US3790447A - Streptococci diagnostic method - Google Patents

Streptococci diagnostic method Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3790447A
US3790447A US00268967A US3790447DA US3790447A US 3790447 A US3790447 A US 3790447A US 00268967 A US00268967 A US 00268967A US 3790447D A US3790447D A US 3790447DA US 3790447 A US3790447 A US 3790447A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
streptococci
group
antibody
organisms
microscope
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00268967A
Inventor
A Hirata
W Boley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Abbott Laboratories
Original Assignee
Abbott Laboratories
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abbott Laboratories filed Critical Abbott Laboratories
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3790447A publication Critical patent/US3790447A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
    • C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
    • C12Q1/14—Streptococcus; Staphylococcus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56911—Bacteria
    • G01N33/56944—Streptococcus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
    • G01N2333/315—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Streptococcus (G), e.g. Enterococci

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new and novel method of utilizing labeled antibodies especially to detect the presence of Group A Streptococci in, for example, a swab sample.
  • Serological grouping of human p-hemolytic Streptococcal infections is important to the medical profession, especially the presence of Group A Streptococci which necessitates therapy. As has been reported, a significant error may result from the assumption that all fi-hemolytic Streptococci from the human nasopharynx belong to Group A.
  • a number of known methods are used to identify Group A Streptococcus. One involves resort to a fluorescent antibody that make for a specific identification of infectious organisms. However, this laboratory procedure involves a costly fluorescent microscope. In another method used in detecting Streptococci, a bacterial culture is grown. However, positive identification of Group A Streptococci requires 48 hours, involving in some cases an undesirable time lag of proper diagnosis and treatment.
  • the method of the invention here incorporates advantages of sensitivity, rapidity, and use only of an ordinary light microscopy for identification purposes rather than resorting to an expensive fluorescent microscope.
  • the diagnostic method here, in brief, involves a method of detecting the presence of Group A Streptococci in the presence of other Streptococci and Staphylococci organisms in an unknown sample.
  • First is prepared a series of at least 3 dry slide smears, one of said smears acting as a negative control comprising a suspension of only Group G Streptococci and Staphylococci aureus.
  • a second positive control smear comprising a suspension of only Group A Streptococci.
  • a third smear is prepared comprising a suspension of unknown organisms to be tested for presence of Group A Streptococci. Separately prepared is an antibody conjugate.
  • the first step in the invention involves development of an antibody in a conventional manner by resort to a test animal such as a rabbit.
  • a conjugate of the antibody to Group A Stroptococcus and peroxidase is then made by bridging or conjugating the two by resort to a coupling agent, such as glutaldehyde or diisocyanate.
  • a coupling agent such as glutaldehyde or diisocyanate.
  • typical peroxidase enzymes which can be used are a horse radish or lacto peroxidase.
  • each antibody has a counterpart in some antigen such as a Group A Streptococcus.
  • An antibody specific to an antigen will become attached to that antigen whenever encountered by the antibody. If an antibody that is known to be specific for a particular antigen within a group of antibodies is isolated from the globulin portion of serum or plasma of a host animal which was stimulated to produce that antibody, then the antigen and antibody specific to that antigen will become attached to each oher.
  • the peroxidase acts as a type of amplifier which will later allow the organism to be properly observed under a microscope by resort to a dye.
  • a preferred method of preparing the reagent here is to form a conjugate of antibody and peroxidase, and then add the conjugate to the Group A Streptococcus.
  • Smear slides of a swab sample and a positive and a negative control sample are prepared in the usual manner.
  • the lower control limit organisms (negative control) are prepared from a NCDC-derived panel of Group G Streptococci and Straphylococcus aureus which are coagulase positive, non-viable and have been reconstructed from a lyophilized stock.
  • the upper control limit organisms likewise are obtained from a NCDC-derived panel of Group A Streptococci which are non-viable and reconstituted from lyophilized stock.
  • the upper control limit organisms act as a positive control.
  • the three air-dried smears are usually rinsed in a buffer such as a tris-saline buffer, pH 7.5 (buffer) for a few minutes and thereafter drained, usually with a filter paper.
  • a buffer such as a tris-saline buffer, pH 7.5 (buffer) for a few minutes and thereafter drained, usually with a filter paper.
  • a buffer such as a tris-saline buffer, pH 7.5 (buffer) for a few minutes and thereafter drained, usually with a filter paper.
  • all three smears may be placed on a single slide, if desired, in separate inscribed areas.
  • One drop of the conjugated reagent prepared as described above is placed on each dry smear and they are incubated. In a typical situation, incubation may be carried out in a moist chamber for 20 minutes at room temperature. The slides are then rinsed again with buffer solution and drained. In one specific technique the slides are immersed in a buffer solution for say about 5 minutes.
  • a detecting dye usually an electron donor dye.
  • a typical dye useful here is 3- am1no-9-ethyl carbazole.
  • Other suitable dyes which may be used include 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, p chloroaniline and a mixture of u-naphthol and p-phenyldenediamine dihydrochloride.
  • an oxidizing agent such as hyrogen peroxide.
  • Other oxidizing agents WhlCh may be used are methyl peroxide and ethyl peroxide (CH OOH; C H OOH).
  • the peroxidase enzyme breaks down the hydrogen peroxide.
  • the hydrogen peroxide breakdown product in turn causes the dye to become colored, which colored material in turn becomes attached to the Streptococci.
  • EXAMPLE I Preparation and fixation of organisms from throat swabs
  • the pharyngeal mucosal swab is swirled vigorously for approximately 30 seconds in 0.5 ml. saline in a Kahn or similar tube.
  • the saline is expressed from the swab.
  • the same swab can be used to inoculate a blood agar plate for isolation of fi-hemolytic Streptococci.
  • a disposable Pasteur pipette is used to transfer one drop (approximately 25 microliters) of the saline suspension of bacteria onto the inscribed area of a microscope slide.
  • Samples (0.01 ml., 0.0001 ml.) of the same saline rinse can be taken into a calibrated loop and spread on blood agar plates to titer the saline wash. The test area, on the microscope slide is then allowed to air dry. The smears and fixed by immersion in absolute methanol for 5 minutes and drained.
  • Streptococcus antibody was first conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Two drops (approximately 50 ,ul.) of the conjugated antibody is added to each dry smear, using a Pasteur pipette. Using separate applicator sticks or toothpicks, carefully the reagent is spread over each test area. The applicator stick can be held horizontally to catch the meniscus of the fluid in a manner that avoids scraping cells from the slide.
  • the slide is incubated at room temperature for about 20 minutes in a humid chamber using, for example, a slide box, or an inverted petri dish with moist paper towels fitted into or around the dish.
  • the slide is then rinsed with ml. of tris-saline buffer dripped from a pipette and then washed by immersion in a staining dish of tris-saline buffer for 5 minutes.
  • the slide is dried by tilting at an angle and placing an absorbent piece of paper (paper towels) at the edge of the inscribed area.
  • the slides are examined for staining under a light microscope using a 40X objective and l2.5 oculars (final magnification of 500x).
  • the advantage of this procedure lies in its speed without the use of an expensive fluorescent microscope.
  • the relative low magnification allows a larger area to be viewed when scanning the 1 cm. diameter circle on the slide, thus allowing greater detection limits.
  • the slide areas are scanned under a light microscope at a final magnification of 500x.
  • the defined detection limits are not directly applicable when other objectives and/ or magnification ranges are used with this procedure.
  • the positive control (Group A Streptococci) is clearly distinguished from the negative control (Group G Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureas) by a bright red color.
  • the Group A Streptococci directly from the throat swab stain with the same intensity and possess the same single cell morphology as the positive control. Primary focus must be on intensity of color and on presence and extent of chained organisms.
  • EXAMPLE II In a second embodiment of the invention as a variation of the techniques described in Example I, the pharyngeal mucosal swab is placed in 1 ml. of Todd-Hewitt broth and incubated at 37 C. for 2 to 5 hours, the broth is then centrifuged 5 minutes at about 2000 r.p.m. to pack the organisms. The supernate fluid is decanted and then the cells resuspended in 1 ml. of saline and recentrifuged.
  • the saline is decanted and the tube placed in a rack for 2 to 3 minutes to allow residual saline and organisms to collect in the bottom of the tube.
  • the organisms are mixed thoroughly in the residual saline.
  • some of the washed sediment is removed and placed within the inscribed area on a single slide.
  • test areas are then allowed to air dry.
  • the slide is fixed in absolute methanol for 5 minutes and allowed to drain dry.
  • the smears are then processed as when the cells are eluted directly from the swab. All controls and data interpretations are the same.
  • a method of detecting the presence of Group A Streptococci in the presence of other Streptococci and Staphyllococci organisms in an unknown sample comprising the steps of conjugating a Streptococcus antibody with a Group A Streptococcus by forming a complex of said antibody and Group A Streptococcus through means of a peroxidase enzyme coupling agent, preparing a series of at least three slide smears; one of such smears acting as a negative control comprising a suspension of Group G Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus; a second positive control smear comprising a suspension of only Group A Streptococci and a third smear comprising a suspension of unknown organisms, adding the conjugate to each smear, incubating the treated smears, adding hydrogen peroxide and an electron donor dye to the incubated treated smears, and observing the thus treated slide smears under a microscope
  • a method of preparing a reagent useful in a method of detecting the presence of Group A Streptococci in the presence of other Streptococci and Staphylococci organisms in an unknown sample which comprises the step of conjugating a Streptococcus antibody with a Group A Streptococcus by forming a complex of said antibody and Group A Streptococcus through means of a peroxidase enzyme coupling agent, said resulting conjugate being the desired reagent.

Abstract

A METHOD OF DETECTING STREPTOCOCCAL ORGANISMS, ESPECIALLY GROUP A, B-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, IS PROVIDED WHEREIN SEPARATE SMEARS ON MICROSCOPE SLIDES COMPRISING NEGATIVE CONTROL AND POSITIVE CONTROL ORGANISMS ARE TREATED WITH ANTIBODY CONJUGATED TO PEROXIDASE, AND THE SLIDES THEN COMPARED UNDER THE MICROSCOPE, AFTER DYEING WITH ENZYME SUBSTRATES TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI.

Description

"United States Patent O 3,790,447 STREPTOCOCCI DIAGNOSTIC METHOD Arthur Atsunobu Hirata, Waukegan, and William Franklin Boley, Lake Villa, Ill, assignors to Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill. N Drawing. Filed July 5, 1972, Ser. No. 268,967 Int. Cl. C12k 1/04 U.S. Cl. 195-103.5 R 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method of detecting Streptococcal organisms, especially Group A, ,B-hemolytic Streptococci, is provided wherein separate smears on microscope slides comprising negative control and positive control organisms are treated with antibody conjugated to peroxidase, and the slides then compared under the microscope, after dyeing with enzyme substrates to determine the presence of Group A Streptococci.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a new and novel method of utilizing labeled antibodies especially to detect the presence of Group A Streptococci in, for example, a swab sample.
Serological grouping of human p-hemolytic Streptococcal infections is important to the medical profession, especially the presence of Group A Streptococci which necessitates therapy. As has been reported, a significant error may result from the assumption that all fi-hemolytic Streptococci from the human nasopharynx belong to Group A.
Accurate and rapid identification of Group A 8-hemolytic Streptococcus as the causative agent in nasopharyngitis is a vital step towards adequate treatment and eventual preveniont of the possible sequaelae of this infection, i.e., scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis. Such an identification of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis requires laboratory assistance to demonstrate the organism directly.
A number of known methods are used to identify Group A Streptococcus. One involves resort to a fluorescent antibody that make for a specific identification of infectious organisms. However, this laboratory procedure involves a costly fluorescent microscope. In another method used in detecting Streptococci, a bacterial culture is grown. However, positive identification of Group A Streptococci requires 48 hours, involving in some cases an undesirable time lag of proper diagnosis and treatment.
The method of the invention here incorporates advantages of sensitivity, rapidity, and use only of an ordinary light microscopy for identification purposes rather than resorting to an expensive fluorescent microscope.
The diagnostic method here, in brief, involves a method of detecting the presence of Group A Streptococci in the presence of other Streptococci and Staphylococci organisms in an unknown sample. First is prepared a series of at least 3 dry slide smears, one of said smears acting as a negative control comprising a suspension of only Group G Streptococci and Staphylococci aureus. Also prepared is a second positive control smear comprising a suspension of only Group A Streptococci. Lastly a third smear is prepared comprising a suspension of unknown organisms to be tested for presence of Group A Streptococci. Separately prepared is an antibody conjugate. This is made by conjugating an antibody to Streptococcus with peroxidase. The resultant conjugate is added to each smear which are then incubated. Thereafter, hydrogen peroxide is added to each smear as well as an electron donor dye. The three thus treated slide smears are observed under a microscope with the unknown smear being compared with the positive 'ice control to determine the presence of Group A Streptococci. Normally, the smears prior to addition of hydrogen peroxide and electron donor are rinsed with a buffer solution and dried again.
In more detail, the first step in the invention involves development of an antibody in a conventional manner by resort to a test animal such as a rabbit. A conjugate of the antibody to Group A Stroptococcus and peroxidase is then made by bridging or conjugating the two by resort to a coupling agent, such as glutaldehyde or diisocyanate. Here, typical peroxidase enzymes which can be used are a horse radish or lacto peroxidase.
As is known each antibody has a counterpart in some antigen such as a Group A Streptococcus. An antibody specific to an antigen will become attached to that antigen whenever encountered by the antibody. If an antibody that is known to be specific for a particular antigen within a group of antibodies is isolated from the globulin portion of serum or plasma of a host animal which was stimulated to produce that antibody, then the antigen and antibody specific to that antigen will become attached to each oher. However, in subsequent microscopic work one cannot see the antigen-antibody organism. Thus, in the case here the peroxidase acts as a type of amplifier which will later allow the organism to be properly observed under a microscope by resort to a dye.
A preferred method of preparing the reagent here is to form a conjugate of antibody and peroxidase, and then add the conjugate to the Group A Streptococcus. Smear slides of a swab sample and a positive and a negative control sample are prepared in the usual manner. The lower control limit organisms (negative control) are prepared from a NCDC-derived panel of Group G Streptococci and Straphylococcus aureus which are coagulase positive, non-viable and have been reconstructed from a lyophilized stock. The upper control limit organisms likewise are obtained from a NCDC-derived panel of Group A Streptococci which are non-viable and reconstituted from lyophilized stock. The upper control limit organisms, of course, act as a positive control. The three air-dried smears are usually rinsed in a buffer such as a tris-saline buffer, pH 7.5 (buffer) for a few minutes and thereafter drained, usually with a filter paper. Of course, all three smears may be placed on a single slide, if desired, in separate inscribed areas.
One drop of the conjugated reagent prepared as described above is placed on each dry smear and they are incubated. In a typical situation, incubation may be carried out in a moist chamber for 20 minutes at room temperature. The slides are then rinsed again with buffer solution and drained. In one specific technique the slides are immersed in a buffer solution for say about 5 minutes.
To the slides are then added a detecting dye usually an electron donor dye. A typical dye useful here is 3- am1no-9-ethyl carbazole. Other suitable dyes which may be used include 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, p chloroaniline and a mixture of u-naphthol and p-phenyldenediamine dihydrochloride. Along with the dye is added an oxidizing agent such as hyrogen peroxide. Other oxidizing agents WhlCh may be used are methyl peroxide and ethyl peroxide (CH OOH; C H OOH).
In one specific technique two drops of 0.1% 3-amino- 9-ethyl carbazole dye in a buffer containing 0.3% hydrogen peroxide are added to each smear. Then after a suitable waiting period, say 15 minutes the slides are again washed with tap water and each observed under a microscope. The Streptococci stains appear as a bright red stain.
In the procedure here it is believed that the peroxidase enzyme breaks down the hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide breakdown product in turn causes the dye to become colored, which colored material in turn becomes attached to the Streptococci.
The following examples are illustrative of this invention.
EXAMPLE I Preparation and fixation of organisms from throat swabs The pharyngeal mucosal swab is swirled vigorously for approximately 30 seconds in 0.5 ml. saline in a Kahn or similar tube. The saline is expressed from the swab. If desired, the same swab can be used to inoculate a blood agar plate for isolation of fi-hemolytic Streptococci. Immediately thereafter, a disposable Pasteur pipette is used to transfer one drop (approximately 25 microliters) of the saline suspension of bacteria onto the inscribed area of a microscope slide. Samples (0.01 ml., 0.0001 ml.) of the same saline rinse (bacterial suspension) can be taken into a calibrated loop and spread on blood agar plates to titer the saline wash. The test area, on the microscope slide is then allowed to air dry. The smears and fixed by immersion in absolute methanol for 5 minutes and drained.
Staining technique using antibody coupled enzyme (enzyme covalently conjugated to antibody) Streptococcus antibody was first conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Two drops (approximately 50 ,ul.) of the conjugated antibody is added to each dry smear, using a Pasteur pipette. Using separate applicator sticks or toothpicks, carefully the reagent is spread over each test area. The applicator stick can be held horizontally to catch the meniscus of the fluid in a manner that avoids scraping cells from the slide.
The slide is incubated at room temperature for about 20 minutes in a humid chamber using, for example, a slide box, or an inverted petri dish with moist paper towels fitted into or around the dish. The slide is then rinsed with ml. of tris-saline buffer dripped from a pipette and then washed by immersion in a staining dish of tris-saline buffer for 5 minutes. The slide is dried by tilting at an angle and placing an absorbent piece of paper (paper towels) at the edge of the inscribed area.
Two drops (approximately 50 microliters) of the stain ing solution is then added to each smear and allowed to react minutes. The slide is rinsed With 10 ml. distilled 'water dropped from a pipette and washed by immersion in a staining dish filled with distilled water. The slides are then examined for the presence of staining. At this point the slides may be stored for several months in a microscope slide box, at room temperature, with no noticeable decrease in staining intensity.
The slides are examined for staining under a light microscope using a 40X objective and l2.5 oculars (final magnification of 500x). The advantage of this procedure lies in its speed without the use of an expensive fluorescent microscope. The relative low magnification allows a larger area to be viewed when scanning the 1 cm. diameter circle on the slide, thus allowing greater detection limits.
The slide areas are scanned under a light microscope at a final magnification of 500x. The defined detection limits are not directly applicable when other objectives and/ or magnification ranges are used with this procedure.
The positive control (Group A Streptococci) is clearly distinguished from the negative control (Group G Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureas) by a bright red color. The Group A Streptococci directly from the throat swab stain with the same intensity and possess the same single cell morphology as the positive control. Primary focus must be on intensity of color and on presence and extent of chained organisms.
EXAMPLE II In a second embodiment of the invention as a variation of the techniques described in Example I, the pharyngeal mucosal swab is placed in 1 ml. of Todd-Hewitt broth and incubated at 37 C. for 2 to 5 hours, the broth is then centrifuged 5 minutes at about 2000 r.p.m. to pack the organisms. The supernate fluid is decanted and then the cells resuspended in 1 ml. of saline and recentrifuged.
The saline is decanted and the tube placed in a rack for 2 to 3 minutes to allow residual saline and organisms to collect in the bottom of the tube. The organisms are mixed thoroughly in the residual saline. Using a Pasteur pipette, some of the washed sediment is removed and placed within the inscribed area on a single slide.
The test areas are then allowed to air dry. The slide is fixed in absolute methanol for 5 minutes and allowed to drain dry. The smears are then processed as when the cells are eluted directly from the swab. All controls and data interpretations are the same.
It is also suitable to select with an inoculating needle some organisms from a colon grown on a blood agar plate, emulsify the colony in saline solution, and then transfer a drop to an inscribed slide and proceed as before.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of detecting the presence of Group A Streptococci in the presence of other Streptococci and Staphyllococci organisms in an unknown sample comprising the steps of conjugating a Streptococcus antibody with a Group A Streptococcus by forming a complex of said antibody and Group A Streptococcus through means of a peroxidase enzyme coupling agent, preparing a series of at least three slide smears; one of such smears acting as a negative control comprising a suspension of Group G Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus; a second positive control smear comprising a suspension of only Group A Streptococci and a third smear comprising a suspension of unknown organisms, adding the conjugate to each smear, incubating the treated smears, adding hydrogen peroxide and an electron donor dye to the incubated treated smears, and observing the thus treated slide smears under a microscope, said third unknown organism being compared with the positive control to determine the presence of Group A Streptococci.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the smears prior to addition of conjugate are rinsed with a bufier solution.
3. A method of preparing a reagent useful in a method of detecting the presence of Group A Streptococci in the presence of other Streptococci and Staphylococci organisms in an unknown sample which comprises the step of conjugating a Streptococcus antibody with a Group A Streptococcus by forming a complex of said antibody and Group A Streptococcus through means of a peroxidase enzyme coupling agent, said resulting conjugate being the desired reagent.
References Cited Chemical Abstracts, vol. 75, 138899e.
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 73, 220711.
Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 19, No. 3, 1971, pp. 407-418.
A. LOUIS MONACELL, Primary Examiner R. J. WARDEN, Assistant Examiner
US00268967A 1972-07-05 1972-07-05 Streptococci diagnostic method Expired - Lifetime US3790447A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US26896772A 1972-07-05 1972-07-05

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3790447A true US3790447A (en) 1974-02-05

Family

ID=23025285

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00268967A Expired - Lifetime US3790447A (en) 1972-07-05 1972-07-05 Streptococci diagnostic method

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3790447A (en)
JP (1) JPS4943479A (en)
AU (1) AU470394B2 (en)
CA (1) CA996455A (en)
DE (1) DE2334061B2 (en)
FR (1) FR2190917B1 (en)
GB (1) GB1420806A (en)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3990947A (en) * 1975-03-07 1976-11-09 Warner-Lambert Company Composition for detecting fibrinogen, fibrinogen split products and fibrin split products
US4094745A (en) * 1973-06-22 1978-06-13 John Scholefield Method of staining microscopic organisms
US4200508A (en) * 1977-02-09 1980-04-29 Hidematsu Hirai Method and composition for detecting antigenic substances
US4259442A (en) * 1977-10-04 1981-03-31 Laboratoire De Recherche Api S.A.R.L. Process of rapid identification of bacteria of the genus Streptococcus
EP0109012A2 (en) * 1982-11-12 1984-05-23 Abbott Laboratories Determination of streptococci
US4458014A (en) * 1982-01-11 1984-07-03 Forsyth Dental Infirmary For Children Serological method for the identification of microorganisms
WO1984004169A1 (en) * 1983-04-18 1984-10-25 Quidel Removal of self-binding and staph a cross-reactivity of anti-strep antibody
WO1984004170A1 (en) * 1983-04-18 1984-10-25 Quidel Protection of antibody during chemical modification
US4532206A (en) * 1982-07-19 1985-07-30 Vitek Systems, Inc. β-Streptococcus selective medium
US4592995A (en) * 1981-03-30 1986-06-03 Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Reagent for streptococcal anti-esterase assay
WO1987001393A1 (en) * 1985-09-09 1987-03-12 Allegheny-Singer Research Institute Dry form micronitrous acid streptococci extraction-agglutination test
US4683197A (en) * 1981-07-16 1987-07-28 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Detection method for occult blood
CN104706677A (en) * 2015-04-10 2015-06-17 国药集团鲁亚（山东）制药有限公司 Group A streptococcus pharmaceutical composition and preparation method thereof

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0061546B1 (en) * 1981-03-30 1984-07-04 Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Reagent for streptococcal anti-esterase assay
US4626502A (en) * 1984-01-27 1986-12-02 Abbott Laboratories Method for exposing bacterial antigen in bacterial cells assay using same
US4618576A (en) * 1984-02-27 1986-10-21 Becton Dickinson And Company Diagnostic test for Streptococcus A
GB8618443D0 (en) * 1986-07-29 1986-09-03 Univ London Monoclonal antibodies
US5246685A (en) * 1992-08-21 1993-09-21 Akzo N.V. Group VIB metal carbides from metal salicylate precursors
US5451557A (en) * 1994-02-24 1995-09-19 Akzo Nobel N.V. Precursor for forming metal carbide catalysts

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL154598B (en) * 1970-11-10 1977-09-15 Organon Nv PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING AND DETERMINING LOW MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS AND PROTEINS THAT CAN SPECIFICALLY BIND THESE COMPOUNDS AND TEST PACKAGING.
NL154599B (en) * 1970-12-28 1977-09-15 Organon Nv PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING AND DETERMINING SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEINS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING BINDABLE SUBSTANCES, AND TEST PACKAGING.

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4094745A (en) * 1973-06-22 1978-06-13 John Scholefield Method of staining microscopic organisms
US3990947A (en) * 1975-03-07 1976-11-09 Warner-Lambert Company Composition for detecting fibrinogen, fibrinogen split products and fibrin split products
US4200508A (en) * 1977-02-09 1980-04-29 Hidematsu Hirai Method and composition for detecting antigenic substances
US4259442A (en) * 1977-10-04 1981-03-31 Laboratoire De Recherche Api S.A.R.L. Process of rapid identification of bacteria of the genus Streptococcus
US4592995A (en) * 1981-03-30 1986-06-03 Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Reagent for streptococcal anti-esterase assay
US4683197A (en) * 1981-07-16 1987-07-28 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Detection method for occult blood
US4458014A (en) * 1982-01-11 1984-07-03 Forsyth Dental Infirmary For Children Serological method for the identification of microorganisms
US4532206A (en) * 1982-07-19 1985-07-30 Vitek Systems, Inc. β-Streptococcus selective medium
EP0109012A3 (en) * 1982-11-12 1984-08-08 Abbott Laboratories Determination of streptococci
EP0109012A2 (en) * 1982-11-12 1984-05-23 Abbott Laboratories Determination of streptococci
WO1984004170A1 (en) * 1983-04-18 1984-10-25 Quidel Protection of antibody during chemical modification
WO1984004169A1 (en) * 1983-04-18 1984-10-25 Quidel Removal of self-binding and staph a cross-reactivity of anti-strep antibody
WO1987001393A1 (en) * 1985-09-09 1987-03-12 Allegheny-Singer Research Institute Dry form micronitrous acid streptococci extraction-agglutination test
US4673639A (en) * 1985-09-09 1987-06-16 Allegheny-Singer Research Institute Dry form micronitrous acid streptococci extraction-agglutination test
CN104706677A (en) * 2015-04-10 2015-06-17 国药集团鲁亚（山东）制药有限公司 Group A streptococcus pharmaceutical composition and preparation method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2190917B1 (en) 1977-08-12
JPS4943479A (en) 1974-04-24
FR2190917A1 (en) 1974-02-01
DE2334061A1 (en) 1974-01-24
AU470394B2 (en) 1976-03-11
AU5650673A (en) 1974-12-05
CA996455A (en) 1976-09-07
DE2334061B2 (en) 1975-01-23
GB1420806A (en) 1976-01-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3790447A (en) Streptococci diagnostic method
CA1301645C (en) Method for exposing group a streptococcal antigens and an improved diagnostictest for the identification of group a streptococci
US5137810A (en) Method of determining the gram sign of bacteria
Leishman Note on a simple and rapid method of producing Romanowsky staining in malarial and other blood films
AU672138B2 (en) Method and apparatus for determining the sensitivity of MAI (mycobacterium avium-intracellulare) to different antibiotics and dosages thereof
Webb A useful bacterial cell wall stain
Mumtaz et al. Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen in urethral and endocervical swabs.
Hammerschlag et al. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and culture for diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis and respiratory infections in infants
EP0777861B1 (en) Test kit and method for detection of target cells and molecules
CN110988344B (en) Fluorescent staining reagent for rapidly identifying staphylococcus aureus and preparation method thereof
Redys et al. Inhibition of common-antigen fluorescence in grouping streptococci by the fluorescent antibody method
Chadwick et al. Identification of bacteria by specific antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate
Roblin et al. Comparison of two rapid microscopic methods and culture for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in ocular and nasopharyngeal specimens from infants
CN111208294A (en) Fungus quantum dot fluorescence immunoassay kit
Shlaes et al. Comparison of latex agglutination and immunofluorescence for direct Lancefield grouping of streptococci from blood cultures
LU500582B1 (en) Muscovy Duck Parvovirus POCT Test Strip, Preparation Method Therefor and Application Thereof
Hammerschlag et al. Comparison of Kodak Surecell Chlamydia Test Kit with culture for the diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants
Meddens et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in culture and urogenital smears by in situ DNA hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe
Taylor et al. A comparison of a fluorescent antibody technique with a cultural method in the detection of infections with Shigella sonnei
Gray et al. Immunofluorescence identification of Thermopolyspora polyspora, the causative agent of farmer's lung
Numazaki et al. Diagnostic value of rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by using amplified enzyme immunoassay in infants with respiratory infections
Roberts Jr et al. Fluorescent antibody staining of group A streptococci: demonstration and elimination of blocking antibody
Clausen Detection of bacterial pathogens in purulent clinical specimens by immunofluorescence techniques
Mårdh et al. Diagnosis of Chlamydial infections
Parija et al. Staphylococci adherence test for serodiagnosis of amoebiasis