US3798100A - Apparatus for making spunbonded fabrics - Google Patents

Apparatus for making spunbonded fabrics Download PDF

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Publication number
US3798100A
US3798100A US00247874A US3798100DA US3798100A US 3798100 A US3798100 A US 3798100A US 00247874 A US00247874 A US 00247874A US 3798100D A US3798100D A US 3798100DA US 3798100 A US3798100 A US 3798100A
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Prior art keywords
filaments
impact
deflector surface
point
deflected
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US00247874A
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English (en)
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C Marchadier
J Togny
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Rhone Poulenc Textile SA
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Rhone Poulenc Textile SA
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
    • D04H3/16—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/02—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
    • D04H3/03—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments at random

Definitions

  • a process for producing spunbonded nonwoven fabrics is disclosed, wherein continuous filaments of organic polymers are extruded, stretched to orient same, and then arranged in fabric form on a moving conveyor.
  • the filaments are arranged or distributed on the moving conveyorby impact from a deflector surface, with a fluid jet operating upon the point of impact from a location in front of the point of impact in relation to the direction of the deflected filaments, and in the same plane as the axis of the filaments before and after impact with the deflector surface.
  • the spunbonded nonwoven fabrics produced by the disclosed process are more homogeneous than prior spunbonded non-woven fabrics, and are suitable for known uses of such fabrics, such as apparel backing, padding and the like.
  • Spun-bonded non-woven textile fabrics are non-Woven textile fabrics substantially made of continuous filaments generally randomly disposed throughout the fabric.
  • the manufacture of spun-bonded non-woven textile fabrics generally consists of extruding through a draw plate a melted, or even dissolved, fiber-forming organic polymer.
  • the extruded filaments are generally next oriented by stretching the extruded fiber bundle, generally by pneumatically stretching the filaments with one or several compressed air jets. Then, the filament bundle is deposited in a pre-determined manner on a moving conveyor, with the speed and the method of feeding the conveyor being regulated to control the desired thickness and width of the non-woven fabric, and also to increase the regularity or homogeneous nature, thereof.
  • the spun-bonded fabric After being deposited on the moving conveyor, the spun-bonded fabric is often Subjected to a calendaring step, generally a relatively light calendaring step, preferably with the application of heat, to increase the cohesiveness of the final product. Generally this calendaring step causes some of the basic filaments to be bound to one another, markedly increasing the unity of the nonwoven fabric product.
  • the filaments are deposited on a moving receiving conveyor.
  • the distribution of the filaments on the conveyor is normally accomplished with the use of deflector surfaces.
  • the bundle of filaments is directed upon and impinges the deflector surface at a certain angle and then, after impingement, moves in a tangential direction along and off of the deflector surface.
  • the deflector surfaces are in the form of flat or curved surfaces, preferably curved surfaces of revolution, which can be either concave or convex in relation to the direction of travel of the filaments.
  • the art prefers to use deflectors which produce a greater filament spread, as such use permits a decrease in the number of filament extrusion or spinning positions for a given width of final fabric produced.
  • the art has used deflectors with complex surfaces, or movable deflectors, either flat or curved, which lead to greater filament spreads.
  • these moveable deflectors are mechanically relatively complicated, expensive, difficult to precisely regulate, and relatively untrustworthy.
  • U.S. Pat. 2,736,676 discloses a process for producing sheets or mats made of strands, yarns or slivers of various materials, especially glass strands.
  • the glass strands are extruded, stretched, and then impinged on a deflector surface.
  • the patent discloses that the deflector surface may be either flat or curved, and may be fixed or moveable.
  • the angle of impingement is disclosed as being between 0 and
  • the patent discloses, with relation to FIG. 7 thereof, the use of two air jets, mounted on opposite sides of the point of impact, to laterally sweep the strand from the deflector surface, by alternate operation.
  • the patent also discloses, with relation to FIGS.
  • the process of the present invention involves the use of a deflector surface upon which a polymeric filament is impinged, to produce a non-woven textile fabric hav-- ing greater width and uniformity than produced by the prior art processes.
  • the polymer is extruded in filamentary form, and the filaments are oriented by stretching. Thereafter, the filaments are impinged on a deflector surface to distribute the filaments on a moving receiving conveyor.
  • a fluid jet is associated with the deflector surface and is directed at the point of impact of the filaments on the deflector surface.
  • the fluid jet is located in front of the point of impact, with relation to the direction of the deflected filaments, and the fluid jet is in the same plane as the axis of the impinging filaments and the average axis of the deflected filaments, and at an angle of 30- to the axis of the impinging filaments.
  • Spun-bonded non-woven textile fabrics are manufactured by extruding filaments of a fiber-forming polymer, orienting the extruded filaments by stretching, and then distributing the filaments on a receiving conveyor by impinging the filaments on a smooth deflector surface.
  • the improved process of the present invention involves directing a fluid jet at the point of impact of the filaments on the deflector surface from a location in front of the point of impact, in relation to the direction of the deflected filaments.
  • the fluid jet is at an angle of 30-135 to the axis of the impinging filaments, and is in substantially the same plane as the axis of the impinging filaments, i.e., the filaments which are about to contact the deflector surface, and the average axis of the deflected filaments, i.e. the filaments which have contacted the deflector surface and have been deflected towards the receiving conveyor.
  • filaments may be used in the present process of manufacturing spun-bonded non-woven textile fabrics.
  • the filaments may be made of fiber-forming inorganic polymers, such as glass, although preferably the filaments are made of a fiber-forming organic polymer.
  • Any of the conventional textile fiber-forming organic polymers may be used, such as cellulose acetate, nylon or other polyamide, rayon, acrylic, modacrylic and the like.
  • the polyester is a polyalkylene terephthalate.
  • polyalkylene terephthalate it is to be understood to apply to polymeric linear terephthalate esters formed by reacting a glycol of the series HO (CH OH wherein n is an integer of 2 to 10, inclusive, with terephthalic acid or a lower alkyl ester of terephthalic acid, wherein the alkyl group contains l-4 carbon atoms, such as, for example, dimethyl terephthalate.
  • the preparation of polyalkylene terephthalates is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • polyethylene terephthalate which is the most preferred polymer in the practice of the process of the present invention.
  • Polyethylene terephthalate is generally produced by an ester interchange between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate to form bis-2- hydroxy ethyl terephthalate monomer, which is polymerized under reduced pressure and elevated temperature to polyethylene terephthalate.
  • the fiber-forming polymers are extruded into continuous textile filaments, generally of about 4 to 70 dtex.
  • the filaments may be extruded at extrusion rates which are conventional in the textile field. However, it is preferred that the impinging fibers be travelling at a speed of about 50 to 130 meters per second at the time of impact with the deflector surface, and the extrusion rate may be accordingly adjusted.
  • the filaments are generally stretched by an amount sufiicient to orient the polymer molecules in the filament. Generally, the stretching will be within the range of about 200 to about 400%, based on the un stretched length of the filaments.
  • the filaments are stretched by pneumatic means, but other means may be utilized, such as those disclosed in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. 2,736,676, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the filaments After being stretched, the filaments are directed at the deflector surface, and impinged on the surface, generally at the aforesaid speed of about 50 to 130 meters per second. While the angle of impingement may be from slightly more than up to slightly less than 90, e.g. 1 to 89", it is preferred that the angle of impingement be from to 80, more preferably to 60.
  • the deflector surface may be flat or curved, and if a curved surface is used, it is preferred that the curved surface be a surface of revolution.
  • the curved surface may be either concave or convex, and may be either stationary or rrnoveable, as known to the art. Any of the known deflectors, such as those disclosed in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. 2,736,676, may be used in the practice of this invention. It is important that the deflector present a smooth surface in order to prevent any restraint of the filaments and to prevent any filament impingement that might disturb the regularity of the deflected filaments. In normal operation, the nature of the deflector material has no significant influence upon the formation of the spunbonded non-woven fabric.
  • the material of which the deflector surface is made must have suflicient strength and resistance to abrasion so that the impingement of the filaments and the fluid jet will not deteriorate the surface.
  • suitable materials for the deflector surface may be mentioned soft steel, bronz, glass, ceramics, and the like.
  • the fluid jet which is directed at the point of impact of the filaments with the deflector surface is conveniently formed by passing the fluid, under pressure, through a nozzle.
  • the air is suitably under a pressure of between about 1 to about 4 bars.
  • the nozzle preferably has a circular cross-section of a diameter of 0.5 to 5 millimeters, preferably 1-3 millimeters, although the nozzle cross-section can be of shapes other than circular.
  • the nozzle may be in the form of a rectangular or eliptical slot, having its major axis in the vertical plane defined by the axis of the impinging filaments and the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • the nozzle cross-sectional area is preferably no larger or smaller than that of the circular nozzle mentioned above. It should be understood that the fluid pressure and nozzle areas mentioned above are not limiting, but are decidedly preferred, as it has been observed that lower pressures or greater cross-sectional areas produces an insuflicient deflected filament spread, whereas higher pressures or smaller cross-sectional areas generally adversely affect the homogeneous nature of the resultant non-woven fabric product.
  • the fluid jet acts in a manner which does not destroy the symmetry of the impacting bundle of filaments.
  • This is accomplished by having the fluid jet substantially in the vertical plane which contains the axis of the impacting filaments and the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • the deflected filaments will be on diverging paths, so that some of the deflected filaments will be in a different vertical plane than other of the deflected filaments. Therefore, an average axis must be considered.
  • the deflected filaments may be subjected to a sweeping action, e.g. such as that caused by movement of the deflector surface, and this also must be considered when determining the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • the velocity of the fluid jet should not be so great as to destroy the filament bundle symmetry.
  • the fluid jet is a gas, which generally is chemically inert with respect to the filament. It is, however, possible to use a gas or other fluid which does react with the filaments, if such action is desired.
  • Compressed air is conveniently used as the inert gas, as being efficient and economical, but other gases may also be used, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium and the like, and liquids, such as Water, while not preferred, can be used as well.
  • the distance from the end of the fluid jet nozzle to the point of impact of the filaments on the deflector surface will vary according to the type of fluid, fluid pressure, nozzle size, diameter and number of filaments, and desired width of the fabric product.
  • the nozzle will be located a few centimeters from the point of impact, but this distance can be as great as a few decimeters.
  • the distance will be no greater than 5 decimeters and no less than about 2 centimeters, but preferably the distance is between 2 and 5 centimeters.
  • the deposited filaments are subjected to conventional treatments to improve the cohesiveness of the non-woven fabric product.
  • a relatively light calendaring step is preferred, although other approaches, such as use of an adhesive, can also be utilized.
  • a calendering step using a nip pressure of 20 to 50 kilograms per centimeter and a temperature of 140 to 250 C. is preferred.
  • the Weight of the spun-bonded non-woven fabric produced, for a given fabric width, can be controlled by varying the speed of the receiving conveyor and/or the extrusion rate of the filaments.
  • the fabric weight will generally be in the range of to 500 grams per square meter, preferably 80 to 120 grams per square meter.
  • the spun-bonded non-woven textile fabrics produced by the process of this invention are used in applications where the products of prior spun-bonded non-woven textile fabric processes are used, such as apparel backing, padding, or the like.
  • the products of the present process are wider and more uniform than the products of such prior processes.
  • FIG. 1 represents a schematic side view of the process
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a front view of the same process.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 a bundle of filaments 1, produced on an extrusion device (not shown) is stretched in compressed air nozzle 2. Upon discharge from the compressed air nozzle 2, the filament bundle 1 impinges upon a smooth, flat, fixed deflector surface 3.
  • a compressed air jet 6 passing through nozzle 4 is di rected at the point of impact of the filament bundle 1 upon deflector surface 3.
  • the filament bundle 1 is spread regularly and travels in a tangential direction from the deflector surface to receiving conveyor 5, which moves at a speed lower than the filament speeds.
  • the filaments are deposited on conveyor 5 in the form of spun-bonded non-woven fabric 7.
  • the distance between the point of impact of the filament bundle 1 on the deflector surface 3 and the receiving conveyor 5 is regulated by displacement of the conveyor 5.
  • Example 1 Four parallel bundles of filaments, each bundle having 60 filaments of 4.4 dtex, of polyethylene terephthalate were extruded through perforated draw plates having dies or holes 0.5 mm. in diameter, with the extrusion rate being 2.86 grams of polymer per minute per die. The extruded filaments were then stretched 350% of their original length by compressed air jets.
  • each filament bundle was impinged on a smooth, flat, soft steel deflector plate at an impingement angle of about Compressed air under a pressure of 3 bars was passed through a nozzle having an round port of 2 mm. in diameter.
  • the air jet which made an angle of 90 C. with the impinging filaments (that is with the filaments passing between the stretching device and the deflector surface) was directed at the point of impact of the filaments upon the deflector surface and was located in the same plane as the axis of the impinging filaments and the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • the end of the air jet nozzle was mm. from the point of impact.
  • Each of the 4 deflectors and deflecting fluid jet nozzles were displaced from each other a distance of 28 centimeters, and arranged in a straight line.
  • the filaments deflected from the deflector surface were received on a horizontal conveyor which was 400 mm. from the point of impact.
  • a very regular fabric having a width of 600 mm. and a weight of 200 g. per square meter was formed by passing the fabric received on the conveyor through a pair of smooth steel rolls maintained at 170 C. at a nip pressure of 36 kg./cm.
  • Example 2 Example 1 was repeated, except that the extruder die holes were 0.3 mm. in diameter, producing filaments of 2.2 dtex.
  • the deflecting air jet nozzle had a port in the form of a rectangular slot 4 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide, with the main axis being located in the vertical plane defined by the axis of" the impinging filaments and the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • a compressed air pressure of 2.8 bars was used in the nozzle.
  • a highly regular fabric was obtained having a width of 650 mm.
  • Example 3 Polyethylene terephthalate was extruded through perforated draw plates having die ports or holes 0.5 mm. in diameter, at an extrusion rate of 2.86 grams per minute per hole, to form a bundle of 60 filaments of 4.4 dtex.
  • the filaments were stretched 350% of their original length in a compressed air stretching nozzle. After stretching, the bundle of filaments was deflected upon a receiving apron by means of a convex deflector surface.
  • the convex deflector surface was formed of a portion of a revolution cone, the generators of which oriented from the base towards the summit formed an angle of 120 with the leading axis of the filament bundle.
  • a compressed air jet was applied to the point of impact at an angle of 35 with the impinging filament bundle.
  • the air jet was formed by passing compressed air under a pressure of 3.5 bars through a nozzle having a circular port 3 mm. in diameter, with the end of the nozzle located about 30 mm. from the point of impact.
  • the distance from the point of impact of the filaments on the deflector surface to the receiving apron was about 4001 mm. and the receiving apron was inclined at a 45 ang e.
  • the material received on the apron was calendered at a nip pressure of 30 kg./cm. and a temperature of 170 C.
  • the resulting spun-bonded non-woven textile fabric had a width of 350 mm. and a weight of 120 grams per square meter.
  • Example 4 This example involves the use of a concave deflector having a cyclically oscillating motion around a vertical axis parallel to the axis of the impinging filament bundle.
  • the deflector was oscillated 60 round trips per minute about its axis, with the total travel spanning 22.
  • the deflector surface was in the form of a round half tile having a diameter of 100 mm. and a length of mm. The point of impact was at the mid-point of the tiles length.
  • the major axis of the deflector made an angle of 120 with the axis of the impinging filament bundle.
  • a bundle of 70 polyethylene terephthalate filaments of 8.9 dtex were extruded through a perforated draw plate having holes 0.5 mm. in diameter at an extrusion rate of 5.2 grams of polymer per minute per hole.
  • the extruded filaments were stretched 350% of their original length in a compressed air stretching nozzle, and then impinged upon the above described concave deflector.
  • a compressed air jet was directed at the point of impact, at an angle of 45 with the direction of the impinging filament bundle, the air jet being located in the same plane as the axis of the impingement filament bundle and the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • the air jet was formed by passing compressed air under a pressure of 3 bars through a single nozzle having a circular port 2 mm. in diameter, with the end of the nozzle located about 25 mm. to the point of impact.
  • the bundle was deflected upon an apron inclined at an angle of 35 and located 800 mm. from the point of impact. After being calendered at a nip pressure of 30 kg./cm. and a temperature of 170 C., a fabric having a weight of 150 grams per square meter, and a width of 800 mm., was obtained, which was more homogeneous and wider than a spun-bonded non-woven fabric obtained in the identical process but without the use of the defleeting fluid jet (without the deflecting fluid jet, the fabric width was only 400 mm.).
  • a process for manufacturing spun-bonded nonwoven textile fabrics comprising extruding a plurality of filaments of a fiber-forming polymer, orient ing the extruded filaments by stretching, and distributing the filaments on a receiving surface by impinging the filaments upon a smooth deflector surface, the improvement comprising spreading the filaments without destroying the filament bundle symmetry directing a fluid jet to the point of impact of said filaments on said deflector surface, said fluid jet being at an angle of 30-135 to the axis of the filaments prior to said point of impact and located in front of the point of impact in relation to the direction of the deflected filaments and in substantially the same plane 8 as the axis of the impinging filaments and the average axis of the deflected filaments.
  • polyester filaments are polyalkylene terephthalate filaments.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
US00247874A 1971-04-26 1972-04-26 Apparatus for making spunbonded fabrics Expired - Lifetime US3798100A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7114885A FR2134206B1 (nl) 1971-04-26 1971-04-26

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US3798100A true US3798100A (en) 1974-03-19

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US (1) US3798100A (nl)
AR (1) AR196194A1 (nl)
BE (1) BE782631A (nl)
BR (1) BR7202407D0 (nl)
CA (1) CA975517A (nl)
CH (1) CH553870A (nl)
DE (1) DE2220575C3 (nl)
DK (1) DK132187C (nl)
ES (1) ES402120A1 (nl)
FR (1) FR2134206B1 (nl)
GB (1) GB1345307A (nl)
IT (1) IT956239B (nl)
LU (1) LU65243A1 (nl)
NL (1) NL167741C (nl)
NO (1) NO132548C (nl)
SE (1) SE387974B (nl)
SU (1) SU396875A3 (nl)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4209563A (en) * 1975-06-06 1980-06-24 The Procter & Gamble Company Method for making random laid bonded continuous filament cloth
US4345927A (en) * 1980-12-31 1982-08-24 Ppg Industries, Inc. Apparatus and process for use preparing a continuous strand mat
US4346504A (en) * 1980-07-11 1982-08-31 Hoechst Fibers Industries Yarn forwarding and drawing apparatus
US4392903A (en) * 1980-05-02 1983-07-12 Toray Industries, Inc. Process for making a thermal-insulating nonwoven bulky product
EP0277234A1 (en) * 1986-06-10 1988-08-10 Toray Industries, Inc. Process for producing non-woven fabric
DE10019342B3 (de) * 1999-07-16 2006-02-09 Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. Verfahren zur Verfestigung von Faser- und/oder Filamentvliesen

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2299438A1 (fr) * 1974-06-10 1976-08-27 Rhone Poulenc Textile Procede et dispositif pour la fabrication de nappes non tissees en fils continus thermoplastiques
DD253263A1 (de) * 1986-10-06 1988-01-13 Karl Marx Stadt Tech Textil Vorrichtung zum herstellen von elementarfadenvliesstoff

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2736676A (en) * 1953-04-24 1956-02-28 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Fibrous mats and production thereof
US3511625A (en) * 1966-08-02 1970-05-12 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Apparatus and method for making a body of multifilament strands
FR2044098A5 (en) * 1969-05-08 1971-02-19 Sommer Forming textured multifilament poly- - propylene yarns

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4209563A (en) * 1975-06-06 1980-06-24 The Procter & Gamble Company Method for making random laid bonded continuous filament cloth
US4392903A (en) * 1980-05-02 1983-07-12 Toray Industries, Inc. Process for making a thermal-insulating nonwoven bulky product
US4346504A (en) * 1980-07-11 1982-08-31 Hoechst Fibers Industries Yarn forwarding and drawing apparatus
US4345927A (en) * 1980-12-31 1982-08-24 Ppg Industries, Inc. Apparatus and process for use preparing a continuous strand mat
EP0277234A1 (en) * 1986-06-10 1988-08-10 Toray Industries, Inc. Process for producing non-woven fabric
EP0277234A4 (en) * 1986-06-10 1988-10-24 Toray Industries METHOD FOR PRODUCING NON-WOVEN FABRIC.
DE10019342B3 (de) * 1999-07-16 2006-02-09 Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. Verfahren zur Verfestigung von Faser- und/oder Filamentvliesen

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Publication number Publication date
DE2220575C3 (de) 1982-12-16
NO132548B (nl) 1975-08-18
IT956239B (it) 1973-10-10
BE782631A (fr) 1972-10-25
AR196194A1 (es) 1973-12-10
SU396875A3 (nl) 1973-08-29
GB1345307A (en) 1974-01-30
DE2220575B2 (de) 1981-02-05
CH553870A (fr) 1974-09-13
FR2134206B1 (nl) 1973-12-28
DE2220575A1 (de) 1972-11-09
NL167741C (nl) 1982-01-18
SE387974B (sv) 1976-09-20
LU65243A1 (nl) 1972-07-13
NL7203512A (nl) 1972-10-30
DK132187B (da) 1975-11-03
ES402120A1 (es) 1975-03-01
BR7202407D0 (pt) 1973-05-15
NO132548C (nl) 1975-11-26
CA975517A (en) 1975-10-07
DK132187C (da) 1976-04-26
NL167741B (nl) 1981-08-17
FR2134206A1 (nl) 1972-12-08

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