US3783282A - Stereoscopic radiography techniques and apparatus - Google Patents

Stereoscopic radiography techniques and apparatus Download PDF

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US3783282A
US3783282A US00150297A US3783282DA US3783282A US 3783282 A US3783282 A US 3783282A US 00150297 A US00150297 A US 00150297A US 3783282D A US3783282D A US 3783282DA US 3783282 A US3783282 A US 3783282A
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film
grid
cassette
screen
disposed
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R Hoppenstein
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/44—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4476—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to motor-assisted motion of the source unit
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/022—Stereoscopic imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/04—Positioning of patients; Tiltable beds or the like
    • A61B6/0487—Motor-assisted positioning
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4291—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the detector being combined with a grid or grating

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Method and apparatus for stereographic radiography including a source of X- rays, a table or cradle disposed beneath the X-ray 6L5 source, and a cassette disposed beneath the table or cradle, the cassette including a pair of image intensifying screens, a pair of grids between the image intensifying screens, and a double emulsion film between the grids. During the exposure the cradle is moved through an arc while simultaneously creating relative movement between the grids and the film.
  • a shield having a series of slits is disposed between the X- ray source and the patient, with the slits in alignment with the slots in the grids.
  • This invention generally relates to radiography or roentgenography, and specifically concerns novel tech niques and apparatus for producing radiographs which create an illusion of depth to the viewer and thereby provide images possessing stereoscopic or threedimensional characteristics.
  • three-dimensional or stereoscopic photographs of an object can be made by exposing a photo graphic film record in a suitable manner such as through a lenticular screen with attendant relative movement between the camera lens, the object, and/or the film.
  • a photo graphic film record in a suitable manner such as through a lenticular screen with attendant relative movement between the camera lens, the object, and/or the film.
  • the resulting photograph is then viewed through a lenticular screen having suitable optical characteristics, the picture seen will create an illusion of depth and specifically will appear to have threedimensional or stereoscopic characteristics, regardless of the viewing angle.
  • FIG. 1 is representative of one standard optical technique of producing a photograph having threedimensional viewing characteristics.
  • FIG. 1 is representative of one standard optical technique of producing a photograph having threedimensional viewing characteristics.
  • it is necessary to view the exposed base film image through a lenticular screen and to provide a lenticulated or strip-like base image on the photograph itself, each strip-like image being representative of a different viewing angle of the object being photographed.
  • standard techniques dictate the utilization of a lineated screen in the camera itself so as to provide parallax.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a prior art optical technique for obtaining a film record containing parallax and providing a visual depth effect, as already discussed;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a film containing a plurality of discrete images providing depth informa tion, and an overlying lenticular screen so as to enable observation of the film record from virtually any angle, as above-discussed;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the basic inventive system for purposes of facilitating an understanding of conceptual system operation
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of one embodiment of the overall invention providing a system capable of producing three-dimensional radiographs or X- rays;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration, partially broken away for illustrative clarity, depicting one embodiment of the novel X-ray film cassette of the instant invention
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective illustration of another embodiment of one component part, i.e., the grid or screen, contained within the novel cassette of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 7 is an electrical schematic diagram of one form of suitable control and synchronizing means for the various components of the overall system as illustrated in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 8 is a diagramatic illustration of one preferred technique for producing the screen or grid of FIG. 5 for utilization within the novel cassette of FIG. 4.
  • Typical prior art cameras for obtaining such threedimensional photographs are well-known and are schematically indicated in FIG. 1 and will be seen to generally comprise a standard commercial camera 10 mounted on a suitable non-illustrated structure for traversing a path about a plurality of target objects 12, 14 and 16, the camera carrying-film 11 at the rear of the camera housing, and an overlying lenticular screen 13.
  • the camera therein provided is capable of being moved between dotted-line positions along an arc whose radii intersect at the point 18, the central point of any particular picture to be taken.
  • the target or object itself is shown as comprising a triangle 12, a circle 14, and a block 16, disposed in different lateral positions relative to the center of the traversing arc upon which the camera 10 will travel and at different distances from the arc path itself.
  • the camera 10 can be assumed to be moveable from an initial position as shown in dotted-lines, and the left, through a central position as shown in solid lines, and to a final position shown in dotted-lines on the right.
  • the different relative positions of the camera while photographing the object, or the difference in point of view, i.e., parallax, of the camera as it traverses its arc is illustrated by the rays extending from each of the cameras.
  • the relative rays are designated by dotted lines with respect to the left position of the camera, by solid lines with respect tothe central position of the camera, and by dash lines with respect to the right position of the camera. It should therefore be noted that with this arrangement, the camera 10 will view the objects l2, l4 and 16 from different points of view as the camera traverses its arcuate path.
  • a lineated screen 13 of any suitable form is incorporated in the traversing camera 10 between the camera lens and the film 11 and this lineated screen must be sequentially moved along with movement of the camera 10 between the two end points of its path of travel.
  • the refractive and focusing characteristics of the lenticle elements of a conventional lenticular screen By virtue of the refractive and focusing characteristics of the lenticle elements of a conventional lenticular screen, light received by the camera lens and passing to the screen will be focused onto a given vertical line of the film behind each lenticle and, as the screen moves, this vertical line also moves so as to produce the lenticulated image on the film the developed film being illustrated at 20 in FIG. 2.
  • What will be stored, then, on the camera film is a plurality of lenticulated images or strips of the objects 12, 14 and 16, each viewed from a difierent angle and thus containing what can be termed parallax.
  • the image so produced on the film though comprising a plurality of individual lines, is continuous within a given film area disposed beneath a single lenticle of the overlying screen, although the point of view from which a given object is seen varies within the panel across the width thereof.
  • a typical conventional lenticulated image as is produced by developing the film is shown and will be seen to comprise the underlying exposed film 20 and a superimposed plurality of lenticles forming a screen 22, similar to screen 11.
  • a complete and continuous image of the objects 12, 14 and 16 will be found, in a plurality of separate line exposures.
  • the users right eye 36 would see rays reflected along I the lines 28 and 30 and the users left eye 24 would receive rays reflected, for example, along the lines 32 and 34.
  • the rays 28 and 30 emanate from, or technically are reflected from a point in one panel or strip of the underlying film which is spaced laterally of a point in the same panel from which rays 32 and 34 are reflected to the users other eye. The effect is as if the viewer was using a stereoscopic slide disposed within a stereoscope. Separate images of the same picture differing in point of view are received simultaneously by the respective eyes of the viewer, and the viewers brain will merge such images and create, through sensory perception, the three-dimensional illusion. While the unit of FIG.
  • the lineated images on the film record 11 in the camera 10 can be achieved in a number of different conceptual ways.
  • the lineated images were obtained in the representative embodiment of FIG. 1 by placing a lenticular screen behind the camera lens in a superposition with respect to the underlying film and then moving or traversing the camera along an arcuate path, while simultaneously moving the screen.
  • the amount of advancement would necessarily have to be equal to the width of one such lenticle.
  • the film might be moved, or the camera could remain stationary, and the film and the various targets 12, 14 and 16, could be si multaneously moved.
  • all that is required is relative movement between the camera, the film and the objects to be photographed so that parallax will be created by the mechanism of obtaining a film record of the targets viewed from different positions thereof.
  • a photographic film record is obtained of the light emanating or reflected from the targets to be photographed, this light then passing into the camera through a lenticular screen and onto underlying film.
  • reflected light is not utilized and, instead, ray energy-is generated which passes completely through, or at least substantially completely through, the object to be photographed.
  • the utilization of lenses and thelike as discussed would have'substantially no effect on X-rays and such lenses cannot be. directly introduced into an X-ray system.
  • a marked departure from the prior art optical stereoscopic techniques is indicated.
  • Yet another object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a fully three-dimensional radiograph which can be viewed from any angle without the need for unwieldy equipment.
  • a still further object of the instant invention is to provide a stereoscopic or three-dimensional radiograph plate wherein resolution between various body tissues is greatly facilitated thus facilitating medical analysis and diagnosis.
  • Yet another object of the instant invention concerns the provision of three-dimensional films having socalled look-around ability in contrast to stereoscopic pairs of X-rays which do not have this capability.
  • Another advantage and object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a radiograph which separates and assists in the identification of different densities of the body which, at present, are superimposed on standard X-ray films.
  • Another object of theinstant invention concerns the provision of a three-dimensional radiograph wherein spatial relationships become obvious as do positions of foreign bodies.
  • Yet another object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a radiograph by which an entire dynamic study can be recorded, such as would be necessary in the medical processes of angiography, angiocardiography, nephroangiography, intravenous pyelography, barium swallows, and the like, on a single sheet of film.
  • Another object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a three-dimensional radiographic technique and apparatus so as to provide a unique teaching medium for the medical studentor resident.
  • Stil another object of the instant invention is to pro vide such a three-dimensional radiographic technique wherein standard X-ray generators, tubes, film and processing equipment can be utilized, thus greatly reducing the cost of the system.
  • a further object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a system providing three-dimensional X- rays, which system is also capable of producing standard two-dimensional X-rays as desired.
  • a further object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a system capable of taking complete X- rays of a patient, such as in laminography, wherein total radiation to the patient is still considerably'reduced.
  • Another object of the instant invention concerns the provision of a system which possesses economic advantages over prior'art systems since fewer sheets of film are needed and since shorter development time and more compact facilities are necessary.
  • the novel invention contemplates the utilization of a standard and conventional X-ray source as the source of radiant energy, this generator generating a burst of X-rays for passage through a tar get or patient and for subsequent impingement upon an X-ray film record disposed beneath the patient.
  • the patient himself in apreferredinventive embodiment, is placed upon a cradle or other moveable X-ray table which, during the instant process, is adapted to move through an arcuate path thus presenting different positions and angles of the patient to the incoming ray en ergy.
  • the film record disposed beneath the patient is contained within a novel cassette, the cassette containing a novel screen or gridlike arrangement disposed in a position above or adjacent the. film this grid-like arrangement performing in a different'manner the function for X-rays that the len- V ticular lens in the camera as initially-discussed performed in optical systems.
  • the source of ray energy is fixed in position, the patient on the era tile or X-ray table is moved and, simultaneously and synchronously with such patient movement, either the film in the cassette or the superimposed grid-like arrangement is likewise moved.
  • a plurality of lineated images are obtained on the underlying X-ray film,which images can be viewed to present an illusion of depth or a three-dimensional effect through the use of a conventional lenticular' optical screen.
  • the cassette contemplated for utilization will also be seen to include novel structure specifically designed to reduce the total radiation time of the patient to thus greatly increase the safety of the technique.
  • the X-ray film utilized is preferably coated on both sides, both the side nearest to the impinging X-rays and the side furthest away.
  • a medium for producing secondary emission such as a phosphor coated intensification screen is in superimposed relationship to the film and, on each side of the film, between the film and the intensification screen, the above-discussed grid-like screen arrangement is provided. Accordingly, X-rays impinging upon the underlying film will expose the film through both primary and secondary emission techniques as will be discussed in more detail in the body of the specification.
  • a mechanism is provided for effecting relative movement between the film and the screen synchronously with the patient movement.
  • the resultant product obtained that is the exposed X-ray film now containing a plurality of continuous laminographic images, each image composed ofa number of lenticulated lines representing different angles of view of the target, can be viewed through the utilization ofa lenticular viewing screen as above-discussed.
  • the lenticular screen is placed in superimposed relationship over the film and the lenticular screen contemplated for utilization will be seen to preferablycomprise a series of cylindrical lenses, each 0.4 millimeter wide and running the length of the film over which it is placed.
  • 500 separate lenticles will be seen to cover the narrow dimension or 850 separate lenticles could be utilized over a 14 inch by 14 inch plate.
  • each lenticle will be seen to reduce the image that strikes it to a narrow strip 0.04 millimeter wide.
  • the film itself is moved 0.04 millimeter in a direction opposite to that of the patient, which patient is, as above-discussed, being rotated in the special cradle.
  • This brings a new 004 millimeter wide strip into focus to receive the second image, while the rotation of the patient provides a new viewpoint for this image.
  • the film is removed from the cassette and developed. Now, to view the film, the observer places it behind a lenticular screen as above-discussed and, with his right eye, sees one of the 10 strips behind each lenticle magnified so that the images cover the entire film. With his left eye, the observer sees another set of strips, this set from another exposure angle. Thus, parallax is seen, as discussed with respect to the optical system, and so, an illusion of depth is created. As the resulting film is rotated, different sets of strips come into view and thus, a look around" capacity is created of the object recorded on the film.
  • FIG. 3 depicted by reference numeral 36 to provide the souce of radiant or X-ray energy.
  • Such conventional equipment is any standard X-ray generator of the 300 MA to 1000 MA class coupled to any standard X-ray tube having a focal spot size of 1 millimeter or less. The 0.3 millimeter spot size is used for magnification studies.
  • the radiation emitted fom the conventional X-ray source 36 is directed toward and-passes through a target, represented by a patient 38 disposed upon a cradle 40 or moveable table, the cradle being adapted to move through an arcuate path such as represented by arrow 42 to thus present different positions and angles of the patient to the incoming ray energy.
  • the cradle or table top is devised to traverse an arc of 30 i.e., 15 in each direction from the rest position, in a given period of time, e.g. 10 in one second or 15 over 8 seconds.
  • an arc of 8 to 15 is employed for best results, although an arc of 20 to 30 is used for thick laminograms.
  • a film record is disposed beneath the cradle or table 40 carrying the patient 38, this film record being contained within a novel cassette generally designated by reference numeral 44, the cassette containing a novel screen or grid-like arrangement disposed in a position above or adjacent a layer of film. As discussed, this grid-like screen or arrangement performs, in a different manner, the function for X-rays that the lenticular lens in the camera of FIG. 1 performs in an optical system.
  • the cradle or table 40 is'contemplated to be motorized as are the component portions of the cassette 44, relative motion between the film and the screen or gridlike arrangement in the cassette being in the direction of arrow 46 and opposite to the direction of rotation of the cradle or table 40.
  • automatic and synchronous operation is contemplated by the instant invention so that a selected and preferred amount of relative movement between the film and the screen or gird-like arrangement takes place and so that the table or cradle 40 moves synchronously with the film and grid-like arrangement and through a preferred angle of rotation.
  • the particular angle of rotation of the cradle or table 40 can be varied depending upon the site of major interest within the target or patient 38.
  • a greater angle of rotation, i.e., 20, will result in a narrow field of sharp focus producing a greater three-dimensional illusion on the film within the eassette 44.
  • a ten degree rotation of the cradle or table 40 would result in a large field of sharp focus and would diminish the three-dimensional or depth perception effect.
  • the cradle or table 40 can also be raised or lowered to change the particular axis of its rotation and thereby the level of the field of sharp focus would also be varied as will be discussed in detail hereinbelow.
  • the X-ray tube or generator 36 is energized and synchronous though opposite movement is effected between the cradle or table 40 and the un derlying components within the film cassette 44. In this fashion, a plurality of distinctive and different X-ray views can be exposed on the film within the cassette 44,
  • each view being changed from the other due to the rotation of the target or subject 38 on the cradle or table 40.
  • the thus exposed film within the cassette 44 is then developed and can be observed through a special viewer such as that already described with respect to the prior art and illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • a lenticular screen is contemplated to be placed immediately above the exposed film, such as screen 22 relative to film in FIG. 2.
  • a lenticular screen By viewing the exposed and developed filmthrough such a lenticular screen, an illusion of depth will be seen by the viewer as to the composite picture in the fashion discussed with respect to the optical'techniques above.
  • the Xray source and the cassette, the source and the patient, or the patient and the cassette, respectively mustmove in synchronous unison though, with the instant preferred invention, the patient is rotated on a cradle moving synchronously with the film cassette so as to enable the retention of existing X-ray tube and generator structure and thus offer an advantage of economy.
  • FIG. 4 of the drawings a preferred overall structural embodiment of the instant invention is'shown. Like parts within this preferred system have the same reference numerals as that discussed with respect to FIG. 3. 1
  • a standard X-ray source 36 is preferably disposed upon a stand 48 for vertical adjustment by an interlocking collar 50.
  • the X-ray source 36 is disposed on a frame member 52 which is slotted such as at 54, an extending rod 56 extending outwardly from the casing of the standard X-ray source 36 for sliding movement within the slot 54 so as to effect horizontal adjustment.
  • any standard existing X-ray source structure and support so as to effect conventional vertical and lateral movement can be utilized if desired.
  • the rotatable table or cradle 40 and the subject or target 38 thereon are disposed between the X-ray source 36 and the underlying film cassette 44.
  • the rotatable table 40 can be of any suitable construction which offers the various degrees of movement to be discussed.
  • the rotatable table 40 is contemplated to include an extending shaft 58 which is fixedly mounted to a block 59 which is slideably mounted to the rotatable table 40 at a sidewall 60 thereof through a motor driven screw arrangement 61.
  • the shaft 58 is journalled for rotation within I a carrier or stanchion generally designated by reference numeral 62, this carrier or stanchion itself being adapted to be adjusted up and down as indicated by direction of arrow 64 by virtue of a hydraulic cylinder as sembly, generally designated 66, of conventional construction. This allows for adjustment of the distance be tween the X-ray source and the patient.
  • the table is lowered or raised relative to the block 59 which is then locked in position.
  • An electric motor 68 is disposed on the carrier or stanchion 62, the motor including a shaft having a gear 70 thereon which is connected, via a chain or other suitable mechanical connection 72., to a cog or gear 74 disposed on the end of the shaft 58.
  • the rotation of the motor shaft serves, through the illustrated gearing, to effect rotation of the shaft 58 extending from the rotatable table 40 and thus serves to move the rotatable table 40 through an arcuate path such as represented by'the arrow 42.
  • the actual position with respect to angular rotation of the cradle or table 40 is sensed by a sensing mechanism 76 which is schematically illustrated in FIG. 4 and will be discussed in more detail hereinbelow. 1
  • the cradle or table 40 in addition to being adjustably mounted both in the vertical and in the angular or rotational directions, is also capable of effecting lateral and horizontal movement in the direction of arrows 78 and 80, respectively, by meansof any suitable structure such as that schematically illustrated at 82.
  • the film cassette 44 Disposed beneath the rotatable table or cradle 40 is the film cassette 44 which, in FIG. 4, is shown partially sifying screens andan additional screen or grid-like arrangement similar to that illustrated as at 84. Relative movement is effected between the illustrated or gridlike arrangement 84 and the underlying film 86 in the direction of arrow 46 by means of an electric motor arrangement 88 and the actual position of the screen or grid 84 relative to the film 86 is sensed by a sensing mechanism 90 as schematically illustrated, this mechanism being similar to mechanism 76 discussed with respect to the rotatable table or cradle 40.
  • the screen or grid 84 which, in this embodiment will be assumed to be the driven member effecting the relative movement between the screen and the film, contains a plurality of slits 92 in the form of a grid.
  • the grid-like arrangement 84 could be substantially impervious to the incoming rayenergy except for that portion of the screen or grid-like arrangement 84 defined by the slits 92.
  • the various portions of the underlying film record 86 would be exposed, the incoming energy providing a plurality of discrete line images.
  • each of the discrete line images or views disposed on the film record 86 would contain information representative of a different angle of view of the target or patient 38.
  • the composite picture when developed and viewed through a lenticular screen such as that discussed with respect to FIG. 2, would present an illusion of depth by virtue of the parallax recorded thereon.
  • a second screen or grid-like arrangement generally designated by reference numeral 94 is provided, this element, in fact, comprising a shield preferably made of lead or like material impervious to incoming radiation.
  • the shield 94 includes a plurality of slits or slots 96 in registration with the slits 92 in the screen or grid-like arrangment 84 within the film cassette 44.
  • movement of the shield 94 is effected in the same direction (see arrow 98) as the direction of movement of the grid 84 within the cassette 44 and, accordingly, only that amount of the incoming radiation that passes through the slots 96 is allowed to impinge upon and pass through the patient 38, the transmission path of this radiation being, as abovementioned, in registry with the grid 84 of the cassette.
  • the motion of the shield 94 in the direction of arrow 98 is achieved through the utilization of an electric mechanism incorporating a motor 100 having a gear 102.
  • Gear 102 meshes with a saw-tooth like gearing arrangement 104 disposed at one end of the shield 94.
  • the shield 94 is itself disposed within a slot 106 of a frame 108, the frame being attached by a collar 110 to the upstanding shaft 48. In this manner, the position of the shield 94 with respect to the X-ray source 36 and with respect to the underlying film cassette 44 can be adjusted as desired so as to insure registration as discussed.
  • a sensing mechanism 112 is provided on the frame of 108 so as to sense the actual position of the shield 94 in a similar fashion to sensors 76 and as the slots 92 of the grid 84 in the cassette 44, the angle of these slots 96 through the shield 94 is made such as to account for the normal spray of radiation coming from the X-ray source 36 and the resulting divergence of the radiation. So as to account for such divergence and spray, the relative position of the X-ray source 36 and the shield 94 must be fixed and a predetermined distance between the shield 94 and the X-ray source 36 must be maintained.
  • FIG. 5 depicting a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the film cassette 44.
  • a novel film cassette 44 is contemplated to utilize conventional X-ray film 114 in the illustrated sandwich having a double emulsion-i.e., an emulsion layer disposed on either side of the film. This particular construction allows the ultimate reduction, as will be discussed, of one half of the radiation necessary to achieve a proper exposure.
  • Disposed immediately above the film 114 is the screen or grid-like arrangement 84 as above-discussed having a plurality of effective slots 92 therein.
  • the screen or grid 84 could, if desired, be constructed of a metallic foil-like material, preferably of a heavy metal such as gold, silver, platinum or lead, with a plurality of slots 92 being etched therein.
  • the disposition and spacing of the plurality of slots 92 is predetermined and, as an example, 850 slots could be provided over the film surface, using a 14 inch by 14 inch plate, each slot having a width of 0.04
  • the grid or screen-like arrangement 84 being adapted to be moved, during exposure, 0.04 millimeter over the predetermined period of time of one second while the cradle 40 moves through 8 to 15.
  • An image intensifying screen or sheet 1 16 is disposed immediately above the grid-like arrangement 84, this image intensifying screen being constructed of fluorescent materials, for example, such that when the incom ing radiation burst impinges thereon, secondary emission of photons will be effected. These photons then pass through the slots 92 in the screen or grid 84 to thus expose the sandwiched X-ray film.
  • the screen or grid 84 could comprise metal deposited on the underlying surface of the intensifying screen 116 and th4 slits or slots 92 thereafter etched therein.
  • the particular thickness of the deposited metal layer is not critical though it is preferable that such metal layer be thick enough to shield the direct radiation from the film, yet thin enough so as to minimize distortion of sharpness. In any event, only a small amount of radiation would actually strike the photographic material itself in any case.
  • a second image intensifying layer 118 is disposed on the opposite side of the film cassette 44 and, between the second intensifying screen 118 and 'the film 114, a second screen or grid-like arrangement 120 is provided, identical in construction to grid 84 so that the various slots therein are in absolute alignment with one another.
  • both of the screens or grids 84 and 120 must be moved in absolute synchronism with respect to one another.
  • synchronous motion is achieved by actually mechanically coupling the two screens together in the preferred inventive embodi ment such as illustrated by the structure generally designated by reference numeral 122, which structure is merely exemplary of that which may be used to effect this function.
  • a saw'tooth like gearing arrangement 124 is included with the interconnecting structure 122, this gearing arrangement 124 being driven by a pinion gear 126 coupled to the electric motor 88 as above-described.
  • the function of sensing the actual location of the screen or grid-like arrangements 84 and 120 with respect to the film 114 sandwiched therebetween is, as aforestated, effected by the sensor generally designated by reference numeral 90 which, in one embodiment of the instant invention, comprises arheostat or: variable resistor having a wiper arm 128 coupled to the saw-tooth gearing 124, and an associated fixed resistor 130.
  • FIG. 6 Attention is now directed to FIG. 6 where a further preferred embodiment of construction of the screen or grid-like arrangement'84 or 120 is disclosed. Rather than utilizing a metal deposited layer, or foil and subsequent etching, a plurality of grid lines and the like can be achieved through a photographic process. Specifically, and as contemplated by the instant invention, the
  • FIG. 7 one preferred technique by which the screen of FIG. 6 can be obtained is depicted in FIG. 7 and attention is therein directed.
  • a point source of light 136 isdisposed to one side of a slotted or slit diaphragm 138.
  • a photographic film sheet 140 is provided having an overlying layer of lenticular screen material 142 such as discussed with respect to FIG. 2 hereinabove.
  • the Ienticles have a pitch p of, for example, 0.4 millimeter.
  • the point source of light would be periodically energized during this operation and, as a result of the refraction of the lenticular lens or screen 142, a plurality of discrete line images will be exposed on the film 140.
  • the particular width and spacing of these line images can be precisely controlled by controlling the rate and amount of rotation of the film 140 about its central axis and by controlling the duration and period of the periodic energization of the point source of light 136.
  • the resulting film record .140 would thereafter be developed and provide the screen illustrated in FIG. 6 above-discussed.
  • FIG. 8 One suitable, though exemplary, synchronization means for theinstant invention is depicted in FIG. 8 and forms the energizing or controlled power source for the various motors as above-discussed such as the shield motor 100, the table or cradle motor 68, and the screen or grid motor 88.
  • control and timing computer means 148 is provided having outputs directly coupled to the various motors 100, 68 and 88 so as to energize same and effect their rotation.
  • the particular gear ratiosv between the motors and the drivenelements themselves such as the shield 94 and the like have been carefully preselected.
  • the patient or other target 38 is placed in position on the rotatable cradle or table 40.
  • the X-ray source 36, the shield 94, the table 40, and the underlying film cassette 44 are aligned.
  • a start signal is then introduced into the control unit 148 of FIG. 8 and the shield motor 100, the table motor 68 and the grid motor 88 are all energized.
  • the X-ray source 36 is energized and radiation is emitted therefrom.
  • the shield 94 and the screen or grid-like arrangement 84 and within the film cassette 44 are, therefore, moved, in the preferred embodiment, in the direction of arrows 98 and 46, respectively.
  • the patient 38 upon the cradle or table 40 is rotated in an arcuate path in the direction of arrow 42 and, in this manner, presents different angles to the incoming radiation from the X-ray tube 36.
  • Absolute synchronism of the relative movement as above-described is effected by the control unit 148 in cooperation with the output of sensors 112, 76 and 90.
  • a plurality of line or strip images are recorded on the film 114 within the eassette 44.
  • the film 114 is developed in ordinary fashion and is placed beneath a lenticular screen such as is indicated in FIG. 2. This film, when viewed through the lenticular screen, creates an illusion of depth perception and thus greatly facilitates diagnoses and medical techniques as described at the outset of this specification.
  • Another preferred embodiment utilizes movement of the film l 14 instead of the screen or gridlike arrangements 84 and 120 as indicated by dotted 7 lines at 150 in FIG. 5.
  • EXAMPLES I A dry skull with simulated arterial tree constructed of wires of differing diameters from 0.5 millimeter to 2 millimeters, was radiographed in different planes with varied axis and angles of rotation.
  • the information derived from a single film contained fundamentally the data that could be distinguished on at least three 'or four separate radiographs, For example, on an A-P of the skull, the optic foramina, the interal occustic meati and all the sinuses could be plainly distinguished. A standard A-P of the skull would not present this information because of superimposition.
  • angiocardiogram On a single radiograph, an angiocardiogram, aortic arch study, bilateral carotid and brachial angiograms, coeliac and mesenteric axis angiograms, nephroangiogram and intravenous pyelogram were all depicted as.
  • Angiograms could be recorded in their entirety as a two-dimensional series if no rotation of the animal occured during the injection. This film would then be replayed on a viewer with the analyser interposed, allowing only one image to be observed by both eyes at the same instant. Twenty-four discrete images are recorded during each angiographic study.
  • Radiographs of moving joints were also recorded as three-dimensional time sequence studies. These films readily displayed the movements of the carpal and matacarpal bones relative to each other.
  • the radiation to the patient is approximately three to four times the radiation necessary for a single standard exposure.
  • the total radiation to the patient will be approximately 30 to 40 percent of the total radiation normally necessary.
  • this picture is printed as a positive, it may be superimposed upon the negative angiogram of the skull thereby showing the hidden blood vessel. It can be readily seen that the instant invention could be used to make an angiogram of the skull without the need of the method of subtraction since all the blood vessels will show up in one or another of the cuts.
  • Apparatus for use with sterographic radiography, or the like comprising, in combination: a source of X- radiation; recording means responsive to said X- radiation for recording a radiographic image; a platform disposed between said source and said recording means for movably supporting a subject therebetween; displacement means for causing said platform to be displaced about an axis of rotation; movable shield means disposed between said source and the subject for permitting a predetermined amount of X-radiation emitted by said source to reach the subject; and control means cooperatively coupled to said source and to said shield means and to said recording means for synchronously enabling a sequence of exposures to be made during movement of said platform about said axis of rotation; said recording means including a cassette support and at least one replaceable cassette, said cassette comprising a first grid and a light-responsive film disposed adjacent said first grid, and means cooperative with said control means for causing relative displacement between said film and said grid, said first grid being formed with a plurality of X-ray permeable slots extending substantially
  • said cassette further comprises a second grid adjacent said film on the side thereof opposite from said first grid, said second grid being formed with a plurality of X-ray permeable slots extending substantially parallel with spect to said axis of rotation.
  • said cassette comprises first and second image intensifying screens disposed adjacent said first and second grids, said first grid being disposed between said film and said first image intensifying screen, and said second grid being disposed between said film and said second image intensifying screen.
  • control means causes predetermined relative movement of said platform, said shield means, and said first grid, with respect to said film.
  • Apparatus according to claim 4 whereinsaid first and second grids are each generally opaque to said exposure radiation, said grids being fabricated of a sub-' stantially heavy metal foil formed with a plurality of parallel slots therein.
  • said foil consists of a metal selected from thegroup consisting of gold, silver, platinum and lead.
  • each of said slots has a width of 0.4/n millimeter, where n is an integer of a magnitude not to exceed 24.
  • said movable shield means is formed with slots defined by side walls, said sidewalls diverging from top to bottom at an angle substantially equal to the normal spray of radia tion from said source.
  • Apparatus according to claim 4 further comprising means for vertical adjacent of said platform,

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Cited By (30)

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US3924127A (en) * 1970-12-08 1975-12-02 Jacques Cheret Metal screens used for industrial radiography
US3962579A (en) * 1974-02-28 1976-06-08 Douglas Fredwill Winnek Three-dimensional radiography
US3973127A (en) * 1974-10-09 1976-08-03 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. X-ray tomography apparatus
US3984684A (en) * 1974-02-06 1976-10-05 Douglas Fredwill Winnek Three-dimensional radiography
DE2548531A1 (de) * 1975-06-30 1977-01-27 Gary T Barnes Verfahren der roentgendiagnostik zur verbesserung des bildkontrastes sowie vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US4096391A (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-06-20 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama Method and apparatus for reduction of scatter in diagnostic radiology
US4404471A (en) * 1980-01-11 1983-09-13 Winnek Douglas Fredwill Lenticular x-ray film with improved grating mask and intensifying screen
US4413353A (en) * 1981-09-03 1983-11-01 Albert Macovski X-Ray encoding system using an optical grating
US4491956A (en) * 1982-09-10 1985-01-01 Winnek Douglas Fredwill Method and apparatus for making three-dimensional radiographs
EP0129910A1 (fr) * 1983-06-27 1985-01-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Appareil diagnostique à rayons-X pour l'observation stéréoscopique sur des images des rayons-X d'un objet examiné
US4506374A (en) * 1982-04-08 1985-03-19 Technicare Corporation Hybrid collimator
US4807270A (en) * 1985-10-22 1989-02-21 Thomson-Csf Radiological scanning apparatus
US4841555A (en) * 1987-08-03 1989-06-20 University Of Chicago Method and system for removing scatter and veiling glate and other artifacts in digital radiography
FR2680095A1 (fr) * 1991-08-08 1993-02-12 Gen Electric Cgr Dispositif d'imagerie radiologique.
US5488952A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-06 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically display three dimensional ultrasound imaging
US5493595A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-20 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically displayed three dimensional medical imaging
EP0923904A1 (fr) * 1997-12-19 1999-06-23 Hans Pausch Röntgengerätebau GmbH & Co. Dispositif pour deplacer une table à rayons X ou similaire
GB2318424B (en) * 1996-10-21 2000-03-08 Reuben Hoppenstein Photographic film with viewing grid for stereoscopic images
US6115449A (en) * 1998-10-10 2000-09-05 Nanotek Instruments, Inc. Apparatus for quantitative stereoscopic radiography
US6118843A (en) * 1998-10-10 2000-09-12 Nanotek Instruments, Inc. Quantitative stereoscopic radiography method
US6406428B1 (en) * 1999-12-15 2002-06-18 Eastman Kodak Company Ultrasound lenticular image product
US20020196985A1 (en) * 2001-06-21 2002-12-26 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of and system for generating image signal
US20050286681A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-29 Philipp Bernhardt X-ray diagnostics method and device
US20080095308A1 (en) * 2006-10-05 2008-04-24 Bassel Kano Stereoscopic X-Ray System and Method
US20100194861A1 (en) * 2009-01-30 2010-08-05 Reuben Hoppenstein Advance in Transmission and Display of Multi-Dimensional Images for Digital Monitors and Television Receivers using a virtual lens
US8723920B1 (en) 2011-07-05 2014-05-13 3-D Virtual Lens Technologies, Llc Encoding process for multidimensional display
US20160157957A1 (en) * 2009-11-23 2016-06-09 Rf Surgical Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus to account for transponder tagged objects used during medical procedures
US9730850B2 (en) 2008-10-28 2017-08-15 Covidien Lp Method and apparatus to detect transponder tagged objects, for example during medical procedures
US9792408B2 (en) 2009-07-02 2017-10-17 Covidien Lp Method and apparatus to detect transponder tagged objects and to communicate with medical telemetry devices, for example during medical procedures
US10193209B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2019-01-29 Covidien Lp Mat based antenna and heater system, for use during medical procedures

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FR2514247A1 (fr) * 1981-10-14 1983-04-15 Selectrem Etu Applic Electro M Tomographe bidirectionnel
DE102013212833B4 (de) * 2013-07-02 2019-12-24 Siemens Healthcare Gmbh Verfahren zum Gewinnen von Röntgenbildern sowie Röntgenbildaufnahmesystem

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US2029300A (en) * 1931-12-12 1936-02-04 Karl Pohl Method and apparatus for producing stereoscopic effects
GB652852A (en) * 1944-07-29 1951-05-02 Reliephographie Soc Pour L Exp Means for directly obtaining stereoscopic radiographic images of the parallax panoramagram type
US2730566A (en) * 1949-12-27 1956-01-10 Bartow Beacons Inc Method and apparatus for x-ray fluoroscopy
US3382362A (en) * 1964-05-13 1968-05-07 Tokuyama Fluorescent screen for an X-ray stereoscopic photographic device
US3419719A (en) * 1965-07-19 1968-12-31 Eastman Kodak Co X-ray film pack containing absorbable gas and means for absorbing said gas
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Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3924127A (en) * 1970-12-08 1975-12-02 Jacques Cheret Metal screens used for industrial radiography
US3984684A (en) * 1974-02-06 1976-10-05 Douglas Fredwill Winnek Three-dimensional radiography
US3962579A (en) * 1974-02-28 1976-06-08 Douglas Fredwill Winnek Three-dimensional radiography
US3973127A (en) * 1974-10-09 1976-08-03 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. X-ray tomography apparatus
DE2548531A1 (de) * 1975-06-30 1977-01-27 Gary T Barnes Verfahren der roentgendiagnostik zur verbesserung des bildkontrastes sowie vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US4096391A (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-06-20 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama Method and apparatus for reduction of scatter in diagnostic radiology
US4404471A (en) * 1980-01-11 1983-09-13 Winnek Douglas Fredwill Lenticular x-ray film with improved grating mask and intensifying screen
US4413353A (en) * 1981-09-03 1983-11-01 Albert Macovski X-Ray encoding system using an optical grating
US5488952A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-06 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically display three dimensional ultrasound imaging
US5493595A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-20 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically displayed three dimensional medical imaging
US4506374A (en) * 1982-04-08 1985-03-19 Technicare Corporation Hybrid collimator
US4491956A (en) * 1982-09-10 1985-01-01 Winnek Douglas Fredwill Method and apparatus for making three-dimensional radiographs
US4578802A (en) * 1983-06-27 1986-03-25 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray diagnostic apparatus for allowing stereoscopic visualization on X-ray images of an object under examination
EP0129910A1 (fr) * 1983-06-27 1985-01-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Appareil diagnostique à rayons-X pour l'observation stéréoscopique sur des images des rayons-X d'un objet examiné
US4807270A (en) * 1985-10-22 1989-02-21 Thomson-Csf Radiological scanning apparatus
US4841555A (en) * 1987-08-03 1989-06-20 University Of Chicago Method and system for removing scatter and veiling glate and other artifacts in digital radiography
FR2680095A1 (fr) * 1991-08-08 1993-02-12 Gen Electric Cgr Dispositif d'imagerie radiologique.
GB2318424B (en) * 1996-10-21 2000-03-08 Reuben Hoppenstein Photographic film with viewing grid for stereoscopic images
US6061424A (en) * 1996-10-21 2000-05-09 Hoppenstein; Reuben Stereoscopic images using a viewing grid
EP0923904A1 (fr) * 1997-12-19 1999-06-23 Hans Pausch Röntgengerätebau GmbH & Co. Dispositif pour deplacer une table à rayons X ou similaire
US6115449A (en) * 1998-10-10 2000-09-05 Nanotek Instruments, Inc. Apparatus for quantitative stereoscopic radiography
US6118843A (en) * 1998-10-10 2000-09-12 Nanotek Instruments, Inc. Quantitative stereoscopic radiography method
US6406428B1 (en) * 1999-12-15 2002-06-18 Eastman Kodak Company Ultrasound lenticular image product
US7366358B2 (en) * 2001-06-21 2008-04-29 Fujifilm Corporation Method of and system for generating image signal
US20020196985A1 (en) * 2001-06-21 2002-12-26 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of and system for generating image signal
US7660390B2 (en) * 2004-06-25 2010-02-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft X-ray diagnostics method and device
US20050286681A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-29 Philipp Bernhardt X-ray diagnostics method and device
US20080095308A1 (en) * 2006-10-05 2008-04-24 Bassel Kano Stereoscopic X-Ray System and Method
US7440540B2 (en) 2006-10-05 2008-10-21 Bassel Kano Stereoscopic x-ray system and method
US20100278301A1 (en) * 2006-10-05 2010-11-04 Bassel Kano Stereoscopic x-ray system and method
US9730850B2 (en) 2008-10-28 2017-08-15 Covidien Lp Method and apparatus to detect transponder tagged objects, for example during medical procedures
US10369067B2 (en) 2008-10-28 2019-08-06 Covidien Lp Method and apparatus to detect transponder tagged objects, for example during medical procedures
US20100194861A1 (en) * 2009-01-30 2010-08-05 Reuben Hoppenstein Advance in Transmission and Display of Multi-Dimensional Images for Digital Monitors and Television Receivers using a virtual lens
US9792408B2 (en) 2009-07-02 2017-10-17 Covidien Lp Method and apparatus to detect transponder tagged objects and to communicate with medical telemetry devices, for example during medical procedures
US20160157957A1 (en) * 2009-11-23 2016-06-09 Rf Surgical Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus to account for transponder tagged objects used during medical procedures
US10722323B2 (en) 2009-11-23 2020-07-28 Covidien Lp Method and apparatus to account for transponder tagged objects used during medical procedures
US8723920B1 (en) 2011-07-05 2014-05-13 3-D Virtual Lens Technologies, Llc Encoding process for multidimensional display
US10193209B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2019-01-29 Covidien Lp Mat based antenna and heater system, for use during medical procedures

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FR2141236A5 (fr) 1973-01-19

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