US3796588A - Process for rendering a steel piece superficially hard and corrosion resistive,piece obtained by the carrying out of this process and use of the latter - Google Patents

Process for rendering a steel piece superficially hard and corrosion resistive,piece obtained by the carrying out of this process and use of the latter Download PDF

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Publication number
US3796588A
US3796588A US00184628A US3796588DA US3796588A US 3796588 A US3796588 A US 3796588A US 00184628 A US00184628 A US 00184628A US 3796588D A US3796588D A US 3796588DA US 3796588 A US3796588 A US 3796588A
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
chromium
piece
metal
carbide
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US00184628A
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H Hintermann
W Hanni
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Novartis AG
Laboratoire Suisse de Recherches Horlogeres
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Ciba Geigy AG
Laboratoire Suisse de Recherches Horlogeres
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/36—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including layers graded in composition or physical properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
    • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
    • C23C16/32—Carbides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
    • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
    • C23C16/34—Nitrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
    • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
    • C23C16/36—Carbonitrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
    • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
    • C23C16/38—Borides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
    • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
    • C23C16/40—Oxides
    • C23C16/403—Oxides of aluminium, magnesium or beryllium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
    • C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
    • C23C16/42—Silicides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/325—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with layers graded in composition or in physical properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/341—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one carbide layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/347—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with layers adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B37/00—Cases
    • G04B37/22—Materials or processes of manufacturing pocket watch or wrist watch cases
    • G04B37/223—Materials or processes of manufacturing pocket watch or wrist watch cases metallic cases coated with a nonmetallic layer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/938—Vapor deposition or gas diffusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12583—Component contains compound of adjacent metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12611—Oxide-containing component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12674—Ge- or Si-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
    • Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12757—Fe
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12778—Alternative base metals from diverse categories
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12847—Cr-base component
    • Y10T428/12854—Next to Co-, Fe-, or Ni-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a process for rendering a steel piece superficially hard and corrosion resistant; it also concerns the piece obtained by the carrying out of this process and the use of the latter.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy this drawback and to provide a process for simultaneously hardening such steels and make them corrosion resistant.
  • the process of the invention is characterized by the fact that an intermediate or first layer of at least one passive metal is applied onto the steel piece, said layer difiusing at least partially into the base metal, and that a hardening layer consisting of a metal carbide, nitride, boride, or silicide is thereafter applied chemically in the gas-phase.
  • passive metal is utilized as defining a metal characterized by resistance to corrosion-socalled passivity to chemical attack-and is to be interpreted as such when reference is made thereto throughout the specification and in the claims.
  • the piece obtained by the carrying out of this process is characterized by the fact that it is made of a steel base coated with an intermediate or first layer of a passive metal diifusing at least partially into the base metal, this layer being itself coated with a hardening layer consisting of a metal carbide, nitride or silicide.
  • the above mentioned first layer of at least one passive metal is deposited, as is the hardening layer, in the gas-phase.
  • the metal used can be chromium, tantalum, aluminum, silicon and nickel, the latter being only considered, however, when the second or hardening layer 3,796,588 Patented Mar. 12,, 1974 does not consist of titanium carbide.
  • chromium experiments have shown that the metal deposited forms, together with the carbon of the steel, chromium carbides which fit particularly well, in a carbide containing base, for the subsequent deposition of the titanium carbide hardening layer.
  • the starting material is a chromium halide, for instance chromium trichloride known in the trade under the name of CrCl Hexahydrate, written CrCl in Equations I and II for simplification, but which comprises actually chromium halides corresponding to numbers 2 and 3 of the chromium valences.
  • the reducing agent of reaction I is hydrogen which is progressively added to the chromium halide, whereas in Equation 11, the reducing agent, which is generally identical with the base metal, is iron.
  • the chromium layer which forms on the surface of the sample diffuses partially or entirely into it.
  • Deposition temperatures will be preferentially above 800 C. for having a high enough chromium chloride pressure.
  • austenite steels or steels containing elements taking part to the formation of the austenite phase e.g. Ni, Mn, Cu and N, the diffusion is strongly decreased.
  • Gaseous 'HCl can also be reacted with Cr metal to form CrCl which will be reduced thereafter to a layer of Cr metal.
  • a :1 to 20:1 mixture of argon and HCl is reacted, at a temperature above 800 C. (preferentially at 850 C.) on granulated or pulverized chromium evenly dispersed in a container entirely made of alumina.
  • the equilibrium reaction I applies there, but in the opposite direction.
  • the mixture obtained above, Cr/Ar/H /remainder of HCl is allowed to react with the substrate, either directly or diluted with H
  • Large volumes of gas under atmospheric or reduced pres sure (preferentially 50 to 100 torr) are used for eliminating, as quickly as possible, the gaseous products which are normally HCl and FeCl;.
  • the first layer with several metals, e.g. by the deposition of a first layer of Si and a second with Cr.
  • the final hardening coating that is the second layer, which is known as well as the methods for obtaining it,
  • titanium carbide a titanium compound such as TiCl is progressively evaporated from an evaporator for liquids and continuously added to a gaseous flow of hydrocarbons.
  • a titanium compound such as TiCl is progressively evaporated from an evaporator for liquids and continuously added to a gaseous flow of hydrocarbons.
  • hydrocarbons such as methane, acetylene or ethylene, which are added in their normal gaseous state, and dicyclopentadiene which must be vaporized beforehand.
  • a 1:1:100 to 5:5 :100 gaseous mixture of CH TiCl and H can be used on the base-material in an Inconel reactor, avoiding carefully all iron parts.
  • the said second layer can also be made of an alumina layer or, further, of a composite layer, e.g. of chromium carbide and titanium carbide or of titanium carbide and nitride for having color hues varying from golden to silvered.
  • a composite layer e.g. of chromium carbide and titanium carbide or of titanium carbide and nitride for having color hues varying from golden to silvered.
  • the present process permits obtaining any hard and corrosion resistant pieces, particularly Watch-case elements such as middle parts, bezels, protective caps for middle parts, bezels, etc.
  • a watch element comprising a shaped steel substrate having (an at least partially diffused) a gas-phase chemically deposited chromium sulface layer (of at least one corrosion resistant material having metallic characteristics selected from the group consisting of chromium, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, and nickel) at least partially diffused into said steel substrate, and a gas-phase chemically deposited second layer (formed on said first layer) on said chromium layer, said second layer (selected from the .4 group consisting of titanium carbide, titanium nitride, a mixture of titanium carbide and titanium nitride, chromium carbide, tantalum carbide, nickel boride and aluminum oxide) comprising titanium carbide.
  • a watch element comprising a shaped steel substrate having-a gas-phase chemically deposited chromium surface layer at least partially diffused into said steel substrate, and a gas-phase chemically deposited second layer on said chromium layer, said second layer comprising titanium carbide.
  • a watch element comprising a shaped steel substrate having a gas-phase chemically deposited chromium. surface layer at least partially diffused into said steel substrate, and a gas-phase chemically deposited second layer on said chromium layer, said second layer comprising titanium carbide.

Abstract

A PROCESS FOR RENDERING A STEEL PIECE SUPERFICIALLY HARD AND CORRROSION RESISTANT AND THE PRODUCT OF SAID PROCESS. AN INTERMEDIATE LAYER OF AT LEAST ONE PASSIVE METAL SUCH AS CHROMIUM IS APPLIED TO THE STEEL PIECE AS BY REDUCTION OF A CHROMIUM HALIDE DEPOSITED ON THE PIECE, SAID PASSIVE METAL LAYER DIFFUSING AT LEAST PARTIALLY INTO THE BASE METAL, AND A HARDENING LAYER CONSISTING OF A REFRACTORY METAL CARBIDE, NITRIDE OR SILICIDE SUCH AS TITANIUM CARBIDE FOR EXAMPLE, IS THEREAFTER APPLIED CHAMICALLY IN THE GAS PHASE, AS BY TREATMENT OF THE COATED PIECE WITH A GASEOUS DISPERSION OF TITANIUM CHLORIDE IN HYDROCARBONS SUCH AS METHANE, IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN GAS.

Description

"United States Patent Int. c1.c2ac 11/04 US. Cl. 117-71 M 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A process for rendering a steel piece superficially hard and corrosion resistant and the product of said process. An intermediate layer of at least one passive metal such as chromium is applied to the steel piece as by reduction of a chromium halide deposited on the piece, said passive metal layer difiusing at least partially into the base metal, and a hardening layer consisting of a refractory metal carbide, nitride or silicide such as titanium carbide for example, is thereafter applied chemically in the gas phase, as by treatment of the coated piece with a gaseous dispersion of titanium chloride in hydrocarbons such as methane, in the presence of hydrogen gas.
The present invention concerns a process for rendering a steel piece superficially hard and corrosion resistant; it also concerns the piece obtained by the carrying out of this process and the use of the latter.
It is known, for the superficial hardening of steel pieces, to chemically apply, in the gas-phase, onto said pieces a hardening layer, e.g. of titanium carbide, up to thick and having a VNH hardness of 3,000 to 4,000 kp./mm.
However, these processes only apply to carbon steel, alloyed or not. These hardened pieces are therefore vulnerable to corrosion attack.
The object of the present invention is to remedy this drawback and to provide a process for simultaneously hardening such steels and make them corrosion resistant.
The process of the invention is characterized by the fact that an intermediate or first layer of at least one passive metal is applied onto the steel piece, said layer difiusing at least partially into the base metal, and that a hardening layer consisting of a metal carbide, nitride, boride, or silicide is thereafter applied chemically in the gas-phase. The term passive metal is utilized as defining a metal characterized by resistance to corrosion-socalled passivity to chemical attack-and is to be interpreted as such when reference is made thereto throughout the specification and in the claims.
The piece obtained by the carrying out of this process is characterized by the fact that it is made of a steel base coated with an intermediate or first layer of a passive metal diifusing at least partially into the base metal, this layer being itself coated with a hardening layer consisting of a metal carbide, nitride or silicide.
The use of the present process concerns the manufacture of watch-case elements.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the above mentioned first layer of at least one passive metal is deposited, as is the hardening layer, in the gas-phase. The metal used can be chromium, tantalum, aluminum, silicon and nickel, the latter being only considered, however, when the second or hardening layer 3,796,588 Patented Mar. 12,, 1974 does not consist of titanium carbide. In the case of chromium, experiments have shown that the metal deposited forms, together with the carbon of the steel, chromium carbides which fit particularly well, in a carbide containing base, for the subsequent deposition of the titanium carbide hardening layer.
During chromization, the two following reactions occur, one or the other being predominant depending on the reducing agent chosen, hydrogen or metal:
CrCl +H CT+ 2HCl (I) CrCl +Fe Cr-l-FeCl (II) The starting material is a chromium halide, for instance chromium trichloride known in the trade under the name of CrCl Hexahydrate, written CrCl in Equations I and II for simplification, but which comprises actually chromium halides corresponding to numbers 2 and 3 of the chromium valences. The reducing agent of reaction I is hydrogen which is progressively added to the chromium halide, whereas in Equation 11, the reducing agent, which is generally identical with the base metal, is iron.
According to the conditions chosen, temperature, pressure, gas concentration, nature of the base material, etc., the chromium layer which forms on the surface of the sample diffuses partially or entirely into it.
Deposition temperatures will be preferentially above 800 C. for having a high enough chromium chloride pressure.
Large diffusion zones can be obtained in steels containing less than 0.05% C. Steels which are ferrite rich or which contain elements that take part to the ferrite phase or easily bond with carbon, e.g. Cr, Mo, W, V, Ta, Ti, Zr, Al, Si and Nb favor difiusion. For instance, chromium difiusion layers form easily on stainless steel.
By adding hydrogen in excess to chromium halides, the exchange reaction H is eliminated and the deposition reaction I is favored.
By the use of high carbon steels (C content) 0.2%), austenite steels or steels containing elements taking part to the formation of the austenite phase, e.g. Ni, Mn, Cu and N, the diffusion is strongly decreased.
Steels having standard numbers (Werkstofinummer) 1,2000 to 1,3500 build, when chromium is deposited, chromium carbide layers having good adhesion and no pores, and being hard and wear resistant.
Gaseous 'HCl can also be reacted with Cr metal to form CrCl which will be reduced thereafter to a layer of Cr metal. A :1 to 20:1 mixture of argon and HCl is reacted, at a temperature above 800 C. (preferentially at 850 C.) on granulated or pulverized chromium evenly dispersed in a container entirely made of alumina. The equilibrium reaction I applies there, but in the opposite direction.
In place of HCl, elementary chlorine can be used for making CrCl according to the following equation:
For the deposition of chromium, the mixture obtained above, Cr/Ar/H /remainder of HCl, is allowed to react with the substrate, either directly or diluted with H Large volumes of gas under atmospheric or reduced pres sure (preferentially 50 to 100 torr) are used for eliminating, as quickly as possible, the gaseous products which are normally HCl and FeCl;.
It is also possible to produce the first layer with several metals, e.g. by the deposition of a first layer of Si and a second with Cr.
Care should be exercised so that the first layer is not softer than the base-material.
The final hardening coating, that is the second layer, which is known as well as the methods for obtaining it,
will be also obtained chemically in the gas-phase. It will consist of a carbide, nitride or silicide, of a metal from Groups III to VI of the Periodical Table, e.g. tantalum or titanium carbide.
In the case of, for instance, titanium carbide, a titanium compound such as TiCl is progressively evaporated from an evaporator for liquids and continuously added to a gaseous flow of hydrocarbons. Such are methane, acetylene or ethylene, which are added in their normal gaseous state, and dicyclopentadiene which must be vaporized beforehand.
A 1:1:100 to 5:5 :100 gaseous mixture of CH TiCl and H, can be used on the base-material in an Inconel reactor, avoiding carefully all iron parts.
From the equation A: H5 CH4 'IiCl, T 4HC1 (III) there is an increase in the volume of the products that is the reason for which working under a reduced pressure of 10-100 torr (temperature 800900 C.) is preferable.
The said second layer can also be made of an alumina layer or, further, of a composite layer, e.g. of chromium carbide and titanium carbide or of titanium carbide and nitride for having color hues varying from golden to silvered.
The present process permits obtaining any hard and corrosion resistant pieces, particularly Watch-case elements such as middle parts, bezels, protective caps for middle parts, bezels, etc.
What we claim is:
1. A watch element comprising a shaped steel substrate having (an at least partially diffused) a gas-phase chemically deposited chromium sulface layer (of at least one corrosion resistant material having metallic characteristics selected from the group consisting of chromium, tantalum, aluminum, silicon, and nickel) at least partially diffused into said steel substrate, and a gas-phase chemically deposited second layer (formed on said first layer) on said chromium layer, said second layer (selected from the .4 group consisting of titanium carbide, titanium nitride, a mixture of titanium carbide and titanium nitride, chromium carbide, tantalum carbide, nickel boride and aluminum oxide) comprising titanium carbide.
2. The watch element as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first layer is the reduction product obtained by reacting chromium trichloride with a reducing agent.
3. The watch element as claimed in claim 1 in which said first layer is at least as hard as the substrate material.
4. The watch element as claimed in claim 1 in which said first layer is the reduction product of the reaction product of one of gaseous HCl and chlorine gas on chromium metal applied directly to said substrate.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,690,062 9/ 1972 Kasai et al. 58-88 R 3,368,914 2/1968 Darnell et al. 117-71 M 2,756,162 7/1956 Garner et al 117-71 M X 3,029,162 4/1962 Samuel et al 117-107 2,872,350 2/1959 Homer et al 117-106 C 2,836,514 5/1958 Miinster et al. 117135.1 X 3,586,614 6/1971 Boggs et al. 117-71 M X 3,031,331 4/1962 Aves, Jr. et al 117-71 M 3,496,010 2/1970 Bracken et al 117-69 X 3,642,522 2/ 1972 Gass et al. 117-106 C 3,242,664 3/ 1966 Lederrey 29-179 X 3,669,695 6/ 1972 Her et a1 5 8-88 R X OTHER REFERENCES Powell, C. F., et al.: Vapor Plating. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., 1955. pp. 47, 48, 140 and 141.
RALPH S. KENDALL, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
117-106 A, 106 C, 107.2 R; 29-195; 58-88 R UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. I 3,796,588
DATED I March 27, 1974 INVENTOR(S) I HANS E. HIN'IERMANN and WERNER 'HANNI It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 3,line 33, change "sulface" to -surface-; Column 3, lines '31 to 39 and Column 4, lines 1 to 4, all material within parentheses and the parentheses should be deleted,
Claim 1 should read as follows:
l. A watch element comprising a shaped steel substrate having-a gas-phase chemically deposited chromium surface layer at least partially diffused into said steel substrate, and a gas-phase chemically deposited second layer on said chromium layer, said second layer comprising titanium carbide.
r Signed and sealed this 1st day of July 1975.
(SEAL) Attest:
C. Z IARSHALL DANN RUTH C. MASON Commissioner of Patents Attesting Officer and Trademarks v UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENTNOT: 3,796,588-
.DATED 3 March 27,1974
lNVENTOR(5) I HANS E. HINTERMANN and WERNER 'HANNI It is c ertifi ed that error appears in the above-identified patent and that saidLetters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 3,line 33, change "sulface" to -surface-; Column 3, lines '31 to 39 and Column 4, lines 1 to 4, all material within parentheses and the parentheses should be deleted, Claim 1 should read as follows:
l. A watch element comprising a shaped steel substrate having a gas-phase chemically deposited chromium. surface layer at least partially diffused into said steel substrate, and a gas-phase chemically deposited second layer on said chromium layer, said second layer comprising titanium carbide.
' Signed and sealed this 1st day of July 1975.
(SEAL) Attest: v
v C. MARSHALL DANN RUTH C. MASON Commissioner of Patents Attesting Officer and Trademarks
US00184628A 1970-10-02 1971-09-28 Process for rendering a steel piece superficially hard and corrosion resistive,piece obtained by the carrying out of this process and use of the latter Expired - Lifetime US3796588A (en)

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US3951612A (en) * 1974-11-12 1976-04-20 Aerospace Materials Inc. Erosion resistant coatings
US3953178A (en) * 1972-08-09 1976-04-27 Engel Niels N Coated metal product
JPS5165037A (en) * 1974-12-03 1976-06-05 Seiko Instr & Electronics TOKEI BUHIN
WO1986002290A1 (en) * 1984-10-17 1986-04-24 Sri International Process for applying coatings to metals and resulting product
US5217817A (en) * 1989-11-08 1993-06-08 U.S. Philips Corporation Steel tool provided with a boron layer
US20070025188A1 (en) * 2001-02-28 2007-02-01 Frederic Leuba Use of non-magnetic coating for covering components in a clock movement
EP2836621A4 (en) * 2012-04-11 2015-11-18 Ihi Ionbond Inc Ceramic lining for a firearm barrel

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IT1123082B (en) * 1975-11-14 1986-04-30 Fulmer Res Inst Ltd IMPROVED DIE FOR GIVING METAL SHAPE, CONSISTING OF A STEEL SUBSTRATE COATED WITH A LAYER CONTAINING NICKEL PHOSPHIDE, METHOD FOR ITS PREPARATION AND ITS USE FOR ALUMINUM EXTRUSION
CH640885A5 (en) * 1978-07-21 1984-01-31 Suisse Horlogerie Rech Lab MACHINE ELEMENTS WITH A HARD COVER.
FR2451949A1 (en) * 1979-03-22 1980-10-17 Nl Vintage PROCESS FOR COATING OBJECTS WITH A HARD MATERIAL THAT CAN BE EXERCISED COMMERCIALLY AND OBJECTS MANUFACTURED BY THIS PROCESS
US4278708A (en) * 1979-10-31 1981-07-14 Ford Motor Company Conductive corrosion resistant material and alkali metal/polysulfide battery employing same
CH643421B (en) * 1980-04-10 Asu Composants Sa DEPOSIT PROCESS FOR A HARD COATING OF A GOLD COMPOUND, DEPOSIT TARGET FOR SUCH A PROCESS AND JEWELERY INCLUDING SUCH A COATING.
DE3318999A1 (en) * 1983-05-25 1984-11-29 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8000 München COATED METAL OBJECT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
US5514482A (en) * 1984-04-25 1996-05-07 Alliedsignal Inc. Thermal barrier coating system for superalloy components
EP0186266A1 (en) * 1984-11-19 1986-07-02 Avco Corporation Erosion-resistant coating system
EP0188057A1 (en) * 1984-11-19 1986-07-23 Avco Corporation Erosion resistant coatings
FR2579997A1 (en) * 1985-04-03 1986-10-10 Preci Coat Sa Process for treating the surface of an object and object obtained by this process
GB2285632B (en) * 1985-08-19 1996-02-14 Garrett Corp Thermal barrier coating system for superalloy components
NL8902760A (en) * 1989-11-08 1991-06-03 Philips Nv METHOD FOR APPLYING A DRILL COAT TO A STEEL SUBSTRATE AND TOOL WITH A DRILL COAT.
EP0616050B1 (en) * 1993-03-16 1997-08-13 Balzers Aktiengesellschaft Process for increasing the durability of tools, and wear-resistant coated tool
JP3203256B2 (en) * 1996-01-31 2001-08-27 日本板硝子株式会社 Optical module and method of manufacturing the same

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US3953178A (en) * 1972-08-09 1976-04-27 Engel Niels N Coated metal product
US3951612A (en) * 1974-11-12 1976-04-20 Aerospace Materials Inc. Erosion resistant coatings
JPS5165037A (en) * 1974-12-03 1976-06-05 Seiko Instr & Electronics TOKEI BUHIN
JPS5512551B2 (en) * 1974-12-03 1980-04-02
WO1986002290A1 (en) * 1984-10-17 1986-04-24 Sri International Process for applying coatings to metals and resulting product
GB2178449A (en) * 1984-10-17 1987-02-11 Stanford Res Inst Int Process for applying coatings to metals and resulting product
US5217817A (en) * 1989-11-08 1993-06-08 U.S. Philips Corporation Steel tool provided with a boron layer
US20070025188A1 (en) * 2001-02-28 2007-02-01 Frederic Leuba Use of non-magnetic coating for covering components in a clock movement
EP2836621A4 (en) * 2012-04-11 2015-11-18 Ihi Ionbond Inc Ceramic lining for a firearm barrel

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