US3792913A - Xerographic erase mechanism - Google Patents

Xerographic erase mechanism Download PDF

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Publication number
US3792913A
US3792913A US00252698A US3792913DA US3792913A US 3792913 A US3792913 A US 3792913A US 00252698 A US00252698 A US 00252698A US 3792913D A US3792913D A US 3792913DA US 3792913 A US3792913 A US 3792913A
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United States
Prior art keywords
plate
charge
image
margin
sheet
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00252698A
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English (en)
Inventor
L Simmons
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Publication date
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Publication of US3792913A publication Critical patent/US3792913A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/04—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for exposing, i.e. imagewise exposure by optically projecting the original image on a photoconductive recording material
    • G03G15/045—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for exposing, i.e. imagewise exposure by optically projecting the original image on a photoconductive recording material with means for charging or discharging distinct portions of the charge pattern on the recording material, e.g. for contrast enhancement or discharging non-image areas
    • G03G15/047—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for exposing, i.e. imagewise exposure by optically projecting the original image on a photoconductive recording material with means for charging or discharging distinct portions of the charge pattern on the recording material, e.g. for contrast enhancement or discharging non-image areas for discharging non-image areas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
    • G03G2215/04—Arrangements for exposing and producing an image
    • G03G2215/0429—Changing or enhancing the image
    • G03G2215/0431—Producing a clean non-image area, i.e. avoiding show-around effects
    • G03G2215/0434—Parameters defining the non-image area to be cleaned
    • G03G2215/0443—Copy medium outline relative to the charge image
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
    • G03G2215/04—Arrangements for exposing and producing an image
    • G03G2215/0429—Changing or enhancing the image
    • G03G2215/0431—Producing a clean non-image area, i.e. avoiding show-around effects
    • G03G2215/0448—Charge-erasing means for the non-image area

Definitions

  • the plate is first uniformly charged to a relatively high potential and the charge plate surface then exposed to a light image containing the original input scene information to be reproduced. Under the influence of the light image, the charge carried on the plate surface is selectivelydissipated in the light struck regions so as to record the original input scene information thereon in the form of a latent electrostatic image.
  • the latent image is made visible by applying specially prepared electroscopic developer pow der, which is more generally known as toner, to the image bearing surface whereupon the toner particles are electrically attracted and loosely held in the more highly charged imaged areas thus rendering the electrical image visible.
  • the visible toner image which is loosely adhering to the plate surface, is generally transferred from the plate surface to a sheet of final support material such as paper or the like.
  • a sheet of final support material such as paper or the like.
  • One method for accomplishing image transfer is to place the final support sheet in overlying contact with the developed image and electrically treating the back side of the sheet'with corona thus causing the toner particles to be attracted from the plate surface to the contacting side of the final support sheet.
  • Toner particles carried on the plate outside of the area contacted by the copy sheet remain behind on the plate surface after completion of the transfer operation. This residual toner must be cleaned from the plate in some manner before a new copying cycle is initiated in order to prevent degrading subsequent produced copy.
  • Another object of this invention is to minimize the amount of unwanted development produced in an automatic xerographic reproducing machine.
  • a still further object of this invention is to reduce the amount of dirt produced in an automatic xerographic reroducing machine.
  • Yet another object of this invention is to reduce the amount of residual toner left on the photoconductive plate surface subsequent to the transferring of the image to a final support sheet.
  • an erase lamp mechanism posi tioned adjacent to a moving xerographic plate having a latent image recorded thereon.
  • a lamp is arranged to irradiate a selected region alongat least one margin lying outside the imaged area to dissipate the plate charge below a level sufficient to sustain development.
  • a shade is movably interposed in light blocking relationship between the erase lamp and the charged xerographic plate to block at leasta part of the illumination from irradiating the charged plate.
  • the size of the copy sheet in process is sensed by means of a sheet sensing mechanism which is adapted to preposition the shade in relation to the lamp so that the charge in the unused margin region, that is, a region lying outside of the domain of the copy sheet, is erased prior to image development.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the erase mechanism of the present invention embodied within an automatic xerographic processing machine
  • the copying ma- 7 chine employs a drum-like member 10, the outer periphery of which is furnished with a suitable xerographic imaging or photoconductive material 11 that is well-known and used to those skilled'in the art.
  • Drum 10 which is suitably journaled for rotation within the machine frame by means ofa shaft 12, rotates in the direction indicated in FIG. 1 to bring the photoconductive image retaining surface 11 thereon past a plurality of xerographic processing stations.
  • Suitable drive means (not shown) are also provided to power and coordinate. the motion of the various cooperating machine components to produce a faithful reproduction of the original input scene information.
  • the various processing stations for producing a copy of the original are herein represented as blocks A through E in FIG. 1.
  • a uniform charge is placed upon the photoconductive surface of the drum.
  • the charged drum surface is then passed to an exposure station B where at least a portion of the charged surface is exposed to a light image of the original input scene information so as to record the original input scene information thereon in the form of a latent electrostatic image.
  • Developing means for applying toner material to the image bearing surface is provided at developing station C wherein the latent image is madevisible.
  • the developed image is then brought into moving contact with a sheet of final support material 13 at a transfer station D wherein the toner image is electrically removed from the plate surface and placed in image configuration upon the contacting side of the final support sheet.
  • a cleaning mechanism such as a fur brush or the like, is brought into operative contact with the photoconductive plate surface and the residual toner removed from the plate thereby placing the xerographic plate in a condition such that the plate can be again used in the xerographic process.
  • the sheets of final support material processed in the automatic xerographic reproducing device will be stored within the machine by means of a removable paper cassette 14. It is further contemplated that the automatic reproducing machine will have the capability of accepting and processing copy sheets of varying lengths.
  • the length of the copy sheet is dictated by the size of the original recorded upon the photoconductive plate with variations in length being perpendicular to the direction of sheet movement as it moves through the machine.
  • the paper cassette is provided with an adjustable side margin so that sheets of varying lengths can be accommodated therein.
  • the cassette is filled with a stack of paper 15 of a preselected size and the cassette inserted into the machine by sliding the cassette along a base plate 16 which guides the cassette into operable relationship with a pair of feed rolls 17.
  • the feed roll mechanism is arranged to operate upon the uppermost sheet in the stack to separate the sheet from the remainder of the stack and to advance the separated sheet towards the transfer station.
  • a registration mechanism 18 is interposed between the sheet supply station and the transfer station. The mechanism is arranged to momentarily intercept the leading edge of a sheet moving between the stations so as to align and register the sheet in relation to the developed xero' graphic image recorded on the drum surface. The copy sheet and the developed image are then advanced together through the transfer station wherein the image is placed upon the overlying sheet surface.
  • the top margin M of the xerographic image recorded upon the drum surface is registered in close parallel alignment with the upper edge 19 of the drum surface as seen in FIG. 2.
  • the top side margin of the supply tray is also aligned'parallel with the end of the drum by means of an upright fixed margin guide 20 which serves to register the one side edge of the stack with the top edge of the image recorded on the drum.
  • the right hand margin guide 21 of the cassette is adjustable so that the cassette can accommodate sheets of varying length therein.
  • the size of the copy sheet stored in the cassette is, of
  • the width of the initially charged but unused margin region (X) along the bottom edge of the drum will also vary.
  • this charged but unimaged margin region will be developed with toner as the drum moves through the developing station.
  • this toner will not be transferred to the final support sheet and will ultimately have to be cleaned from the drum before a new imaging cycle is initiated.
  • the present invention is adapted to prevent this unwanted margin development from occurring and thus eliminating the added burden placed on the cleaning system as well as reducing the amount of dirt broadcast throughout the machine.
  • an erase lamp mechanism 25 Positioned between the image exposure station B and the development station C is an erase lamp mechanism 25 capable of dissipating the initial charge created along the unused right hand margin of the drum.
  • this unused drum region typically is that area on the drum surface which does not contain input data and as such does not come in contact with the copy sheet during transfer.
  • the erase mechanism includes an electroluminescent panel 26 (FIG. 5) supported adjacent to and in close within a rigid holder 27 which serves to uniformly position the panel at a predetermined distance above the photosensitive surface.
  • a shade member 28 the interior surface of which complements the exterior surfaces of-the panel and panel holder assembly, slidably encloses the panel in light-tight relationship therein. In this manner, the shade can be laterally repositioned in regard to the lamp so that margins of varying width (X) can be irradiated along the edge of the drum.
  • the slidable shade 28 is operatively connected to a sheet'sensing control mechanism 29, the operation of which will be explained in greater detail below, by means of an inextensiblecord 30 which is locked to the shade mechanism by suitable means as for example pin 35.
  • the control mechanism senses the size or more particularly the length of the copy sheet being processed and slidably positions the shade in relation to the stationary erase lamp so that this unused margin region on the drum is irradiated with radiation to substantially reduce the charge in this area.
  • the charge is reduced to a level below the development systems threshold potential level. As a result, the margin region remains undeveloped as it is moved through the subsequent developing station.
  • the slidable shade 28 is normally mechanically biased to a rest position by means of a spring element 37 anchored in the left hand frame 38 (FIG. 2) of the machine.
  • the spring exerts a force upon the inextensible cord 24-tending to pull the slide laterally along the lamp holder to a fully extended position against a stop 39 affixed in the lamp holder.
  • the stop can be stationed anywhere along the lamp holder, it is desirable that it'be positioned in order to facilitate the smallest size exposure contemplated for processing in the automatic machine.
  • cord 30 after passing through the slide mechanism, passes over a pairof small guide pulleys 40 mounted in the right hand frame 41 of the machine and then around a larger pulley 43 rotatably secured in horizontal mounting bracket 45 and finally the cord is secured to the free end of lever arm 46.
  • the opposite end of the lever arm is movably supported within the sheet sensing mechanism of the instant invention, herein generally referenced by the numeral 29.
  • the sheet sensing mechanism is supported above the paper supply cassette upon the horizontal bracket 45 by means of a support bar 50 secured thereto in the manner best illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • the sensing mechanism generally includes a one way clutch mechanism 51, the previously noted lever arm 46, and a sheet sensing arm 52.
  • the sheet sensing arm 52 is secured to the bottom portion of the clutch mechanism by means of a vertical shaft 54.
  • a return spring 55 is wound about the shaft and is adapted to engage the sensing arm in a manner to continually urge the arm in a counter clockwise direction towards a home position wherein the sensing arm is normally positioned as illustrated in FIG. 3 with the free end of the arm extending beyond the adjustable right hand side margin guide 21 of the paper cassette.
  • a sensing arm actuator60 is rotatably pinned b means of a pivot 62 in the adjustable right hand margin guide 21 of the cassette.
  • a clear square shaped aperture 61 is cut in the actuator through which passes a stationary pin 63 that is securely staked in the margin guide 21.
  • a spring 65 also affixed to the margin guide and is arranged to continually force the bottom wall of the square apertureinto contact against the pin thus tending to normally support the actuator face 66 in a substantially vertical position.
  • actuator face 66 comes into moving contact with the free end of the sheet sending arm causing the arm to swing about its stationary pivot point in a clockwise direction as seen in FIG. 3.
  • the actuator face releases the sensing arm thus allowing the arm to return to its normal home position.
  • the degree of displacement of the sensing arm is dependent upon the position of the adjustable margin guide 21 in relation to the sensing arm pivot point.
  • the margin guide is positioned further away from the pivot point than when long sheets are stored therein.
  • the degree of displacement of arm 52 is relatively small.
  • the margin guide is close to the pivot point and the displacement is relatively larger.
  • the movement of the sheet sensing arm is translated through the clutch mechanism to the lever arm 46 which is operatively attached to cord 30.
  • the lever arm As the sensing arm swings through its path of travel during the insertion of a cassette into the machine, the lever arm is caused to follow in a positive manner in'a clockwise direction.
  • the clutch acts to lock the lever arm at its furthestmost point of rotation while, at the same time, freeing the sensing area to return to the home position.
  • the position of the lever arm is therefore a direct indication of the size of the copy sheet being processed in the machine. This information is imparted directly to the shade mechanism via cord 30.
  • the amount of angular displacement of the lever arm can be directly converted mechanically into a lever displacement of the lamp shade whereby a margin complimentary to the size of the copy sheet in process will be erased upon the drum surface.
  • a dog 68 Upon the removal of the cassette from the machine frame, a dog 68 engages a cam element 69 mounted on the sidewall of the cassette guide 16. The cam and dog imparts a horizontal motion to a slide member 70. The slide member, in turn, engages a lug 71 on the clutch mechanism mounted on the side of the sensing mechanism which acts to disengage the clutch releasing the lever arm and permitting the arm to return to its original starting position.
  • a profile 72, machined on the working surface of the dog, is generated so that no motion is imparted to the slide mechanism by the cam when the cassette is inserted into the machine.
  • a reproducing apparatus comprising: a photosensitive plate, means for forming a latent electrostatic image on said plate, means for reducing the charge in at least one unused margin region of said plate, means for developing said electrostatic latent image following said charge reduction in said marginal region, and means for transferring said image to a sheet of final support material, the improvement wherein said charge reduction means comprises:
  • a source of radiation capable of reducing the charge within said at least one margin region, said source being arranged to irradiate said at least one margin region;
  • adjustable shade means movably interposed in block- .ing relationship between said source and said plate to prevent at least partof the radiation from said source from irradiating said plate;
  • apparatus to erase the charge along at least one side margin of the moving photoreceptor including,
  • an electroluminescent lamp positioned adjacent said moving member and being arranged to extend from one side margin of the member transverse said member to irradiate said charged member to dissipate the charge in the irradiated regions,
  • a movable shade mounted in light blocking relationship with said lamp and being arranged to move transverse to the direction of movement of said member whereby margins of varying widths are erasable on said member, and
  • an automatic xerographic reproducing apparatus of the type having charging means to uniformly charge the entire image retaining surface of a moving photoconductive member, exposure means to selectively dissipate the charge on the plate to record original input scene information in the form ofa latent electrostatic image, the developing apparatus for making the latent image visible, and means to transfer the developed image to a sheet of final support material, the
  • an erase lamp positioned between the charging and vdeveloping means being arranged to illuminate at least one margin of said member to dissipate the charge thereon,
  • a movable shade arranged in light blocking relationship between the lamp and said member to vary the width of the margin erased
  • sensing means to detect width of the final support sheet in process
  • An automatic xerographic device of the type including means to move a uniformly charged xerographic plate through a series of processing stations including an exposure station wherein a latent electrostatic image is recorded on at least a portion of said plate surface, a development station wherein finely divided marking particles are attracted into the highly charged imaged areas on said plate thereby making the latent electrostatic image visible, and a transfer station wherein the developed image is transferred to a sheet of final support material brought into moving contact with said plate, apparatus for preventing unwanted development of the plate surface including an erase lamp positioned adjacent to the charged plate surface between the exposure station and the development station, said erase lamp being arranged to illuminate at least a portion of said charged plate surface to reduce the charge found thereon to a level sufficient to prevent development thereof,
  • a movable shade means interposed in light blocking relation between said erase lamp and the charged plate surface to prevent at least part of the illumination from said lamp from irradiating said plate whereby the charge on a preselected region of said plate is dissipated
  • control means to sense the size of the copy sheet moved into contact with said moving plate surface and to regulate the positioning of said movable shade in relation to said lamp whereby the charge on the plate surface moving through the transfer station lying outside of the sheet contact zone is reduced sufficiently to preclude subsequent develop-

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Control Or Security For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Exposure Or Original Feeding In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Discharging, Photosensitive Material Shape In Electrophotography (AREA)
US00252698A 1972-05-12 1972-05-12 Xerographic erase mechanism Expired - Lifetime US3792913A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US25269872A 1972-05-12 1972-05-12

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US3792913A true US3792913A (en) 1974-02-19

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US00252698A Expired - Lifetime US3792913A (en) 1972-05-12 1972-05-12 Xerographic erase mechanism

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US (1) US3792913A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5644434B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1422175A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3967896A (en) * 1975-05-14 1976-07-06 Rank Xerox Ltd. Variable edge fadeout apparatus for electrostatic reproduction machines
FR2339192A1 (fr) * 1976-01-20 1977-08-19 Olivetti & Co Spa Machine copieuse electrophotographique
US4047811A (en) * 1976-05-27 1977-09-13 Xerox Corporation Available light marginal illumination system
US4080071A (en) * 1975-09-09 1978-03-21 Rank Xerox Ltd. Exposure device of a copying machine
US4101213A (en) * 1975-05-14 1978-07-18 Xerox Corporation Zoom lens copier
US4133609A (en) * 1974-05-15 1979-01-09 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Charge-erasing device for electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4236811A (en) * 1978-01-07 1980-12-02 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4264201A (en) * 1978-11-13 1981-04-28 Pitney Bowes Inc. Electrostatic copying process
US4585330A (en) * 1982-12-03 1986-04-29 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Unnecessary charge removing device from a latent image bearing element of electrophotographic copying machine
US4611906A (en) * 1985-01-22 1986-09-16 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4695152A (en) * 1984-11-28 1987-09-22 Xerox Corporation Charge erase device for an electrophotographic printing machine
US4707110A (en) * 1985-12-27 1987-11-17 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Image forming apparatus with color change area discriminating function
US4708464A (en) * 1985-01-30 1987-11-24 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Device for erasing unnecessary images for use in reader-printers
US4716436A (en) * 1986-02-26 1987-12-29 Xerox Corporation Charge erase device with flare light control
US4745438A (en) * 1986-09-16 1988-05-17 Xerox Corporation Automatic copier show-around erase system
US4774593A (en) * 1985-04-19 1988-09-27 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Image forming apparatus
US5172167A (en) * 1986-10-07 1992-12-15 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaishi Data entry apparatus
US5268716A (en) * 1986-10-07 1993-12-07 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Data entry method and apparatus for an electrophotographic copying machine
US5353108A (en) * 1990-07-05 1994-10-04 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Apparatus for cleaning printed paper
US6022423A (en) * 1996-05-23 2000-02-08 Imagex Technologies, Inc. Method for deinking paper

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6320996Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1978-04-07 1988-06-10
US4255042A (en) * 1979-03-26 1981-03-10 International Business Machines Corporation Light pipe for accurate erasure of photoconductor charge

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3089384A (en) * 1959-10-31 1963-05-14 Agfa Ag Photographic masking arrangement
US3540806A (en) * 1968-03-06 1970-11-17 Xerox Corp Half-toning method and apparatus for solid area coverage
US3556655A (en) * 1968-01-22 1971-01-19 Addressograph Multigraph Photoelectrostatic copying machine
US3671121A (en) * 1970-08-05 1972-06-20 Eastman Kodak Co Exposure device for controlling charge on a portion of a charged surface bordering an image frame projected on the charged surface

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3089384A (en) * 1959-10-31 1963-05-14 Agfa Ag Photographic masking arrangement
US3556655A (en) * 1968-01-22 1971-01-19 Addressograph Multigraph Photoelectrostatic copying machine
US3540806A (en) * 1968-03-06 1970-11-17 Xerox Corp Half-toning method and apparatus for solid area coverage
US3671121A (en) * 1970-08-05 1972-06-20 Eastman Kodak Co Exposure device for controlling charge on a portion of a charged surface bordering an image frame projected on the charged surface

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4133609A (en) * 1974-05-15 1979-01-09 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Charge-erasing device for electrophotographic copying apparatus
US3967896A (en) * 1975-05-14 1976-07-06 Rank Xerox Ltd. Variable edge fadeout apparatus for electrostatic reproduction machines
US4101213A (en) * 1975-05-14 1978-07-18 Xerox Corporation Zoom lens copier
US4080071A (en) * 1975-09-09 1978-03-21 Rank Xerox Ltd. Exposure device of a copying machine
FR2339192A1 (fr) * 1976-01-20 1977-08-19 Olivetti & Co Spa Machine copieuse electrophotographique
US4047811A (en) * 1976-05-27 1977-09-13 Xerox Corporation Available light marginal illumination system
US4236811A (en) * 1978-01-07 1980-12-02 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4264201A (en) * 1978-11-13 1981-04-28 Pitney Bowes Inc. Electrostatic copying process
US4585330A (en) * 1982-12-03 1986-04-29 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Unnecessary charge removing device from a latent image bearing element of electrophotographic copying machine
US4695152A (en) * 1984-11-28 1987-09-22 Xerox Corporation Charge erase device for an electrophotographic printing machine
US4611906A (en) * 1985-01-22 1986-09-16 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4708464A (en) * 1985-01-30 1987-11-24 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Device for erasing unnecessary images for use in reader-printers
US4774593A (en) * 1985-04-19 1988-09-27 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Image forming apparatus
US4707110A (en) * 1985-12-27 1987-11-17 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Image forming apparatus with color change area discriminating function
US4716436A (en) * 1986-02-26 1987-12-29 Xerox Corporation Charge erase device with flare light control
US4745438A (en) * 1986-09-16 1988-05-17 Xerox Corporation Automatic copier show-around erase system
US5172167A (en) * 1986-10-07 1992-12-15 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaishi Data entry apparatus
US5268716A (en) * 1986-10-07 1993-12-07 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Data entry method and apparatus for an electrophotographic copying machine
US5353108A (en) * 1990-07-05 1994-10-04 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Apparatus for cleaning printed paper
US6022423A (en) * 1996-05-23 2000-02-08 Imagex Technologies, Inc. Method for deinking paper

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4950945A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-17
JPS5644434B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1981-10-19
GB1422175A (en) 1976-01-21

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