US3782287A - Armor piercing bullet - Google Patents

Armor piercing bullet Download PDF

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Publication number
US3782287A
US3782287A US00192001A US3782287DA US3782287A US 3782287 A US3782287 A US 3782287A US 00192001 A US00192001 A US 00192001A US 3782287D A US3782287D A US 3782287DA US 3782287 A US3782287 A US 3782287A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
jacket
core
filler
bullet
body portion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00192001A
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English (en)
Inventor
L Sie
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
STAATSBEDRIJF ARTILLERIE INRICHTINGEN
STAATSBEDRIJF ARTILLERIE INRIC
Original Assignee
STAATSBEDRIJF ARTILLERIE INRIC
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Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3782287A publication Critical patent/US3782287A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F42B12/78—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing of jackets for smallarm bullets ; Jacketed bullets or projectiles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of making an armor piercing bullet having a core of hard material, adapted to pierce armor plate, which is embedded in a filler inside a jacket of substantially soft metal.
  • Bullets of the kind specified can consist of a jacket of tombac (approximately 90% Cu. and approximately Zn), in which a hard metal core is embedded in a lead filler.
  • a bullet of the kind specified frequently the cavity inside the bullet jacket is first filled with lead, whereafter the core is forced into the lead filler, the core having if necessary at its front a penetration element which prevents the core from ricocheting off armor plate if it hits it at an unsuitable angle.
  • the lead is forced around the core and then fills the space between the core and the jacket. Sometimes the cavity inside the bullet jacket behind the core thus embedded is closed by an extra amount of lead. When a bullet is assembled in this way it is difficult to centre the hard metal core satisfactorily inside the bullet jacket. Moreover, satisfactory centring is important to stabilise the bullet satisfactorily in its trajectory. If the bullet is also to contain in front of the core a quantity of incendiary material which is introduced, for instance, before the lead is introduced into the cavity in the jacket, there is also the risk that the forcing of the core into the lead will exert excessive pressure on the incendiary material, resulting in the spontaneous combustion or explosion thereof.
  • the invention provides a novel method of making an armor piercing bullet, which comprises the steps of:
  • a filler 2 having at least a sleevelike portion 201 of substantially uniform wall thickness defining an interior space 202 of substantially the same diameter as said outer diameter of said core 3 and an outer surface 203 of substantially the same diameter as said internal diameter of said jacket 1;
  • the core is first embedded in a substantially bush-shaped filler and then forced together with the bush-shaped filler as a unit into the jacket.
  • the advantage of a method of the kind specified is that the core is embedded in the filler outside the bullet jacket, thus enabling the embedding to be more accurately controlled.
  • the shape and composition of the filler also be such as to afford a ballistically desirable distribution of the mass of the resultant combination of the bush-shaped filler and the core, and also a simpler and more satisfactorily reproducible manner of introducing this mass into the bullet jacket.
  • the bush-shaped filler merges into a solid portion of round cross-section which closes the cavity of the bullet jacket at or adjacent its rear end.
  • the core is of a conical or substantially conical shape at its front end
  • the bushshaped filler is shrunk around a portion of the cone of the core at the front end of its cylindrical portion.
  • the core is protected against axial displacement in relation to the bush-shaped filler, any such displacement during the firing of the bullet being undesirable for ballistic reasons.
  • the cavity inside the bullet narrows in the forward direction, conveniently according to the invention at its front end the diameter of the bush-shaped filler changes abruptly, and the shoulder formed in the generated surface of the bush-shaped filler by the change in diameter is used as a stop to locate the filler and the core embedded therein in the bullet jacket. This step gives extra protection to the bush-shaped filler and the core in the bullet jacket.
  • the method according to the invention produces a bullet whose ballistic properties are satisfactorily reproducible.
  • the bullet according to the invention has the further advantage of enabling a core of heavier material to be used, maintaining the same overall weight and other ballistic properties, and resulting in a greater depth of penetration.
  • FIG. 1 is an axial section through a bullet according to the invention and FIGS. 2 to 6 are diagrammatic axial sections showing a number of successive phases in the production of the bullet as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the bullet In its finished state, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the bullet consists of a jacket ll of tombac (approximately Cu and approximately 10% Zn) containing a substantially bush-shaped filler 2 of aluminium having embedded therein a core 3 of hard metal having a hardness of, for instance, 61 on the Rockwell C scale.
  • the cavity 4 in the jacket 1 can be filled with an incendiary material 5.
  • the cavity 4 is closed off by a solid portion 6 of the filler 2, where the rear end 7 of the jacket 1 is folded round.
  • the front end 8 of the tiller 2 is folded around a portion 301 of the conical tip 302 of the core 3.
  • the cylindrical sleeve portion 201 of the filler 2 Adjacent the front end 8 the cylindrical sleeve portion 201 of the filler 2 also changes its outside diameter abruptly (clearly visible in FIGS. 2 and 3).
  • the resultant shoulder 9 bears as a stop against the inside of the bullet jacket 1 and locates the filler 2 therin.
  • the core 3 is located in the filler 2 by the front end 8 thereof so that the core is protected from displacement in relation to the filler 2 and the jacket 1. Since the filler is of aluminium, a core material of considerable specific weight can be used without exceeding the weight limits customary for a bullet of this calibre, something which would be undesirable for ballistic reasons.
  • FIGS. 2 to 6 illustrate diagrammatically a number of phases of the making of the bullet, FIGS. 2 and 3 showing the introduction of the core 3 into the filler 2, while FIGS. 4 to 6 illustrate how the filler with the core embedded therin is forced into the jacket 1.
  • an aluminum bush 2 produced, for instance, by impact intrusion and acting as a filler is placed in the cavity 11 of a die 12 having at its bottom an ejection pin 10.
  • the bush or filler has a sleevelike portion 201 of substantially uniform wall thickness, defining an interior space 202 of substantially the same diameter as the outer diameter of the core 3.
  • the outer surface 203 of the bush 2 has substantially the same diameter as the internal diameter of the jacket 1.
  • Top end 8 of the bush 2 is of smaller diameter than sleevelike portion 201, however, so that the filler has a circumferential shoulder 9.(see FIG. 2) between top end 8 and sleevelike portion 201.
  • a core 3 is then forced by, for instance, a punch 13 into the cavity 202 of the bush 2, the core 3 being guided in a bore 14 in a guide member.
  • FIG. 3 shows how the top end 8 sleevelike portion 201 of the bush is folded by a folding punch 16 around a portion 301 of the conical tip 302 of the core 3 so that the core is satisfactorily embedded in the filler 2 (c.f., for instance, also FIG. 4). As a result the core 2 is locked in the longitudinal direction between the top of front end 8 and a solid rear end portion 6 of the filler 2.
  • FIGS. 4, and 6 show how the core 3 embedded in the filler 2 is forced into the bullet jacket 1.
  • the bullet jacket is formed as having a cylindrical body portion 101 of substantially uniform internal diameter surmounted by a tapered tip portion 102 joined to and closing one end 103 of the body portion 101, the latter one being open at its opposite end 7.
  • the jacket 1 is now placed in a cavity 19 of a die 20 having at its bottom an ejection pin 18, whereafter a quantity of incendiary material 5 is introduced into the tip portion 102.
  • FIG. 4 shows how the filler 2, together with the core 3 embedded therein, is forced by a press punch 17 into the cavity 4 until the shoulder 9 of the filler 2 comes into abutment against the inside of the tapered tip portion 102 of the jacket (see FIG. 5).
  • FIG. 5 shows that the rear part of the cylindrical body portion 101 of the jacket 1 is then forced by a punch 21 around the solid rear portion 6 of the filler 2.
  • open rear end 7 of the jacket, projecting outside solid rear portion 6 of the filler 2 is folded by a folding tool 22 around the rear portion of the filler. No separate parts have to be used for closing the rear end of the bullet which then has the shape according to FIG. 1.
  • An armor piercing bullet comprising an external jacket having a diameter and length conforming to a selected ordnance caliber
  • said jacket being of shell-like form receiving said filler and said core, said jacket including an elongated body portion of uniform external and internal diameter and a tapered tip portion surmounting said body portion to present an internal cavity surface tapering from said uniform internal diameter of the body portion and closing said jacket at its forward end;
  • said jacket being of integral one piece construction
  • said core being of higher specific weight than the jacket and the filler, the jacket and the filler being of soft material relative to said core;
  • said filler including an elongated shell-like portion snugly received in said elongated body portion of the jacket and presenting a bore coaxial with said jacket and opening into said internal cavity of the jacket;
  • said core including an elongated cylindrical body portion snugly received in said bore in coaxial relation within said jacket and a tip portion projecting from said bore, said core being of a specific weight and hardness sufficiently high as both to render it armor piercing and to limit its dimensions in achieving said predetermined bullet weight such that said tip portion of the core projects into said internal cavity of the jacket with clearance whereby said filler constitutes the sole locating and centering means for the core.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
US00192001A 1970-10-28 1971-10-26 Armor piercing bullet Expired - Lifetime US3782287A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NLAANVRAGE7015837,A NL175341C (nl) 1970-10-28 1970-10-28 Werkwijze voor het samenstellen van een uit een vuurwapen te verschieten kogel met een kern van hard materiaal, alsmede kogel vervaardigd onder toepassing van die werkwijze.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3782287A true US3782287A (en) 1974-01-01

Family

ID=19811406

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00192001A Expired - Lifetime US3782287A (en) 1970-10-28 1971-10-26 Armor piercing bullet

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3782287A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5646160Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE774604A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2113594A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL175341C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4353302A (en) * 1976-07-01 1982-10-12 A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Arrangement in or relating to a projectile
US4435887A (en) 1981-03-27 1984-03-13 A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Method of making projectile
US4444112A (en) * 1981-03-27 1984-04-24 A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Multi-capability projectile and method of making same
US4445436A (en) * 1980-12-04 1984-05-01 Rutten Leon L Projectile for centrifugal launching device
WO1991018227A1 (en) * 1990-05-23 1991-11-28 Olin Corporation Seal ring for pyrotechnically initiated projectile
US5164533A (en) * 1990-05-23 1992-11-17 Olin Corporation Method of assembling a pyrotechnically initiated projectile
ES2064209A2 (es) * 1992-07-23 1995-01-16 Nacional Santa Barbara De Ind Bala de alto poder perforante.
WO1998046963A1 (en) * 1997-04-16 1998-10-22 Cove Corporation Projectile having a heat and blast barrier
WO1999018409A1 (en) * 1997-10-06 1999-04-15 Olin Corporation Small caliber non-toxic penetrator projectile
RU2133006C1 (ru) * 1998-02-02 1999-07-10 Конструкторское бюро приборостроения Бронебойная пуля и способ ее изготовления
RU2147367C1 (ru) * 1997-07-23 2000-04-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Барнаульский станкостроительный завод" Снайперская пуля для патронов стрелкового оружия
WO2000068636A1 (fr) * 1999-05-06 2000-11-16 Gosudarstvennoe Unitarnoe Predpriyatie Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Priborostroeniya Balle perforante et procede de fabrication
US6286433B1 (en) * 1996-04-26 2001-09-11 Vanasverken Ab Small caliber shell
US6374743B1 (en) * 1997-08-26 2002-04-23 Sm Schweizerische Munition Sunternehmung Ag Jacketed projectile with a hard core
WO2002088621A1 (en) * 2001-04-30 2002-11-07 Chartered Ammunition Industries Pte Ltd Small caliber projectile and method for manufacturing the projectile
US20030221580A1 (en) * 2002-02-26 2003-12-04 Beal Harold F. Tapered powder-based core for projectile
US20080092767A1 (en) * 2006-04-06 2008-04-24 Taylor John D Advanced armor-piercing projectile construction and method
US20100018430A1 (en) * 2008-07-25 2010-01-28 Masinelli Kyle A Reinforced core bullet
RU2413173C1 (ru) * 2010-01-21 2011-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТехКомплект" Пуля для патрона стрелкового оружия
RU2413171C1 (ru) * 2010-01-21 2011-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТехКомплект" Пуля для патрона стрелкового оружия
RU2413172C1 (ru) * 2010-01-21 2011-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТехКомплект" Пуля для патрона стрелкового оружия
US8397641B1 (en) 2006-07-01 2013-03-19 Jason Stewart Jackson Non-newtonian projectile
US8869703B1 (en) * 2012-10-19 2014-10-28 Textron Systems Corporation Techniques utilizing high performance armor penetrating round
RU172675U1 (ru) * 2017-01-18 2017-07-19 Акционерное общество "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт точного машиностроения" (АО "ЦНИИТОЧМАШ") Патрон повышенной пробиваемости
RU2630025C2 (ru) * 2015-12-04 2017-09-05 Акционерное общество "Новосибирский патронный завод" (АО "НПЗ") Пуля
US20170299356A1 (en) * 2016-04-18 2017-10-19 Michael A. Stakes Armor-piercing projectile
RU2638862C1 (ru) * 2017-01-18 2017-12-18 Акционерное общество "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт точного машиностроения" (АО "ЦНИИТОЧМАШ") Патрон повышенной пробиваемости
WO2018042000A1 (de) 2016-09-02 2018-03-08 Saltech Ag Geschoss mit penetrator
WO2018177713A1 (de) * 2017-03-27 2018-10-04 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Geschoss, insbesondere im mittelkaliberbereich
US20190017791A1 (en) * 2017-03-07 2019-01-17 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Attn: Rdrl-Loc-I Reduced Jacketed Bullet Bore Resistance
US20240102780A1 (en) * 2022-09-26 2024-03-28 Federal Cartridge Company Bullet forming process
US20240102779A1 (en) * 2022-09-26 2024-03-28 Sig Sauer, Inc. Multi-piece projectile
RU2831034C1 (ru) * 2023-09-06 2024-11-28 Акционерное Общество "Инновационный Научно-Технический Центр" (Ао "Интц") Сердечник бронебойной пули из твердого сплава для стрелкового оружия, пуля, в которой использован сердечник, патрон, в котором использована пуля
US20250076012A1 (en) * 2023-09-01 2025-03-06 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Thermal tipped penetrator bullet

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0433179U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1990-07-09 1992-03-18

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US911591A (en) * 1907-10-21 1909-02-09 Gilbert H Hoxie Projectile.
US1179686A (en) * 1914-08-18 1916-04-18 Jan Willem Peppelman Van Kampen Armor-piercing projectile.
US3208385A (en) * 1962-12-24 1965-09-28 Diehl Incendiary shell

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US911591A (en) * 1907-10-21 1909-02-09 Gilbert H Hoxie Projectile.
US1179686A (en) * 1914-08-18 1916-04-18 Jan Willem Peppelman Van Kampen Armor-piercing projectile.
US3208385A (en) * 1962-12-24 1965-09-28 Diehl Incendiary shell

Cited By (49)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4353302A (en) * 1976-07-01 1982-10-12 A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Arrangement in or relating to a projectile
US4445436A (en) * 1980-12-04 1984-05-01 Rutten Leon L Projectile for centrifugal launching device
US4435887A (en) 1981-03-27 1984-03-13 A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Method of making projectile
US4444112A (en) * 1981-03-27 1984-04-24 A/S Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Multi-capability projectile and method of making same
WO1991018227A1 (en) * 1990-05-23 1991-11-28 Olin Corporation Seal ring for pyrotechnically initiated projectile
US5164533A (en) * 1990-05-23 1992-11-17 Olin Corporation Method of assembling a pyrotechnically initiated projectile
ES2064209A2 (es) * 1992-07-23 1995-01-16 Nacional Santa Barbara De Ind Bala de alto poder perforante.
US6286433B1 (en) * 1996-04-26 2001-09-11 Vanasverken Ab Small caliber shell
WO1998046963A1 (en) * 1997-04-16 1998-10-22 Cove Corporation Projectile having a heat and blast barrier
RU2147367C1 (ru) * 1997-07-23 2000-04-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Барнаульский станкостроительный завод" Снайперская пуля для патронов стрелкового оружия
US6374743B1 (en) * 1997-08-26 2002-04-23 Sm Schweizerische Munition Sunternehmung Ag Jacketed projectile with a hard core
US6085661A (en) * 1997-10-06 2000-07-11 Olin Corporation Small caliber non-toxic penetrator projectile
WO1999018409A1 (en) * 1997-10-06 1999-04-15 Olin Corporation Small caliber non-toxic penetrator projectile
RU2133006C1 (ru) * 1998-02-02 1999-07-10 Конструкторское бюро приборостроения Бронебойная пуля и способ ее изготовления
WO2000068636A1 (fr) * 1999-05-06 2000-11-16 Gosudarstvennoe Unitarnoe Predpriyatie Konstruktorskoe Bjuro Priborostroeniya Balle perforante et procede de fabrication
WO2002088621A1 (en) * 2001-04-30 2002-11-07 Chartered Ammunition Industries Pte Ltd Small caliber projectile and method for manufacturing the projectile
US20030221580A1 (en) * 2002-02-26 2003-12-04 Beal Harold F. Tapered powder-based core for projectile
US7069834B2 (en) * 2002-02-26 2006-07-04 Doris Nebel Beal Inter Vivos Patent Trust Tapered powder-based core for projectile
US20080092767A1 (en) * 2006-04-06 2008-04-24 Taylor John D Advanced armor-piercing projectile construction and method
US7520224B2 (en) * 2006-04-06 2009-04-21 John D. Taylor Advanced armor-piercing projectile construction and method
US8397641B1 (en) 2006-07-01 2013-03-19 Jason Stewart Jackson Non-newtonian projectile
US20100018430A1 (en) * 2008-07-25 2010-01-28 Masinelli Kyle A Reinforced core bullet
RU2413173C1 (ru) * 2010-01-21 2011-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТехКомплект" Пуля для патрона стрелкового оружия
RU2413171C1 (ru) * 2010-01-21 2011-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТехКомплект" Пуля для патрона стрелкового оружия
RU2413172C1 (ru) * 2010-01-21 2011-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТехКомплект" Пуля для патрона стрелкового оружия
US8869703B1 (en) * 2012-10-19 2014-10-28 Textron Systems Corporation Techniques utilizing high performance armor penetrating round
US20140331883A1 (en) * 2012-10-19 2014-11-13 Textron Systems Corporation Techniques utilizing high performance armor penetrating round
RU2630025C2 (ru) * 2015-12-04 2017-09-05 Акционерное общество "Новосибирский патронный завод" (АО "НПЗ") Пуля
US10436557B2 (en) * 2016-04-18 2019-10-08 Ammo Technologies, Inc. Armor-piercing projectile
US20170299356A1 (en) * 2016-04-18 2017-10-19 Michael A. Stakes Armor-piercing projectile
US20190242680A1 (en) * 2016-09-02 2019-08-08 Saltech Ag Projectile with Penetrator
US10890423B2 (en) * 2016-09-02 2021-01-12 Saltech Ag Projectile with penetrator
AU2017320928B2 (en) * 2016-09-02 2023-02-02 Saltech Ag Projectile with penetrator
CN109791036B (zh) * 2016-09-02 2021-11-16 萨尔泰克股份公司 具有穿透体的子弹
CN109791036A (zh) * 2016-09-02 2019-05-21 萨尔泰克股份公司 具有穿透体的子弹
WO2018042000A1 (de) 2016-09-02 2018-03-08 Saltech Ag Geschoss mit penetrator
RU2638862C1 (ru) * 2017-01-18 2017-12-18 Акционерное общество "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт точного машиностроения" (АО "ЦНИИТОЧМАШ") Патрон повышенной пробиваемости
RU172675U1 (ru) * 2017-01-18 2017-07-19 Акционерное общество "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт точного машиностроения" (АО "ЦНИИТОЧМАШ") Патрон повышенной пробиваемости
US20190017791A1 (en) * 2017-03-07 2019-01-17 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Attn: Rdrl-Loc-I Reduced Jacketed Bullet Bore Resistance
AU2018241327B2 (en) * 2017-03-27 2021-04-01 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Projectile, in particular in the medium caliber range
US11371815B2 (en) 2017-03-27 2022-06-28 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Projectile, in particular in the medium caliber range
WO2018177713A1 (de) * 2017-03-27 2018-10-04 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Geschoss, insbesondere im mittelkaliberbereich
US11933588B2 (en) 2017-03-27 2024-03-19 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Projectile, in particular in the medium caliber range
US20240102780A1 (en) * 2022-09-26 2024-03-28 Federal Cartridge Company Bullet forming process
US20240102779A1 (en) * 2022-09-26 2024-03-28 Sig Sauer, Inc. Multi-piece projectile
US12215960B2 (en) * 2022-09-26 2025-02-04 Federal Cartridge Company Bullet forming process
US20250076012A1 (en) * 2023-09-01 2025-03-06 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Thermal tipped penetrator bullet
US12253340B1 (en) * 2023-09-01 2025-03-18 True Velocity IP Holdings, Inc. Thermal tipped penetrator bullet
RU2831034C1 (ru) * 2023-09-06 2024-11-28 Акционерное Общество "Инновационный Научно-Технический Центр" (Ао "Интц") Сердечник бронебойной пули из твердого сплава для стрелкового оружия, пуля, в которой использован сердечник, патрон, в котором использована пуля

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL7015837A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-05-03
JPS5646160Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1981-10-28
NL175341B (nl) 1984-05-16
JPS5642699U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1981-04-18
NL175341C (nl) 1984-10-16
FR2113594A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-06-23
BE774604A (fr) 1972-04-28

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