US3771204A - Spark plug - Google Patents

Spark plug Download PDF

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Publication number
US3771204A
US3771204A US00224456A US3771204DA US3771204A US 3771204 A US3771204 A US 3771204A US 00224456 A US00224456 A US 00224456A US 3771204D A US3771204D A US 3771204DA US 3771204 A US3771204 A US 3771204A
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United States
Prior art keywords
percent
insulator
bore
group
li2o
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00224456A
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English (en)
Inventor
F Westenkirchner
P Rempes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Federal Mogul Ignition LLC
Original Assignee
Champion Spark Plug Co
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Publication date
Application filed by Champion Spark Plug Co filed Critical Champion Spark Plug Co
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Publication of US3771204A publication Critical patent/US3771204A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
    • H01T13/34—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation characterised by the mounting of electrodes in insulation, e.g. by embedding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
    • H01T13/39—Selection of materials for electrodes

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT In a spark plug including an insulator mounted in a tubular shell and an electrode assembly mounted within a bore through the insulator and projecting from a nose portion of the insulator to define a spark gap with a ground electrode, a method for improving the resistance of the nose portion to cracking caused by thermal stresses.
  • the electrode assembly includes a high heat conducting portion in close proximity with the wall of the portion of the bore extending through the nose portion of the insulator.
  • the method comprises applying a coating of a glaze slip to the interior wall of the portion of the insulator bore which will be in proximity with the heat conducting portion of the electrode and then firing the glaze at a controlled time and temperature to form an uninterrupted glassy coating on at least the portion of the nose bore adjacent the end of the insulator.
  • the fired glaze must have a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the insulator, an appreciably lower thermal conductivity than the insulator and a softening temperature above the highest operating temperature encountered by the glazed bore wall.
  • This invention relates to spark plugs and, more particularly, to a method for improving the cracking resistance of the nose portion of insulators in spark plugs of a type having high thermally conducting center electrode assemblies.
  • spark plugs for internal combustion engines vary. with the requirements of each particular engine, spark plugs generally include a hollow tubular shell having a threaded end for engaging the engine, a ceramic insulator rigidly mounted in the shell and a center electrode assembly mounted in a bore through the insulator.
  • the center electrode assembly includes a terminal end and a firing end. The firing end of the electrode assembly is positioned to define a spark gap with a ground electrode which is attached to the shell.
  • the insulator includes a nose portion which extends from adjacent the firing end of the electrode assembly to an enlarged diameter intermediate insulator portion which is seated against a shoulder within the shell.
  • a gasket is usually used on the seat. The seat functions as a gas seal and as a heat transfer path for conducting heat away from the center electrode and the nose portion of the insulator.
  • both the piston and the spark plug may melt. If preignition does not occur after formation of a crack in the insulator nose, the crack may still become a complete fracture and a part of the insulator may be dislodged. The dislodged part may itself cause severe mechanical damage in the combustion chamber.
  • the prior art has generally explained cracking of the nose portion of spark plug insulators on the difference in thermal expansion of the metallic electrode and the ceramic insulator.
  • the high rate of expansion of the electrode causes it to expand against the interior wall of the insulator and exert a tensile force thereon.
  • This theory cannot, of course, account for cracking in those spark plugs where the center electrode is a body of heat conductive metal, silver for example, cast directly in the insulator bore. If the cast metal has a higher coefficient of expansion than the insulator, it is obvious that it can never expand to a dimension as great as the dimension it had when it was molten and that the cast metal must always be no larger than the bore of the insulator.
  • a study of the actual temperatures existing during operation has indicated that the cracking probably results from thermal stresses within the insulator caused by the interior of the nose portion of the insulator running colder than the exterior surface of the nose portion by reason of heat transfer into the relatively cooler metallic center electrode.
  • the indicated mean effective pressure of an engine at which a particular spark plug will cause preignition when operating within the engine is commonly denominated as the I.M.E.P. rating for that spark plug. It has been found that the I.M.E.P. rating of a spark plug can be increased by shortening the insulator nose and thus lowering the temperature of the firing tip. However, such an expedient is relatively undesirable because the deviations from an average I.M.E.P. rating, for any given lot of plugs, are high, and because spark plugs of this type are particularly subject to carbon fouling when operated in an engine at a low output level.
  • thermally conducting center electrode part lowers the temperature of the firing tip to increase the I.M.E.P. rating.
  • thermally conducting electrode parts have been used in, for example, aircraft spark plugs.
  • a rivet or rod formed from an erosion and corrosion resistant material such as an alloy of platinum or iridium is positioned to project from the bore through the insulator nose to form a spark tip' and silver is then cast in the nose bore.
  • a longitudinally split nickel alloy tube is positioned in the insulator nose bore either around a portion of a relatively massive electrode which extends from the insulator for defining a spark gap with a ground electrode or to hold a rivet tip which defines the spark gap with the ground electrode. Silver is cast in the open space within the tube.
  • the purpose of the thermally conducting portion of the electrode is to increase the conduction of heat from the firing tip of the electrode, thereby reducing the temperature of the firing tip and increasing the I.M.E.P. rating of the spark plug.
  • Other known designs for thermally conducting electrodes of course,
  • spark plugs of this type may also be used in spark plugs of this type.
  • a glaze to the portion of the insulator nose bore which is in close proximity with the thermally conducting portion of the center electrode assembly.
  • the glaze may be applied to the insulator by flowing a suitable glaze slip through that portion of the bore which is to be glazed.
  • the insulator is then fired at a controlled time and temperature to fuse the glaze into a continuous glassy coating.
  • the glaze slip is preferably applied such that the thickness of the fired glaze is at least 0.0005 inch and, preferably, is within the range of 0.0010 inch and 0.0025 inch.
  • each of the glaze compositions has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the spark plug insulator, an appreciably lower thermal conductivity than the insulator and a softening temperature above the highest operating temperature encountered at the glazed surface.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method for reducing thermal stress cracking of the nose portion of spark plug insulators.
  • FIG. 1 is an enlarged vertical section of an aircraft spark plug manufactured in accordance with the principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical section of the insulator from the spark plug shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged vertical section of a modified design of a spark plug manufactured in accordance with the principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged vertical section of the insulator from the spark plug of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 66 of FIG. 4.
  • spark plugs of the type used in high performanceinternal combustion engines such as aircraft engines are commonly provided with a center electrode assembly having a highly heat conducting portion located within and in close proximity with at The cast silver functions to conduct heat away from a firing tip at the end of the electrode assembly and away from the insulator nose to increase the I.M.E.P. rating for the spark plug.
  • problems have occurred with insulator nose cracking in spark plugs of this type. The insulator nose cracking apparently is caused by thermal stresses resulting from a temperature gradient within the insulator nose.
  • the incidence of nose cracking may be greatly reduced by applying to the bore through the insulator nose a glaze having a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the insulator, an appreciably lower thermal conductivity than the insulator and a softening temperature above the highest operating temperature encountered by the glaze.
  • the glaze acts as a thermal barrier to reduce the rate of heat transfer between the insulator and the center electrode assembly.
  • the glaze reduces heat stresses occurring in the insulator nose at the interface with the cooler center electrode assembly and reduces the temperature gradient within the insulator nose.
  • the glaze functions as a strengthening mechanism. The glaze will be under a high compressive load since the glaze has a lower coefficient of expansion than the insulator. The compressive load is applied to the glaze on the bore surface as the insulator and glaze are cooled after the glaze is fired.
  • the glaze may strengthen the insulator by healing over surface flaws and micro-fissures occurring in the nose bore surface of the ceramic insulator.
  • glazes having the composition shown in Table I must be fired for a controlled time and at a controlled temperature.
  • the firing time and temperature are controlled to produce a glaze having a glassy appearance.
  • a given glaze for example, may be effective if fired at 2500F. to 27S0F. for six minutes and be ineffective if fired at the same temperature for ten hours or if fired at a higher temperature for only six minutes. If the glaze is properly fired, it will be fused into a continuous coating, but it will not have had sufficient time or be heated to a sufficient temperature to flow. Either an excessively high firing temperature for a relatively short time or an excessively long firing time at a lower temperature will permit the glaze to flow, re-
  • FIGS. l-3 two embodiments are shown of spark plugs manufactured for high performance internal combustion engines and made in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • a spark plug is shown including a hollow tubular shell 11 having a threaded end 12 for engaging the head of an internal combustion engine.
  • a ceramic insulator 13 is mounted within the shell 1 1 and is seated against a thermally conducting tubular sleeve 114.
  • the sleeve 14 provides a seal and a good heat transfer path between the insulator 13 and the shell 11.
  • a center electrode assembly 15 is mounted within a bore 16 through the insulator 13.
  • the center electrode assembly l5 terminates in a tip 17 which defines a spark gap with a ground electrode 18.
  • the ground electrode 18 is attached to the threaded end 12 of the shell 11.
  • the insulator 13 has at its lower end a nose portion 19 which is positioned between the exposed tip 17 and the seat formed by the sleeve 14.
  • the tip 17 is of a corrosion resistant material and may consist of a headed rivet or of the end of a rod 20 which extends upwardly through a portion 21 of the insulator bore 16 within the nose 19.
  • a heat conductive metal 22, such as silver, is cast in the annular space between the rod 20 and the nose bore 21.
  • heat is conducted from the tip 17 and from the insulator nose portion 19 upwardly through the heat conducting material 22 through the insulator 13 and the sleeve 14 to the shell 11.
  • the remainder of the electrode assembly 15 is of a conventional design and may include a conductive glass seal 23, a resistor 24 and a terminal 25.
  • the lower portion 21 of the insulator bore 16 is in contact with the heat conducting material 22 which is cast directly in the insulator 13.
  • the lower insulator bore 21 within the nose portion 19 is coated with a glaze 26 having a composition consisting essentially of one of the four compositions shown in Table l.
  • the glaze is initially applied to the insulator nose bore 21 in the form of a liquid glaze slip.
  • the glaze slip is applied by any suitable method, such as by flowing the slip through the nose bore 21 to completely and uniformly coat the bore 21.
  • the insulator is then fired for a controlled time and at a controlled temperature to fuse the glaze into a glassy coating 26.
  • the glaze slip is applied such that the finished glaze will have a thickness of at least 0.0005 inch and preferably a thickness within the range of 0.0010 inch and 0.0025 inch.
  • the insulator bore 16 may also have a constricted portion 27 at its lower end for closely engaging the firing tip 17 as it protrudes from the insulator 13 to retain the tip 17 within the insulator bore 16.
  • the constructed portion constricted may be 'unglazed so that a close fit may be obtained with the tip 17. 1f the glaze 26 is applied to the constricted portion 27, it may be difficult to obtain an accurate fit with the tip 17 to prevent erosion and corrosion of the heat conducting material 22 by hot combustion gases.
  • bare spots in the glaze 26 affects the performance of the glaze 26 in reducing cracking of the insulator nose 19.
  • the term bare spot shall include spots where the glaze is thin in addition to spots completely void of glaze. Bare spots are not present where the glaze is continuous. If bare spots occur in the glaze 26, particularly near the lower end of the nose 19 adjacent the firing tip 17, the glaze 26 will be ineffective for reducing thermal stress cracking of the insulator nose 19. However, bare spots occurring in the glaze 26 in the upper portion of the nose bore 21 adjacent the sleeve 14 do not appreciably reduce the effectiveness of the glaze 26. As a result of this, care must be taken in applying the liquid glaze slip to prevent bare spots or bubbles in the glaze 26 near the lower end of the nose bore 21.
  • the spark plug 30 includes a tubular shell 31 having a lower end 32 threaded for engaging an internal combustion engine.
  • An insulator 33 is positioned within the shell 31 and is seated in place by means of a tubular sleeve 34 which forms a gas seal and a good heat transfer path between the insulator 33 and the shell 31.
  • the lower end of the insulator 33 defines a nose 35 which is located between a firing tip 36 at one end of a center electrode assembly 37 and the sleeve 34.
  • the tip 36 is relatively massive and is surrounded by a plurality of ground electrodes 38 which are attached to the threaded end 32 of the shell 31.
  • the insulator 33 is provided with a central bore 39 having a lower portion 40 which extends through the insulator nose 35.
  • the lower portion of the bore 40 is coated with a glaze slip having one of the compositions shown in Table l.
  • the glaze slip is applied such that the glaze, when fused, will have a thickness of at least 0.0005 inch and preferably a thickness within the range of 0.0010 inch and 0.0025 inch.
  • the fused glaze 41 should not have bare spots near the lower end of the nose bore 40 which is located adjacent the tip 36.
  • the center electrode assembly is formed by initially positioning a split metal tube 42 within the nose bore 40. The center electrode tip 36 is then positioned to project from the nose bore 40.
  • the tip 36 has an integral reduced diameter portion 43 which extends upwardly through the split tube 42 to define an annular space 44.
  • a heat conducting material 45 such as silver or a silver alloy, is then cast within the annular space 44. Casting of the material 45 may be accomplished by any conventional method.
  • the center electrode assembly 37 is then completed and may include a glass seal 46, an ignition noise suppression resistor 47 and a terminal 48.
  • EXAMPLE A number of spark plugs were manufactured according to the design shown in FIGS. 1-3.
  • the nose bores of ceramic insulators for fifteen spark plugs were coated with a glaze slip having a composition consisting essentially of 1.29% K 0, 0.7% Na O, 4.22% CaO, 0.03% MgO, 14.96% A1 and 78.72% SiO
  • the insulators coated with the glaze slip were then fired for 10 minutes at 2700F.
  • a test on a glaze of this composition indicated that the glaze had a coefficient of thermal expansion of 2.87 X 10 in./in./C.
  • the insulator on the other hand, was found to have a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.8 X 10' in./in./C.
  • a method for improving the resistance of a nose portion of a spark plug insulator from cracking caused by thermal stresses wherein the spark plug comprises a hollow tubular shell, said insulator mounted in said shell and an electrode assembly mounted within a bore through said insulator, said insulator nose portion being located adjacent a firing end of said electrode assembly, and said electrode assembly including a heat conducting portion in close proximity with at least a portion of the bore through said insulator nose portion, said method comprising the steps of:
  • a glaze slip to at least a portion of the surface of said bore in close proximity with said heat conducting portion of said electrode, said glaze slip consisting essentially of a composition selected from the group consisting of: i l. 1 percent to percent of a material selected from the group consisting of K 0, Na O, Li O or a mixture of K 0, Na O and U 0; 2 percent to 7 percent of a material selected from the group consisting of CaO, MgO or a mixture of CaO and MgO; 10 percent to 20 percent M 0 and 70 percent to 80 percent SiO 2.
  • a method for improving the resistance of the nose portion of an insulator from cracking caused by thermal stresses as set forth in claim 1, wherein said glaze slip is applied to said portion of said insulator bore to a thickness such that said fused glaze is at least 0.0005 inch thick.
  • a method for improving the resistance of the nose portion of an insulator from cracking caused by thermal stresses as set forth in claim 1, wherein said glaze slip is applied to said portion of said insulator bore to a thickness such that said fused glaze has a thickness within the range of 0.0010 inch and 0.0025 inch.
  • a method for improving the resistance of a nose portion of a spark plug insulator from cracking caused by thermal stresses wherein the spark plug comprises a hollow tubular shell, said insulator mounted in said shell and an electrode assembly mounted within a bore through said insulator, said insulator nose portion being located adjacent a firing end of said electrode assembly, and said electrode assembly including a heat conducting portion of a material selected from the group consisting of silver, a silver alloy, copper or a copper alloy, in close proximity with at least a portion of the bore through said insulator nose portion, said method comprising the steps of:
  • a glaze slip to at least a portion of the surface of said bore in close proximity with said heat conducting portion of said electrode, said glaze slip consisting essentially of a composition selected from the group consisting of:

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  • Spark Plugs (AREA)
US00224456A 1972-02-08 1972-02-08 Spark plug Expired - Lifetime US3771204A (en)

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US22445672A 1972-02-08 1972-02-08

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US3771204A true US3771204A (en) 1973-11-13

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US (1) US3771204A (OSRAM)
BE (1) BE794668A (OSRAM)
CA (1) CA967838A (OSRAM)
DE (1) DE2263082A1 (OSRAM)
DK (1) DK142705B (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR2171105B1 (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB1370761A (OSRAM)
IT (1) IT974378B (OSRAM)
MY (1) MY7800157A (OSRAM)
NL (1) NL7301758A (OSRAM)
SE (1) SE390681B (OSRAM)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6134877A (ja) * 1984-07-09 1986-02-19 ゼネラル　モーターズ　コーポレーシヨン 点火プラグ

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2043773B (en) 1979-03-08 1983-11-02 Nissan Motor Ignition plug for internal combustion engine
DE3009721A1 (de) * 1979-03-13 1980-09-25 Texas Instruments Inc Zuendkerze und zuendkerzen-mittelelektrode
FR2542513B1 (fr) * 1983-03-08 1986-06-06 Exi Avtomobi Bougie d'allumage

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2516754A (en) * 1945-07-09 1950-07-25 Cipriani Chester Spark plug construction
US2615441A (en) * 1949-06-07 1952-10-28 Gen Motors Corp Spark plug electrode
US3452235A (en) * 1966-08-17 1969-06-24 Ford Motor Co Spark plug having a short tip center electrode

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2516754A (en) * 1945-07-09 1950-07-25 Cipriani Chester Spark plug construction
US2615441A (en) * 1949-06-07 1952-10-28 Gen Motors Corp Spark plug electrode
US3452235A (en) * 1966-08-17 1969-06-24 Ford Motor Co Spark plug having a short tip center electrode

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6134877A (ja) * 1984-07-09 1986-02-19 ゼネラル　モーターズ　コーポレーシヨン 点火プラグ

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Publication number Publication date
DE2263082A1 (de) 1973-08-16
CA967838A (en) 1975-05-20
BE794668A (fr) 1973-05-16
GB1370761A (en) 1974-10-16
DK142705B (da) 1980-12-22
IT974378B (it) 1974-06-20
FR2171105A1 (OSRAM) 1973-09-21
SE390681B (sv) 1977-01-03
MY7800157A (en) 1978-12-31
NL7301758A (OSRAM) 1973-08-10
DK142705C (OSRAM) 1981-08-10
FR2171105B1 (OSRAM) 1976-05-14

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