11,5 lux, respectively; the maximum and the minimum illuminations of layer 244 about 25 and ll,l lux, respectively; the intensity of light will be about 2,5 lux on the part 440 of layer 241, in order to induce in this layer a uniform electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities of layer 24. In this example, the part 22 of layer 24 is about 34) orders in magnitude more conductive than its parts 3 3 the part 220 of layer 240 is about 34 orders in magnitude more conductive than the part 22 of layer 24, and the parts 330 oflayer 240 is about 30 orders in magnitude less conductive than the part 33 of layer 24. The maximum conductivity of the layer 240 is about 9.10 orders in magnitude higher than its minimum conductivity in order to obtain satisfactory results.
lElectrographic images may be developed by coating the original l with a first colored powder and original lltl with a second differentlycolored powder; after the development, the area 130 of original l and the area 120 of original will carry particles of both the differently colored powders.
Referring now to FIG. 1 l, a sheet of copy material 8 is placed against the powder l2, 113 of an electrographic imagecarried by the photoconductive layer 24 affixed to a transparent backing material 44. The sheet 8 and the layer 24 are interposed between a first electrode 7 and the transparent electrode 6. The light of the sources 54 uniformly illuminate the photoconductive layer 24 to induce a uniform electric conductivity therein. An insulating layer 18 may be interposed between the sheet 8 and electrode 7 as well as a transparent second insulating layer (not shown) may be disposed between the backing material 44 and electrode 6. By generating an electric field between electrodes 6 and 7, the powder 12, 13 is charged from the uniformly illuminated layer 24 and electrically transferred on to the sheet 8. For example, the layer 24 is uniformly excited to be 50 orders in magnitude more conductive than sheet 8. Thus, for example, by using a layer 24 of amorphous selenium, a sheet 8 having an electric conductivity lower than 1014mho/cm will be used,.such as, for example, a sheet of special paper coated with polyvinyl chloride. On the other hand, in accordance with the present invention, the electrographic images 12, 13 (FIGS. 2, 3, 7 and 10) are developed on photoconductive non-insulating layers in order to obtain, in the device of FIG. 11, the satisfactory transfer of these images on to sheets of ordinary paper of copy; this type of paper is often constituted by a low insulating material having a conductivity from 10' to 10*mho/cm. The best'quality'of the image transfer may be obtained by using one of the above mentioned photoconductive non-insulating layers; during the transfer, the noninsulating layer 24 maybe excited to a uniform conductivity of 10- mho/ cm by an illumination of i 10 lux, for example.
According to a method of the invention, the electrographic image is first developed on the photoconductive image carrier 4 of the device illustrated with reference to FIG. l and, thereafter the image carrying photoconductive layer 24 is disposed in the device of FIG.
ill to transfer the electrographic image on to the copy material 8.
lil
According to another method of the invention, the electrographic image is first developed on the photoconductive original 1 of the device illustrated with reference to FIG. '6 and, thereafter the image carrying photoconductive layer 24 is disposed in the device of FIG. it to transfer the electrographic image on to the copy material 8.
According to a further method of the invention, two electrographic images are developed respectively on the originals 11 and It) of the device illustrated with reference to FIG. 9 and, thereafter, the first and the sec ond electrographic image carrying photoconductive layers (24 and 240) are successively disposed in the device of FIG. ill to transfer the two electrographic images on to a first and a second copy material, respectively.
While the present invention, as to its objects and advantages, has been described herein as carried 'out in specific embodiments thereof, it is not intended to be limited thereby but it is in-tented to cover the invention broadly within the spirit and the scope of the appended claims. I
What I claim is 1. An electrographic device comprising a first original provided with a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said first original havingdifferin'g electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting mini mum conductivity, a second original adjacently spaced from said first original and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed byareas on said second original including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and second conductivity pattern, means for generating across said first and said second original an electric field of sufficie'nt strength to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattem simultaneously whereby the particles in said layer of developer particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part'of said particles toward said first conductivity pattern to develop a first stable electrographic image thereon and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of developer particles toward said' second conductivity pattern to develop a second stable electrographic image on said second conductivity pattern.
2. A device as defined in claim ll, wherein said second original includes indicia having different electric conductivity characteristics so that said second conductivity pattern is formed by said indicia on said second original.
3. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said second original includes an image carrier having a uniform electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities which are included in said first conductivity pattern so that said second conductivity pattern is formed by said uniformly conductive image carrier on said second original.
4. A device as defined in' claim ll, wherein said second original includes a non-insulatingphotoconductive layer so that said second conductivity pattern is formed on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
5. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said second original includes a non-insulating photoconductive layer, and said device further comprises means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said second conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
6. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said first original includes a non-insulating photoconductive layer, and said device further comprises means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
7. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said first original includes a first non-insulating photoconductive layer, and saiddevice further comprises means for exposing said first non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, said second original includes a second non-insulating photoconductive layer so that said second conductivity pattern is formed on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer and, said first stable electrographic image is developed on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer and said second stable electrographic image on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer, a first transfer station including means for placing a first copy material against the particles of said first electrographic image on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said first noninsulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for generating across said first copy material and said first non-insulating photoconductive layer a second electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said first electrographic image from said uniformly exposed first non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said first electrographic image onto said first copy material, a second transfer station including means for placing a second copy material against the particles of said second electrographic image on said second noninsulating photoconductive layer, means for uniformly exposing said second non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said second non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for generating across said second copy material and said second non-insulating photoconductive layer a third electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said second electrographic image from said uniformly exposed second non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said second electrographic image onto said second copy material.
8. An electrographic device comprising an original provided with a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said original having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, means having a non-insulating photoconductive layer adjacently spaced from said original and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said non-insulating photoconductive layer including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minim um conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and said second conductivity pattern, means for generating an electric field of sufficient strength across said original and said noninsulating photoconductive layer to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby said particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part of the particles in said layer of developer particles toward said first conductivity pattern and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of developer particles toward said second conductivity pattern to develop a stable electrographic image on said noninsulating layer, a transfer station including means for placing a copy material against the particles of said electrographic image on said non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said non-insulating photoconductive layer, and means for generating across said copy material and said non-insulating photoconductive layer a second electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said electrographic image from said uniformly exposed non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said electrographic image onto said copy material.
9. A device as defined in claim 8, comprising means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said second conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
10. An electrographic device comprising means having a non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing in said non-insulating photoconductive layer a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said non-insulating photoconductive layer having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, an original adjacently spaced from said non-insulating photoconductive layer and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said original including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and said second conductivity pattern, means for generating an electric field of sufficient strength across said non-insulating photoconductive layer and said original to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby said particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part of the particles in said layer of developer particles toward said second conductivity pattern and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of developer particles toward said first conductivity pattern to develop a stable electrographic image on said non-insulating photoconductive layer, a transfer station including means for placing a copy material against the particles of said means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to an image of visible radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer so that a positive stable electrographic image is developed on said non insulating photoconductive layer to be transferred to said copy material.
12. A device as defined in claim 11, comprising means for exposing said second non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation forming said second conductivity pattern on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer.

Claims (12)

1. An electrographic device comprising a first original provided with a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said first original having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, a second original adjacently spaced from said first original and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said second original including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and second conductivity pattern, means for generating across said first and said second original an electric field of sufficient strength to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby the particles in said layer of developer particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part of said particles toward said first conductivity pattern to develop a first stable electrographic image thereon and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of developer particles toward said second conductivity pattern to develop a second stable electrographic image on said second conductivity pattern.
2. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said second original includes indicia having different electric conductivity characteristics so that said second conductivity pattern is formed by said indicia on said second original.
3. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said second original includes an image carrier having a uniform electric conductivity between the maximum and the minimum conductivities which are included in said first conductivity pattern so that said second conductivity pattern is formed by said uniformly conductive image carrier on said second original.
4. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said seCond original includes a non-insulating photoconductive layer so that said second conductivity pattern is formed on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
5. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said second original includes a non-insulating photoconductive layer, and said device further comprises means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said second conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
6. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said first original includes a non-insulating photoconductive layer, and said device further comprises means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
7. A device as defined in claim 1, wherein said first original includes a first non-insulating photoconductive layer, and said device further comprises means for exposing said first non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, said second original includes a second non-insulating photoconductive layer so that said second conductivity pattern is formed on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer and, said first stable electrographic image is developed on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer and said second stable electrographic image on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer, a first transfer station including means for placing a first copy material against the particles of said first electrographic image on said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said first non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said first non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for generating across said first copy material and said first non-insulating photoconductive layer a second electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said first electrographic image from said uniformly exposed first non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said first electrographic image onto said first copy material, a second transfer station including means for placing a second copy material against the particles of said second electrographic image on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for uniformly exposing said second non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said second non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for generating across said second copy material and said second non-insulating photoconductive layer a third electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said second electrographic image from said uniformly exposed second non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said second electrographic image onto said second copy material.
8. An electrographic device comprising an original provided with a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said original having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, means having a non-insulating photoconductive layer adjacently spaced from said original and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said non-insulating photoconductive layer including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and said second conductivity pattern, means for generating an electric field of sufficient strength across said original and said non-insulating photoconductive layer to charge Said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby said particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part of the particles in said layer of developer particles toward said first conductivity pattern and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of developer particles toward said second conductivity pattern to develop a stable electrographic image on said non-insulating layer, a transfer station including means for placing a copy material against the particles of said electrographic image on said non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said non-insulating photoconductive layer, and means for generating across said copy material and said non-insulating photoconductive layer a second electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said electrographic image from said uniformly exposed non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said electrographic image onto said copy material.
9. A device as defined in claim 8, comprising means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing said second conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer.
10. An electrographic device comprising means having a non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing in said non-insulating photoconductive layer a first conductivity pattern formed by areas on said non-insulating photoconductive layer having differing electric conductivity characteristics ranging from an area exhibiting maximum conductivity to an area exhibiting minimum conductivity, an original adjacently spaced from said non-insulating photoconductive layer and being provided with a second conductivity pattern formed by areas on said original including an area exhibiting electric conductivity higher than the minimum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern and an area exhibiting electric conductivity lower than the maximum conductivity in said first conductivity pattern, means for placing a layer of developer particles capable of receiving an electric charge against said first and against said second conductivity pattern so that said particles layer is sandwiched between said first and said second conductivity pattern, means for generating an electric field of sufficient strength across said non-insulating photoconductive layer and said original to charge said layer of developer particles from said first and said second conductivity pattern simultaneously whereby said particles layer receives electric charges attracting a part of the particles in said layer of developer particles toward said second conductivity pattern and opposite electric charges attracting the remaining particles in said layer of developer particles toward said first conductivity pattern to develop a stable electrographic image on said non-insulating photoconductive layer, a transfer station including means for placing a copy material against the particles of said electrographic image on said non-insulating photoconductive layer, means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation inducing a high uniform conductivity in said non-insulating photoconductive layer, and means for generating across said copy material and said non-insulating photoconductive layer a second electric field of sufficient strength to charge the particles of said electrographic image from said uniformly exposed non-insulating photoconductive layer thereby transferring said electrographic image onto said copy material.
11. A device as defined in claim 10, comprising means for exposing said non-insulating photoconductive layer to an image of visible radiation inducing said first conductivity pattern on said non-insulating photoconductive layer so that a positive stable electrographic image is developed on said non Insulating photoconductive layer to be transferred to said copy material.
12. A device as defined in claim 11, comprising means for exposing said second non-insulating photoconductive layer to radiation forming said second conductivity pattern on said second non-insulating photoconductive layer.
US00316498A 1969-12-08 1972-12-19 Device for producing electrographic image from original provided with a conductivity pattern Expired - Lifetime US3804509A (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2758524A (en) * 1953-12-30 1956-08-14 Rca Corp Electrostatic photographic printing
US2758525A (en) * 1953-12-30 1956-08-14 Rca Corp Electrostatic photographic printing
US2976144A (en) * 1958-10-24 1961-03-21 Rca Corp Electrophotography
US3284224A (en) * 1963-01-04 1966-11-08 Xerox Corp Controlled xerographic development

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2758524A (en) * 1953-12-30 1956-08-14 Rca Corp Electrostatic photographic printing
US2758525A (en) * 1953-12-30 1956-08-14 Rca Corp Electrostatic photographic printing
US2976144A (en) * 1958-10-24 1961-03-21 Rca Corp Electrophotography
US3284224A (en) * 1963-01-04 1966-11-08 Xerox Corp Controlled xerographic development

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