US3768302A - Method and apparatus for sensing substances by analysis of adsorbed matter associated with atmospheric particulates - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for sensing substances by analysis of adsorbed matter associated with atmospheric particulates Download PDF

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US3768302A
US3768302A US00143671A US3768302DA US3768302A US 3768302 A US3768302 A US 3768302A US 00143671 A US00143671 A US 00143671A US 3768302D A US3768302D A US 3768302DA US 3768302 A US3768302 A US 3768302A
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particulates
matter
area
continuously
adsorbed
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A Barringer
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Smiths Detection Toronto Ltd
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Barringer Research Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0011—Sample conditioning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V9/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
    • G01V9/007—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00 by detecting gases or particles representative of underground layers at or near the surface
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
    • Y10T436/141111—Diverse hetero atoms in same or different rings [e.g., alkaloids, opiates, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
    • Y10T436/255—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.] including use of a solid sorbent, semipermeable membrane, or liquid extraction

Definitions

  • adsorbed matter (usually in the gaseous state) is then analyzed to provide information concerning the possible existence of the substance in the area being investigated.
  • ANTHONY RENE BARRINGER METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SENSING SUBSTANCES BY ANALYSIS OF ADSORBED MATTER ASSOCIATED WITH ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES This invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting volatile components in the atmosphere for the purpose of identifying mineral deposits. It has been found that a number of volatile components are present at an unusual concentration in the atmosphere overlying certain classes of mineral deposit.
  • mercury vapour increases from typical backgrounds of one to ten nanog'rams per cubic meter to concentrationsvarying between and '50 nanograms per cubic meter over gold and silver deposits as well as over many types of base metal orebody.
  • This is attributed'to the fact that mercury tends to concentrate in most metallic ores to an amount which is greater than the surrounding rocks and since mercury and some of its compounds have an appreciable vapour pressure at normal atmospheric temperatures, some of this mer-' cury is dispersed into the overlying atmosphere above orebodies.
  • halide compounds of elements such as tell urium and selenium which have close affinity with certain types of copper deposit
  • halide compounds of elements such as arsenic, antimony and bismuth, all of which have sufficient vapour pressure to be present in minute traces.
  • arsenic, antimony and bismuth all of which have sufficient vapour pressure to be present in minute traces.
  • the halides of most metals are substantially more volatiletha'n the metals themselves and can occur in minute quantities in the atmosphere.
  • Organic vapours are generated by living forms of all types including plants, soil bacteria, insects and animals. Large quantities of volatile organic vapours are generated by trees in the form of natural oils known as turpines. Some of these organic vapours oxidize in the atmo sphere to form minute liquid and solid particulate matter, a fact which can cause the development of atmospheric haze over forests under some weather conditions. A fractional component of organic vapours in the atmosphere is comprised -of metallo-organic com pounds. It has been shown that certain metals that are present in soils are converted into volatile organic compounds by bacteria.
  • a well established example is that of mercury which is converted into di-methyl mercury by a variety of bacteria and other micro-organisms in soils.
  • Di-methyl mercury has'a lower boiling point than water and readily evaporates into the atmosphere as it is formed. It has been demonstrated that soils containing living micro-organisms liberate substantially more mercury into the atmosphere than the same soils that have been sterilized.
  • Particulates are normally present in the atmosphere to a mass concentration of at least 10 micrograms per cubic meter, andare frequently up in the range of several hundred micrograms per cubic meter. It has been shown that volatile components in the atmosphere are adsorbed by particulates and reach an equilibrium. A good example is. that of iodine vapour. It has been demonstrated that free iodine vapour can be percent adsorbed onto natural particulates in the atmosphere in a short period of time. The high adsorption is a function of the very large surface area of particulates in the atmosphere in relation to their mass, sinceparticle sizes extend below one-tenth of a micron and particle concentrations run in the vicinity of thousands of particles per cubic centimeter. Nearly all surfaces are natural adsorbers for gases and vapours and the ability of particulates to scavenge traces of condensable gases and vapours from the atmosphere is a function of this phenomena and their large ratio of surface area to mass.
  • high concentrations of organic liquid particulates may occur which can adsorb the metalloorganic vapours generated by micro-organisms in the highly active and humus rich forest. soils.
  • the volatile components adsorbed on particulates in the atmosphere may be indicators of anomalous metal concentrations in the underlying terrain in vegetated areas as well as in the more obvious arid regions where vegetation is scarce and conditions are dusty.
  • atmospheric particulates are collected and subsequently heated to drive off adsorbed; gases and vapours, which are then analyzed.
  • the particulates may be collected continuously from a moving aircraft, for example, and concentrated if necessary.
  • a number of analytical techniques may be employed for the purpose of identifying the adsorbed gases and vapours.
  • the word "particulates” refers to minute solid or liquid particles in suspension in a gas, particularly the atmosphere.
  • gas will usually be used to refer to either gases or vapours or both gases and vapours.
  • Adsorbed matter refers to atoms, molecules, or ions of a solid, liquid or gas held in contact with surfaces or interfaces of finely divided particulates.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of apparatus according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the apparatus according to FIG. 1, partly broken away;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a modified form of a cyclone for concentrating solid particulates.
  • the drawings show an embodiment of the invention in which large volumes of air are sampled through an electrostatic precipitator.
  • the air enters through a sampling duct 1, goes through an electrostatic charging grid 2 and then through a grounded collecting grid 3.
  • the charging grid 2 may consist of a set of grounded wires alternating with a set of wires connected to a source of negative high voltage.
  • the grounded collecting grid 3 is made of nichrome resistance wire which can be heated to a temperature of up to l,000C by the application of a current through the wires.
  • the alr stream is split by a perforated baffle 4 which can be rotated into an alternative position 5 about a pivot point 6.
  • the perforations are arranged in the baffle such that a small percentage of the air stream passes through the perforationsv and the remainder is diverted into the other half of the duct.
  • the collecting grid 3 is split into two portions which can be heated independently and are both kept at ground potential so that at all times they will collect and retain particles.
  • a second unperforated baffle 7 is arranged to swing about pivot point 8 and can be rotated to point 9.
  • Two butterfly valves 10 and 11 can be operated to open and close exit tubes 13a, 13b.
  • the particulates in the air entering at l are charged on the grid 2 and collected on the grid 3, the air substantially devoid of its particulates then being expelled out of the duct at 12.
  • a small portion of the air passes over the righthand side of the grid 3 and a heating current is applied to this right hand side.
  • Particulates adhering to the right hand side of the grid 3 are raised to a sufficiently high temperature to drive off adsorbed gases and volatile components which then pass out through the open valve 11 along the right hand exit tube 13b.
  • the baffle 7 is closed in order to seal off this small flow of air and channel it out through the tube 13b.
  • the main body of air passes over the cold left hand portion of the collection grid 3 and particulates are collected.
  • the perforated baffle 4 is swung to the position 5
  • the unperforated baffle 7 is swung to position 9
  • the valve 10 is opened and'the valve 11 is closed, and heat is applied to the left hand side of the collection grid3 and removed from the right hand side.
  • the particulates collected on the left hand side of the collection grid 3 are now heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off adsorbed gases and volatile components and a small air stream through perforated baffle 4 carries them through the exit valve 10 and out to the tube 13a.
  • the heating current in the right hand side of the collection grid 3 is switched off and particulates are collected on'this portion of the grid 3 from the main body of the air stream. The cycle is then repeated.
  • control means is provided to control the functions described.
  • the details of these control means are wellwithin the skill of those skilled in the art, and the control means is therefore shown in block form.
  • the control means includes a control box 14 having shafts l5, 15 connected to the baffles 4, 7 at pivot points 6, 8 to swing the baffles in unison from one side of the device to the other, to close off first one grid containing chamber and then the other.
  • Electric valve actuators 17, 18 are connected to the butterfly valves 10, 11 and are connected by electrical leads (not shown) to 'the control box 14 and are controlled thereby so that the appropriate exit tube 13a or 13b will be connected to the device.
  • Control leads 19, 20 also extend from the respective halves of the grid 3 to the control box so that each half grid will be heated when the chamber in which it is located is closed.
  • the rate of flow through the perforated baffle4 can be arranged to be very small such as 1 percent of the total incoming air or less. This provides a high degree of concentration.
  • the perforations in the baffle 4 can be entirely removed and the closed chamber so formed when the baffles are in position can be flushed out with argon from a gas cylinder if so desired. This can provide an inert carrier gas through the heated particulates instead of using oxygen. This can be particularly convenient for some types of emission spectrographic analysis of the vapours. Since the baked particulates accumulate the collection grid 3 must occasionally be cleaned or replaced to maintain efficient operation.
  • a variety of analytical techniques can be used for analyzing the gases and vapours emerging from the exit tube 13.
  • the gases and vapours can be scrubbed with a water spray and the liquid solutions so obtained can be passed over a specific ion electrode.
  • Electrodes are available which can have high sensitivity for the halogen elements such as fluorine and can provide a continuous electrical reading of fluorine concentration.
  • the vapours can be passed through an optical cell and the absorption of a 2537A beam of light can be measured. This absorption is related to the concentration of mercury vapour present.
  • an argon carrier gas can be used as described above and the gas stream can be passed through a microwave cavity in order to generate a microwave plasma.
  • the emission light from this plasma can be passed into a spectrometer and measurements made of specific emission lines corresponding to elements such as mercury, fluorine, iodine, bromine, chlorine tellurium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, etc. Since various kinds of analytical apparatus may be used, the
  • Plasma analytical techniques are capable of achieving sensitivities typically of the order of 10" grams for a wide range of elements so that such a system is able to see as little as 10 grams of an element adsorbed in gas or vapour form on lO grams of solid material. This represents an absorption of 1 ppm byweight. In some cases, sensitivities for elements can be achieved as high as 10' grams (e.g., cadmium).
  • An alternative application of the invention is in the detection of minute traces of hydrocarbons and other organic volatiles in connection with oil exploration.
  • a similar technique is used except that the electrostatic collecting grid is heated to a lower temperature which does not pyrolise and destroy the organic compounds.
  • a typical temperature is 200C.
  • the output pipe of the instrument l3' is now taken to a gas chromatograph for analysis or to a silicone rubber membrane.
  • the membrane is used to seal off a low pressure zone in front of the entrance port of a mass spectrometer.
  • Organic vapours have the property of passing rapidly in one or twoseconds through such a membrane leaving behind the accompanying molecules of air or other carrier gas; Rapid real-time analysis can then be carried out in the mass spectrometer which may conveniently be of a lightweight type.
  • a suitable instrument is an RF Quadrapole mass spectrometer.
  • Such a system can achieve extreme sensitivity and specificity for organic compounds. It has great utility in oil exploration where the presence of sub-surface oil fields can be indicated by hydrocarbon seeps at the surface.
  • Such seeps can be gaseous and contain methane, ethane, pentane, etc. or they may involve liquid hydrocarbons such as benzene which can have sufficient vapour pressure to escapeinto the atmosphere.
  • the embodiment of the invention described and shown uses heat for removing volatile components from the particulates. It will be appreciated, however, that theequipment can be modified in order to remove absorbed gases by reduction in pressure. Thus the chamber that is sealed during the heating cycle can be pumped down to low pressure instead, in order to cause degassing of the particulates. Alternatively, a combination of heat and low pressure can be used in order'to minimize heating and obtain a liberation of organic compounds without altering their chemical structure.
  • adsorbed gases and vapours can be removed by flushing the collected particulates with a gas or liquid that has complexing capabilities for the vapour in question.
  • certain adsorbed metallic vapours can be removed by passing chlorine over the particulates.
  • the bonding forces of adsorption is. this case are overcome by the stronger bonding force between the chlorine and the metal.
  • the chlorine or other carrier agent can then be analyzed for adsorbed components leached from the particulates.
  • FIG. 3 A modified type of cyclone suitable for concentrating dust from a large volume of air is shown in FIG. 3,
  • incoming air containing particulates enters a cone shaped cyclone 22 through a duct 23 which directs the flow of air'tangentially into the cyclone 22.
  • the air swirls around a perforated cone shaped separator 24, and much of the air escapes through the openings in the separator 24 to a discharge duct 25 having a flow balance valve 26.
  • a still further method is the use of filters of the paper or fibreglass type.
  • the particles frorn'large volumes of air can be collected on filters and the adsorbed gases or volatile components subsequently removed by heating, gas or liquid leaching or vacuum degassing.
  • This can be operated on a semi-continuous real-time basis in the fashion of the electrostatic embodiment already described in detail, or the filter can be stored for later analysis.
  • a continuous strip filter can be used adapted from a standard and commercially available continuous pollution sampler and provide a flight record of particulate matter.
  • Special equipment can be constructed to provide subsequent analysis of the adsorbed gases and volatiles held on the particulates. Correlation can then be made between the analytical data derived from the particulates and the locations which the said particulates were collected.
  • the invention is applicable to the solution of problems involving the detection of minute quantities of organic or inorganic vapours.
  • the detection of the presence of concealed narcotics is one example. Many narcotics have sufficient vapour pressures for them to be detectable at some distance by dogs.
  • present invention can be used to sample large volumes b. continuously concentrating said particulates immediatelyafter they have been received,
  • a method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said matter is removed from said particulates by heating said particulates to a temperature sufficient to drive off said matter and wherein said particulates are transferred to an inert carrier gas prior to the analysis thereof.
  • Apparatus for performing a rapid geochemical survey of an area of the earth from a moving vehicle comprising:
  • said concentrating means includes at least two chambers, each for collecting said particulates, and means for diverting at least a portion of said air stream cyclically between said chambers, so that particulates are collected cyclically in one of said chambers and then in the other, wherein said removing means includes means for heating at least some of the collected particulates to remove matter therefrom in gaseous form, wherein there is further provided means for operating the heating means in said chambers cyclically so that while particulates are collected in one chamber, the concentrated particulates in the other chamber are being heated, and connecting means for connecting said chambers to said analyzing means.

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US00143671A 1970-12-08 1971-05-14 Method and apparatus for sensing substances by analysis of adsorbed matter associated with atmospheric particulates Expired - Lifetime US3768302A (en)

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Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3970428A (en) * 1974-11-23 1976-07-20 Barringer Research Limited Method and apparatus for collecting atmospheric samples in atmospheric geochemical prospecting
US4056969A (en) * 1975-04-28 1977-11-08 Barringer Research Limited Detection of concealed metalliferous deposits, hydrocarbons and explosives
US4137751A (en) * 1972-10-27 1979-02-06 Columbia Scientific Industries, Inc. Aerial prospecting
FR2408130A1 (fr) * 1977-11-07 1979-06-01 Barringer Research Ltd Procede et appareil pour collecter et traiter des echantillons geochimiques
US4192176A (en) * 1976-04-23 1980-03-11 Barringer Research Limited Detection of concealed metalliferous deposits, hydrocarbons and explosives
DE2907513A1 (de) * 1979-02-26 1980-08-28 Battelle Institut E V Verfahren zum sortieren von groben bis feinteiligen materialien nach ihrer chemischen zusammensetzung
EP0169057A2 (en) * 1984-07-17 1986-01-22 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Method and apparatus for detecting a contraband substance
US4573354A (en) * 1982-09-20 1986-03-04 Colorado School Of Mines Apparatus and method for geochemical prospecting
US4987767A (en) * 1989-06-09 1991-01-29 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Exposive detection screening system
EP0447158A2 (en) * 1990-03-13 1991-09-18 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Revenue Detector for concealed explosive or narcotic substances
US5050425A (en) * 1989-12-01 1991-09-24 University Of Connecticut Apparatus and method for measuring volatile constituents in earth samples
US5109691A (en) * 1989-12-08 1992-05-05 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Explosive detection screening system
US5140845A (en) * 1989-12-01 1992-08-25 University Of Connecticut Method for measuring volatile constituents in earth samples
US5191211A (en) * 1992-03-23 1993-03-02 Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. Thermal desorption method for separating volatile additives from vulcanizable rubber
US5345809A (en) * 1989-06-09 1994-09-13 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Explosive detection screening system
US5425263A (en) * 1993-06-01 1995-06-20 Barringer Research Limited Method for inspecting an article for concealed substances
US5511409A (en) * 1994-09-19 1996-04-30 Knaebel; Kent S. Measurement of emission levels in a gas stream
US5788728A (en) * 1996-12-03 1998-08-04 Nordson Corporation Powder coating booth with improved cyclone separator
WO2002001183A1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2002-01-03 The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Device and method for pneumatic gas sampling for gas sensors
WO2004001388A1 (en) * 2002-06-24 2003-12-31 Sarnoff Corporation Method and apparatus for concentrated airborne particle collection
US20040189976A1 (en) * 2002-10-31 2004-09-30 Burns Joseph D. Method, apparatus and system for sensing air borne hazardous materials
WO2005003734A1 (en) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-13 Agresearch Limited A method of and apparatus for detecting the presence of signature volatile compounds from materials in a confined environment
US20060081127A1 (en) * 2004-10-15 2006-04-20 Shimadzu Corporation Suspended particulate analyzer
US20060112757A1 (en) * 2004-11-29 2006-06-01 Morse Thomas C Filter housing assembly with leak testable aerosol injection port
US20090166207A1 (en) * 2005-07-12 2009-07-02 Centro De Investigacion De Rotacion Y Torque Aplicada, S.L. Filter for capturing polluting emissions
US20120205533A1 (en) * 2009-08-19 2012-08-16 Ariya Parisa A Methods and systems for the quantitative chemical speciation of heavy metals and other toxic pollutants

Families Citing this family (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA944667A (en) * 1973-03-19 1974-04-02 Barringer Research Limited High resolution geochemical prospecting method
US4718268A (en) * 1985-06-04 1988-01-12 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Method and apparatus for detecting a contraband substance
GB2265847B (en) * 1992-03-31 1995-08-02 Ind Tech Res Inst Particle content monitoring device

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US3309518A (en) * 1963-07-01 1967-03-14 Weiss Oscar Method of aerial prospecting which includes a step of analyzing each sample for element content, number and size of particles
US3539299A (en) * 1968-10-17 1970-11-10 Pan American Petroleum Corp Extraction of hydrocarbon gases from earth samples
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DE1020003B (de) * 1955-07-30 1957-11-28 Metallgesellschaft Ag Aus mehreren gegeneinander abschaltbaren Einheiten bestehender Elektrofilter
US3205700A (en) * 1963-02-25 1965-09-14 Continental Oil Co Apparatus for recovering minute quantities of volatile compounds from inert solids
US3309518A (en) * 1963-07-01 1967-03-14 Weiss Oscar Method of aerial prospecting which includes a step of analyzing each sample for element content, number and size of particles
US3554005A (en) * 1968-06-10 1971-01-12 Us Army Continuous tape sampler
US3539299A (en) * 1968-10-17 1970-11-10 Pan American Petroleum Corp Extraction of hydrocarbon gases from earth samples
US3657920A (en) * 1970-05-05 1972-04-25 Atomic Energy Commission Sequential sampler

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4137751A (en) * 1972-10-27 1979-02-06 Columbia Scientific Industries, Inc. Aerial prospecting
US3970428A (en) * 1974-11-23 1976-07-20 Barringer Research Limited Method and apparatus for collecting atmospheric samples in atmospheric geochemical prospecting
US4056969A (en) * 1975-04-28 1977-11-08 Barringer Research Limited Detection of concealed metalliferous deposits, hydrocarbons and explosives
US4192176A (en) * 1976-04-23 1980-03-11 Barringer Research Limited Detection of concealed metalliferous deposits, hydrocarbons and explosives
FR2408130A1 (fr) * 1977-11-07 1979-06-01 Barringer Research Ltd Procede et appareil pour collecter et traiter des echantillons geochimiques
DE2907513A1 (de) * 1979-02-26 1980-08-28 Battelle Institut E V Verfahren zum sortieren von groben bis feinteiligen materialien nach ihrer chemischen zusammensetzung
US4573354A (en) * 1982-09-20 1986-03-04 Colorado School Of Mines Apparatus and method for geochemical prospecting
EP0169057A2 (en) * 1984-07-17 1986-01-22 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Method and apparatus for detecting a contraband substance
EP0169057A3 (en) * 1984-07-17 1988-02-03 British Aerospace Public Limited Company Method and apparatus for detecting a contraband substance
US5345809A (en) * 1989-06-09 1994-09-13 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Explosive detection screening system
US4987767A (en) * 1989-06-09 1991-01-29 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Exposive detection screening system
US5050425A (en) * 1989-12-01 1991-09-24 University Of Connecticut Apparatus and method for measuring volatile constituents in earth samples
US5140845A (en) * 1989-12-01 1992-08-25 University Of Connecticut Method for measuring volatile constituents in earth samples
US5109691A (en) * 1989-12-08 1992-05-05 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Explosive detection screening system
EP0447158A2 (en) * 1990-03-13 1991-09-18 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Revenue Detector for concealed explosive or narcotic substances
EP0447158A3 (en) * 1990-03-13 1992-07-08 Mini Revenue Canada Detector for concealed explosive or narcotic substances
US5191211A (en) * 1992-03-23 1993-03-02 Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. Thermal desorption method for separating volatile additives from vulcanizable rubber
US5425263A (en) * 1993-06-01 1995-06-20 Barringer Research Limited Method for inspecting an article for concealed substances
US5511409A (en) * 1994-09-19 1996-04-30 Knaebel; Kent S. Measurement of emission levels in a gas stream
US5788728A (en) * 1996-12-03 1998-08-04 Nordson Corporation Powder coating booth with improved cyclone separator
WO2002001183A1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2002-01-03 The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Device and method for pneumatic gas sampling for gas sensors
US20040069047A1 (en) * 2002-06-24 2004-04-15 Sarnoff Corporation Method and apparatus for concentrated airborne particle collection
WO2004001388A1 (en) * 2002-06-24 2003-12-31 Sarnoff Corporation Method and apparatus for concentrated airborne particle collection
US7062982B2 (en) 2002-06-24 2006-06-20 Sarnoff Corporation Method and apparatus for concentrated airborne particle collection
US6941806B2 (en) 2002-10-31 2005-09-13 Airdat, Llc Method, apparatus and system for sensing air borne hazardous materials
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SE388283B (sv) 1976-09-27
GB1375003A (es) 1974-11-27
ZA718187B (en) 1972-08-30
AU3658371A (en) 1973-06-14
BR7108145D0 (pt) 1973-03-29
FI52777C (fi) 1977-11-10
FR2117475A5 (es) 1972-07-21
AU463134B2 (en) 1975-07-17
FI52777B (es) 1977-08-01
NL7116761A (es) 1972-06-12
IT945338B (it) 1973-05-10
JPS5397692U (es) 1978-08-08
ES397953A1 (es) 1975-04-16

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