US3785904A - Apparatus for making cross-lapped spread webs - Google Patents

Abstract

Apparatus for making non-woven fabrics which look like woven cloth by striating a web of crimped parallel filaments, setting the striated web, and cross-lapping the striated web.

Description

nited States Patent [1 Watson Jan. 15, 11974 APPARATUS FOR MAKING CROSS-LAPPED SPREAD WEBS [75] Inventor: George A. Watson, Davidson, NC.

[73] Assignee: Celanese Corporation, New York,

[22] Filed: Oct. 6, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 186,879

Related US. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 871,079, July 25, 1969,1at. No.

3,623,927, which is a division of Ser. No. 606,984,

Jan. 3, 1967, Pat. No. 3,515,621.

[52] 1U.S. C1 ..]156/44l,19/155, 19/163,

156/430, 156/433, 156/459, 156/494 [51] lint. Cl. B321) 5/08, D04h 3/05 [58] Field of Search 156/204, 161, 183,

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,156,016 11/1964 Dunlap et a1. 156/166 3,413,698 12/1968 Fritz et al. 156/441 3,352,735 11/1967 Harrington, Jr. et al. 161/55 1,571,579 2/1926 Duryea 161/59 3,365,346 1/1968 Fritz et a1. 156/180 Primary Examiner-Daniel J. Fritsch Att0rneyThomas .1. Morgan et a1.

[57] ABSTRACT Apparatus for making non-woven fabrics which look like woven cloth by striating a web of crimped parallel filaments, setting the striated web, and cross-lapping the striated web.

5 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures PMEMHJJAN 1 5 1974 INVENTOR.

GEORGE A. WATSON APPARATUS FOR MAKING CROSS-LAPPED SPREAD WEBS This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 871,079 filed July 25, 1969, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,623,927 which in turn is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 606,984 filed Jan. 3, 1967, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,515,621.

This invention relates to apparatus for the manufacture of novel non-woven products made from spread.

webs of continuous filaments.

ln accordance with one aspect of this invention, I have produced new and useful non-woven products, having much of the appearance and strength of a woven fabric, from tows of continuous filaments. This can be accomplished by spreading the tow to form a thin web having spaced longitudinal striations, of alternating dense and lean areas, across its width, setting said striations in said web, cross-lapping the set striated web, and bonding adjacent layers of the cross-lapped structure. The whole structure can be produced in one continuous operation, without the need of the discontinuous steps employed in the manufacture of woven fabrics.

The production of a thin, diaphanous spread web may be effected in the manner descirbed in the French Pat. No. 1,418,403 (South African 64/5473), by subjecting a crimped tow band, having crimps in widthwise registry, to a crimp-deregistering operation followed by a spreading operation. The tow band may contain, for example, about 5,000 to 1 million parallel continuous filaments, and the crimps may be produced by passing the tow through a stuffer-box crimper, of conventional type, giving a tow band having ridges and troughs, formed by aligned crimps in adjacent filaments, extending transversely of the band. In a typical deregistered, spread lightweight web, all the continuous filaments run in the same general direction, lengthwise of the web. However, when one does not look at the whole of a long length of any particular filament, but looks in stead at the individual crimps thereof, it will be seen that most portions of the filament do not run in this general length wise direction but, instead, zigzag back and forth across such general direction. The amplitude of the crimps is such that, for any particular filament, the portion of the crimp at one side (hereafter termed the crest of the crimp) overlaps one or more neighboring filaments while the portion of the crimp at the other side (hereafter termed the valley of the crimp) overlaps one or more of its neighboring filaments on said other side. This overlap helps to give the webs their cohesiveness. For example, the filaments in the web may have a crimp whose amplitude (from a median line running in the same direction as the filament) is in the range of about one one-hundred twenty-eighth to three-sixteenth inch, said amplitude being measured from said median line to the top of a crest, or to the bottom of a valley. Since there may, for example, be several hundred filaments per inch of web width and since the crimps are not in registry, there will be considerable overlapping of filaments in the web.

When one turns from an examination of the crimps and takes a somewhat larger, though still relatively short, view of the portion of any particular filament which contains several crimps, and which may be, for example, one-half inch to several inches long, it will be found that these portions are not perfectly parallel to the longitudinal direction of the web, but make small angles therewith, which angles change in direction and magnitude along the length of the filament; generally these angles are less than 20, although for very short portions (e.g., one-half inch long) the angle may be larger at times.

It is believed that the overlapping of the crimps and the overlapping due to the presence of the angularly disposed short portions, just described, contribute to the cohesiveness of the web so that, despite its fineness, it can be readily handled as a unitary structure. The degree to which the individual filaments meander by virtue of the presence of said crimps and angularly disposed short portions is not, however, very great; typically, the ratio of the straightened lengths of the individual filaments to the lengths of the same filaments in the web is less than about 1%:1 and, preferably, greater than 1.1:1, e.g., about 1.2:1 to 1.421. This ratio may be measured by cutting a predetermined length of the web, removing the individual filaments of the cut portion and measuring their lengths while under a tension just sufficient to remove the crimp; the results are then expressed as the ratio between the measured lengths of the individual filaments and said predetermined cut length.

The striations in the web can be produced by passing the spread web under tension past a plurality of filament deflecting elements spaced widthwise of the web, e.g., by passing the spread web over a rotating roll having a series of regularly spaced parallel circumferential ridges which serve to deflect the longitudinal filaments widthwise of the band and to thereby increase the concentration of the filaments between the ridges. There may be, for example, about to 500, preferably about to 400, ridges per foot of width of the web, to produce to a corresponding number of parallel striations in the web.

Striations may also be introduced prior to the spreading operation. For example, in a preferred type of crimp-deregistering operation, the tow band is subjected to a differential gripping action during which it passes in contact with a roll having circumferential grooves (e.g., having a continuous helical groove or a series of independent completely parallel grooves); the resulting deregistered band often shows striations which are generally eliminated or greatly reduced as the web is air-spread in a series of stages, particularly when the filaments carry a finish which permits the filaments to slide over each other easily. When, however, a more sticky or scoopy finish (such as certain mineral oil formulations) is employed which inhibits migration of filaments from the dense to the lean bands of the striated material, the striations can persist through the spreading operation. When the grooves and ridges of the crimp-deregistering roll are helical, the resulting striations run at a small angle (e.g., 2) to the precise lengthwise direction of the Web.

In the preferred forms of the invention, the parallel, dense bands of the striated web are not independent of each other, but are held together by individual filaments part of whose length lies within these dense bands and part of whose length lies in the adjacent lean bands. Some of these tying filaments completely traverse an adjacent lean band, usually at a small angle to the longitudinal direction of the web, so that a single filament appears in two or more of these parallel dense bands, at points separated along the length of the web.

Others of these tying filaments do not completely traverse an intervening lean band but, instead, overlap other similar filaments extending from a dense band on the other side of that lean band; the frictional engagement of these overlapping filaments helps to tie together the dense bands in their spaced relationship.

Typically, the filament density in the dense bands is about 1.5 to times the filament density in the lean bands. There is usually a gradual variation in the filament density from the dense to the lean bands, e.g., a plot of filament densities across the width of the striated web is usually of sinusoidal, rather than squarewave, form.

Setting of the striated web is preferably effected by passing the web between heated calender rolls while the filaments of the web are in a heat-plasticizable condition or carry a heat-softened material. For example, when the filaments are of the usual secondary cellulose acetate (containing, for example, about 2% actate groups per anhydroglucose unit) the addition of some water to the filaments (as by spraying the web with water or by supplying a water-wet tow to the deregistering and spreading operation) so that the web carries, for example, enough surface water to feel at least damp to the touch, will cause the web to be temporarily plasticized when it is subjected to calendar rolls having surface temperatures of, for example, about 250F to about the melting point of the fiber. The resulting calendered web is stiffened by this treatment; its filaments are bonded together at spaced contact points; preferably, however, it still retains a soft cloth-like limpness and foldability.

Other setting techniques involve dusting the striated web with small amounts of a thermoplastic powder (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) or spraying the web with a dispersion (e.g., a latex or solution in volatile solvent) of a thermoplastic material (e.g., an acrylic resin, such as polyethyl acrylate or other vinyl resin such as polyvinyl acetate) or spraying it with a plasticizer (other than the water previously described) such as triacetin or an acetone-water mixture, followed by hot calendering or passage through a heated oven, to bond the fils at spaced contact points.

Ater the setting step, the striated web is cross-lapped. Various cross-lapping techniques, including those described below with reference to the drawings, maybe used. The angle of cross-lapping is preferably about 90 in which case the final product has the appearance of a square-woven fabric. The cross-lapping may be effected so as to produce a structure whose thickness is made up of two or more (e.g., two, three, four or more) layers of the striated web.

The cross-lapped structure is treated to bond its layers together. This may be effected, for example, by typical saturation techniques (Rando Bonder), spray bonding, etc., commonly used for making non-woven fabrics, as disclosed for example in the Man-Made Textile Encyclopedia, edited by J. J. Press, published I956 by Text Book Publishers, Inc., pages 485 to 489. The thickness of the resulting bonded structure is typically in the range of about 2 to 10 mils.

Certain aspects of this invention are illustratedin the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the deregistering, spreading, striating and setting operations.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of one type of crosslapping operation, in which a wound roll of the spread web is used.

FIG. 3 is a view of the flat cross-lapped material produced in the operation of FIG. 2, partly unfolded to show its structure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the wrapping of sanitary napkins by a cross-lapping operation, using two rolls of spread webs.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of a calendered striated web.

FIG. 6 is a view of a striating roll used in the process of FIG. 1.

In the process illustrated in FIG. 1, the crimped tow band 11 is drawn from a bale 12 through a banding jet 13 in which air is blown at the tow so that it emerges as a flattened band of a width of, for example, 8 inches. This band passes around adjustable stationary tensioning bars 14 which help to smooth and uniformly pretension it, then into the nip between a pair of rubbersurfaced rolls 16, 17, driven at a constant speed, and horizontally to the nip between a rubber-surfaced roll 18 and a driven grooved steel roll 19, which has helical threads (e.g., 14 threads per inch, the crests of the threads being flat and about one-sixtith inch wide). The tow band, whose crimps have been thus deregistered, then passes through a pair of air spreaders 21 and 22 in each of which air is blown transversely at the tow band, so that it is spread in two stages to a width of say 50 inches. Before entering the second spreader 22, and after leaving that spreader, the tow makes S-wraps about a pair of rolls 23, 23 and a second pair of rolls 26, 27. The lower roll of each of the pairs of rolls herein described is positively driven at a constant speed while the corresponding upper roll is pressed downwardly, by any suitable loading device, so that each upper roll is driven by frictional contact with the tow or web on the lower roll of the pair. Rolls 17, 24 and 26 are driven at about the same linear surface speed while roll 19 is driven at a linear surface speed about 1% times that of these rolls. After leaving the rolls 26, 27 the web is passed over a grooved striating roll 28 having 10 to 100 grooves/in. then between a pair of driven heated calender rolls 29, 31 to a take up roll 32. The roll of material is then cross-lapped by hand so that the striations of the topmost layer cross those of the lower layer at a angle. This is then sprayed with acrylic bonding resins, dried in an oven, and subsequently calendered to achieve intimate bonding of the layers.

In the process illustrated in FIG. 2, one starts with a roll 41 of set striated web material, produced by rolling up the web directly after it has been calendered and cooled. The roll 41 is then mounted so as to unroll the web material in one direction while the axis 42 of the roll 41 is rotating in a plane generally perpendicular to the direction in which the web material is being taken off. After leaving the roll 41, the web material, which is in a generally helical configuration, passes between a pair of rolls 43, 44 which serve to flatten it, producing a flat cross-lapped structure 46 whose striations make angles of about 45 to its edges.

For effecting the simultaneous rotation of the roll 41 about its axis 42 while the axis is itself being rotated, the roll may be mounted on an axle which is journalled for free rotation in bearings 47 carried by gear-toothed pinions 48, the teeth of the pinions being meshed with the teeth of a ring gear 49 which is rotated, by a suitable drive mechanism, in the direction shown by the arrow in FlG. 2. The pull of the driven rolls 43, 44 causes the roll 41 to unwind during the rotation of its axis. When the relative speeds of the rolls 43, 44 and the ring 49 are such that the axis 42 rotates 360 while the surfaces of roll 43 or 44 move a distance equal to twice the width w of the rolled web, the fils of the flat cross-lapped structure 46 will be at an angle of 90 to each other and the structure will be made up of a single striated web folded in a series of overlapping parallelograms P (see FIG. 3), one pair of sides of each parallelogram being along the fold lines 51, which constitute the edges of the flattened structure, and the other pair of sides 52 of each parallelogram (which sides correspond to the edges of the original web) being at 45 to said fold lines. The flattened cross-lapped structure is then bonded and taken up on a roll continuously.

In the process illustrated in FIG. 4, a preformed heavy card sliver 61 of parallel staple fibers (which sliver is of a weight and absorptive character suitable for a sanitary napkin core) is passed successively through two driven rotatable parallel rings 62 and 63 on each of which a roll 64, 65 of set striated web mate rial is rotatably supported. The rings 62, 63 are rotated in opposite direction at equal angular speeds, their rates of rotation being such, in relation to the speed at which the rope 61 is pulled through said rings, that each layer of web material is wound at a 45 angle to the axis of the sliver. The surface of the resulting structure is then sprayed lightly with a dispersion of an acrylic resin and then flattened by passage through hot calender rolls.

In other aspects of this invention, the cross-lapping techniques illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4 may be also employed with spread web materials which are not striated but which are of more or less uniform density across their widths.

The filaments used in this invention may be, as previously mentioned, of polyethylene terephthalate or secondary cellulose acetate (of the usual acetyl content, e.g., about 54-55 percent calculated as acetic acid). It is within the broad scope of this invention to use other filamentary materials such as other polyesters (e.g., the terephthalate esters of other glycols, such as l,4- dimethylol cyclohexane), linear superpolyamides (such as nylon-6, nylon-6,6, nylon-4, nylon-l l, or hexamethylene terephthalamide), melt-blended polyamidepolyester combinations, acrylics such as polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile copolymers, modacrylics, olefin polymers and copolymers, e.g., isotactic polypropylene, other organic derivatives of cellulose, such as esters or ethers, such as cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate propionate, or the like, rayon (regenerated cellulose), etc. The number of filaments in the starting tow can vary within wide limits, e.g., about 1,000 to 1 million preferably about 4,000 to 20,000, with a denier per filament of about 1 to 20. The number of crimps per inch in the filaments may be, for example, as high as about 80, but for most products described herein it will be in the range of about five to twenty, preferably about eight to 12, crimps per inch. The linear densities of the spread webs may be, for example, within the range of about Vs to 1 ounces per square yard, preferably within the range of about one-fourth to one-half ounces per square yard. The striation frequency, i.e., the number of lean bands per foot of web width, may be, for example, in the range of about 50 to 500, preferably about l00 to 400.

clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described, for obvious modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. The Abstract given above is for the convenience of technical searchers and is not to be used for interpreting the scope of the invention or claims.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus for producing nonwoven fabrics from a band of crimped, substantially parallel longitudinally arranged continuous filaments which comprises means for smoothing and uniformly pretensioning said band of continuous filaments, means for forming a web from said band, said web-forming means comprising means for deregistering the crimps of the filaments of said band, means for spreading said web, striating means comprising means for producing regularly alternating dense and lean lengthwise bands in said web and physically binding said dense bands together utilizing tying filaments part of whose length lies within these dense bands and part of whose length lies in the adjacent lean bands, means for cross-lapping said web, and means for bonding adjacent layers of said cross-lapped striated web.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said striating means comprises a rotating roll having a series of regularly spaced substantially parallel circumferential ridges.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said roll has from about to 400 ridges per foot of width.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deregistering means comprises one or more rolls having circumferential grooves, said deregistering means also comprising the striating means.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spreading means comprises one or more air Spreaders.

Claims (4)

1. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said striating means comprises a rotating roll having a series of regularly spaced substantially parallel circumferential ridges.
2. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said roll has from about 100 to 400 ridges per foot of width.
3. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deregistering means comprises one or more rolls having circumferential grooves, said deregistering means also comprising the striating means.
4. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spreading means comprises one or more air spreaders.

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