US3765021A - Adjustable aperture antenna employing dielectric and ferrimagnetic material - Google Patents
Adjustable aperture antenna employing dielectric and ferrimagnetic material Download PDFInfo
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- US3765021A US3765021A US00162444A US3765021DA US3765021A US 3765021 A US3765021 A US 3765021A US 00162444 A US00162444 A US 00162444A US 3765021D A US3765021D A US 3765021DA US 3765021 A US3765021 A US 3765021A
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- dielectric
- antenna
- magnetic
- aperture
- adjustable aperture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
- H01Q25/002—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns providing at least two patterns of different beamwidth; Variable beamwidth antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/24—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave constituted by a dielectric or ferromagnetic rod or pipe
Definitions
- the magnetic part is associated with magnetizing coils energized from an aperture control current source.
- the rod is made of the non magnetic dielectric which is covered at least partly with a magnetic coating.
- the antenna is of the spherical type, a magnetic material core is surrounded with a non magnetic dielectric shell.
- PATENTEDUET 9197s sum-10m 11 l l A PATENTED 91975 3.765.021
- the present invention concerns antenna structures with adjustable aperture.
- the requirement that the same radar equipment may be used for different types of operations which become necessary in navigation and even in surveillance has led users to seek antennas whose radiation pattern can be modified, while maintaining constant yield.
- An antenna structure is required which can simultaneously carry out a watch (very wide antenna diagram) and, when the target has been found, carry out the tracking (very selectiye radiation diagram This result can readily be obtained by using two different antennas which are successively switched to the radar apparatus.
- One of the proposed solutions consists in modifying the radiation pattern of the antenna by mechanically deforming the reflector element. This solution has given rise to designs which do not always provide the desired reliability.
- the present invention relates essentially to electronically controlled adjustable aperture antennas. As compared with the aforesaid mechanical 'solution, they show not only increased reliability but also advantages in regard both to weight and space requirement and to power consumption and time constant.
- the antenna is a partly dielectric, partly ferri magnetic structure associated with magnetizing coils surrounding said ferrimagnetic part and a control current generator feeding said coils.
- the adjustment of the radiation diagram of the antenna is achieved by changing the magnetizing current in the coils.
- the dielectric part is a plain rod surrounded at least partly by a ferrimagnetic coating associated with magnetizing coils.
- the ferrimagnetic part is an inner core surrounded by a dielectric shell arranged according to Lunebergs law, said inner core being associated with magnetizing coils.
- the coils associated with the ferrimagnetic part are arranged so as to provide for latching operation, that is the operating conditions are maintained when the magnetizing current is cut off. The latter feature is of particular interest when low power consumption is important.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are diagrammatic illustrations of antennas according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the variation of the aperture angle of a dielectric rod type antenna as a function of the length of the ferrimagnetic coating (without magnetizing current).
- FIG. 4 illustrates, in the absence of magnetizing current, the variation of the gain as a function of the length of the ferrimagnetic coating.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the variation of the aperture angle of the partially coated antenna as a function of the magnetization current.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the variation of the gain of the same aerial as a function of the magnetization current.
- FIG. 7 illustrates, as a function of the current, the variation of the aperture angle of a second modified embodiment.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are two embodiments of omnidirectionnal Luneberg type antennas according to the invention.
- FIGS. 10 & 10A are a variant of the Luneberg type antenna according to the invention which may be switched from a small aperture operation to a wide aperture operation.
- FIG. 11 shows the variation of the effective permeability of the core with respect to the magnetizing field.
- FIG. 12 shows the variation of the 3 dB beam width with respect to frequency for both a Luneberg dielectric antenna and a Luneberg type antenna according to the invention.
- FIG. 13 shows the aperture angle variation with respect to the control current for the antenna of FIG. 8.
- FIG. 14 shows the same variation for the antenna of FIG. 10.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 show an embodiment of a latching antenna according to the FIG. 10.
- FIG. 1 there is diagrammatically illustrated a frustoconical dielectric structure I constituting what is usually called a dielectric rod antenna.
- a frustoconical dielectric structure I constituting what is usually called a dielectric rod antenna.
- a detailed explanation of the operation of this type of antenna will be found in the work Les Antennes," by J. Thourel, page I88 of the edition dated 1956, published by Dunod.
- the radiating structure is fed through a coupling device diagrammatically represented by loop 2, from an electromagnetic energy source.
- the base of the antenna is mounted in a metallic holder 3.
- this dielectric radiating structure is at least partially coated with ferrimagnetic material and associated with a magnetizing device.
- the length of the antenna provided with a coating of ferrimagnetic material, the total length of the antenna being L.
- the coating comprises two rings 4 and 5 each associated with a magnetizing winding,4' and 5 respectively.
- the length d of the coating may as a variant be provided in the form of a single piece of ferrimagnetic material surrounding the base of the dielectric rod 1.
- the coating of the desired surface of the dielectric structure 1 with ferrimagnetic material by any method known per se (cathode sputtering, deposition by sedimentation, etc.), the manner in which the magnetization conductors are provided being adapted to each case.
- FIG. 2 illustrates also a dielectric rod structure I. It is provided with a coating of ferrimagnetic material over the whole of its length L. As in FIG. 1, the coating consists of a set of rings 4, 5, 6, 10 each associated with one magnetizing coil.
- the experimental diagrams of FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 show the influence of the ferrimagnetic coating on the performance of the radiating structure. They have all been obtained with the same structure consisting of a dielectric rod antenna operating in the X band surrounded by a 5 mm thick ferrimagnetic tore made of type 63 O7 ferrite, manufactured by L.T.T.
- composition of this ferrite corresponds to the formula 40 Fe O 9 MnO, 46 MgO, 5(TiO NiO), which has been disclosed in the first addition No. 86,409 to French Patent No. 1,354,232, applied for on the July, 24, 1964, by L.T.T.
- the diagram of FIG. 3 shows the influence on the antenna aperture angle of the length a' coated with ferrimagnetic material.
- the rationalised value d/L which will thus vary between 0 (no ferrimagnetic material coating) and I (completely coated antenna).
- d/L the rationalised value
- the bare dielectric rod antenna has an aperture angle at 3 decibels of about 30, and when one-fourth of the antenna is coated with electromagnetic material the aperture angle is 160.
- the increase in the aperture angle is extremely rapid, and then slows down.
- the aperture angle is 185, and it reaches 200 when the antenna is completely coated with magnetic material. 7
- the curve of FIG. 4 represents under the same conditions, the variation of the antenna gain as a function of the fraction of the antenna which is coated with ferrimagnetic material.
- the gain of the dielectric rod antenna is about dB, and it decreases very rapidly to 4 dB when one-fourth of the length of the antenna is coated. The decrease slows down considerably and the gain changes from the value 3 dB when one-half of the length is coated to 2 dB when the antenna is completely coated. It is current practice to characterize the yield of an antenna by the product G,,,,,,,,.
- the curve of FIG. 5 shows the variations of the aperture angle of a dielectric rod antenna whose base is surrounded by a 1 cm thick tore of the same ferrite as stated above over percent of its height as a function of the permeability of the said ferrite, measured by the current flowing through a winding of 12 coils which is mounted directly on the tore. As is shown, a variation of the aperture angle between and 50 can be obtained. An increase of the current provides a reduction of the aperture angle.
- the curve of FIG. 6 illustrates, for the same antenna, the variation of the gain as a function of the current supplied to the winding. It is also possible to verify that the yield of the antenna is independent of the value of this current.
- the above example concerns an antenna operating at a frequency in the neighborhood of 10 GHz.
- the curve of FIG. 7 has been measured on a dielectric rod antenna operating in the neighbourhood of 6 GHz coated with a single piece of ferrite over 30 percent of its total height.
- the ferrite used in this embodiment is a Fe Y Gd Al garnet.
- the thickness of the coating is 1.6 cm.
- the embodiment shown in the following figures is of the Luneberg lens type. It is well known that this type of lens is a refracting structure with a spherical symmetry and an index which varies according to the distance to the center.
- the output from a point source located at any point on the sphere surface is a beam of parallel rays.
- the relationship between the refractive index and the permittivity and the permeability of lens medium is as follows Since it is quite impractical to manufacture this sphere with a continuously variable index, the practical embodiments of Luneberg lenses are made of a central core surrounded by several concentric shells the constant permittivity of which decreases as increases their distance from the center of the spherical core.
- any modification of the value of H will produce a variation of the phases ofthe wave propagating within the ferrimagnetic medium. Any modification of the phase will result in a modification of the radiated lobe if the medium is used as a radiating element.
- the above is a short theoretical explanation of the reason why it is possible to modify the aperture angle in omnidirectional spherical antennas according to the invention.
- FIG. 8 shows such an antenna made of a central core 12 of ferrite surrounded by a shell 13 made of polythene loaded with titanium dioxide
- the permittivity of core 12 is c 14.9 and the permittivity of the shell 3 is e 4.0.
- the waveguide 14 is terminated by a flange 15 the front face of which has been shaped so as'to be adapted to the spherical shell 13.
- the cut view in FIG. 8 shows the small dimension of the waveguide.
- the electric field of the microwave is within the plane of the figure.
- a winding 16 surrounds core 12. It is made of four turns and is fed with the aperture control current 1.
- the radius of core 12 and shell 13 are respectively 32 mm and 41 mm.
- the ferrite constituting core 12 is an yttrium iron garnet (5 Fe O 3 Y O sold by L.T.T. as ferrite type 6901 and by the Compagnie THOMSON C.S.F. as Type YlO.
- the main characteristics of this material are as follows 411M, 1750 gauss (M saturation magnetization moment) AI-l 45 to 60 oersteds tg 8 4.4 10* (8 loss angle) at 9 GHz.
- FIG. 12 shows the variation of the aperture at 3 dB in degree with respect to the operating frequency.
- Curve 51 shows the variation for a Luneberg dielectric lens of conventional manufacture and curve 52 shows the same variation for the antenna of FIG. 1 at I 0.
- FIG. 13 shows the measured curve giving the aperture of the antenna of FIG. 8 operating at 9,375 MHZ with respect to the value of the aperture control current I.
- the aperture is 52, as shown on curve 52 of FIG. 12, It is about 75 for I 2 Amperes and 100 for I 4 Amperes.
- FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the antenna comprises a core 12 surrounded by two concentric shells 17 and 17 made also of ferrimagnetic material surrounded by an external shell 18 made of dielectric.
- the central core 12 and the inner shells 17 and 17 have respective diameters of 32, 41 and 50 mm and are associated respectively with windings 19, 21 and 21 They are fed respectively with currents I, I and 1 which control the permeability of parts 12, 17 and 17 so that the product a 6,. is equal to 12 for core 12, to 9 for shell 17 and to 7.5 for shell 17
- the permittivity of outer shell 18 is 2.5 and its diameter 59 mm.
- the values of currents I, I and I are set by experience.
- each winding establishes a field which is not limited to the core or shell which it surrounds but extends also in the neighbouring volume of ferrimagnetic material.
- the variation of the value 6;; [LR is obtained in this embodiment by using pure YIG for the core,.a mixture of YIG and polythene for the inner shells l7, and 17 It is also possible to make core 12 and the two inner shells from the same magnetic material (YIG) and to control the value of the /.L product by means of the currents I, 1,, 1
- the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 and 10A is roughly the same as the embodiment of FIG. 8 except for the winding 23. As shown, a central hole 22 has been drilled in the core and the winding 23 is made of a set of semicircular turns which are each located in a diametral plane and which are closed through hole 22.
- the core 12 is made of a ferrite with rectangular hysteresis loop sold as ferrite type 6901 by L.T.T. It has the following characteristics 41rM 1650 Gauss (M, saturation magnetizing moment) AH 90 Oersted tg5 5.10 at 9 GI-Iz.
- the dimensions of the antenna are as follows outside diameter 41 mm, core diameter 32mm, shell thickness 4 mm, 6,; of the shell 3.75, diameter of drilled hole 5 mm.
- FIG. 14 shows the variation of the aperture angle of such an antenna with respect to the control current I in winding 23 operating at 9,375 MHz.
- the variation curve has the shape of any hysteresis loop.
- a pulse of 2 Amperes is applied to winding 23 the aperture is about 45 after said pulse has disappeared.
- a pulse of the same amplitude but with the current circulating in the other direction will set the aperture to about 100.
- This type of operation which is usually referred to as latching allows to switch the aperture angle from one preset value to another value with a control pulse of a given amplitude.
- the antenna does not require a continuous current to maintain magnetization of the ferrite material as is the case in the previously described embodiments.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 show the radiation diagrams corresponding to the antenna shown in FIG. 10. They are measured radiation patterns.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 correspond to measurements made in a plane perpendicular to the propagating direction of the microwave and containing the magnetic field of the wave as established in the wave guide 14. Measurements made in a plane perpendicular to the above plane and to the propagation direction show that within the measurement precision, the same values are obtained.
- An electrically controlled adjustable aperture r.f. antenna structure comprising:
- a dielectric non-magnetic radiating unit having an axis of directivity
- magnetic dielectric means integral with said dielectric radiating unit and symmetrically arranged around said axis of directivity;
- An electrically controlled adjustable aperture r.f. antenna structure according to claim 1 in which said dielectric non-magnetic radiating unit is a dielectric rod and said magnetic means is a sleeve coating said rod.
- said central core consists of an inner sphere surrounded by at least one spherical shell said core and said shell being associated with independent coils.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR7028150A FR2112039B1 (xx) | 1970-07-30 | 1970-07-30 | |
FR7101105A FR2150554B1 (xx) | 1971-01-14 | 1971-01-14 |
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US3765021A true US3765021A (en) | 1973-10-09 |
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US00162444A Expired - Lifetime US3765021A (en) | 1970-07-30 | 1971-07-14 | Adjustable aperture antenna employing dielectric and ferrimagnetic material |
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US (1) | US3765021A (xx) |
BE (1) | BE769687A (xx) |
CH (1) | CH539343A (xx) |
DE (1) | DE2136918A1 (xx) |
GB (1) | GB1352406A (xx) |
Cited By (123)
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US3854141A (en) * | 1973-08-02 | 1974-12-10 | United Atlantic Corp | Zoom interferometer antenna |
US4053894A (en) * | 1974-03-21 | 1977-10-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Radio signal switching system employing dielectric rod antennas |
US4053897A (en) * | 1976-10-14 | 1977-10-11 | Honeywell Inc. | Microwave element including source antenna and cavity portions |
US4588994A (en) * | 1982-10-18 | 1986-05-13 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Continuous ferrite aperture for electronic scanning antennas |
WO1986003891A2 (en) * | 1984-12-19 | 1986-07-03 | Martin Marietta Corporation | A compound dielectric multi-conductor transmission line and devices constructed therefrom |
US4835543A (en) * | 1984-12-19 | 1989-05-30 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Dielectric slab antennas |
EP0612120A1 (en) * | 1993-02-18 | 1994-08-24 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Dielectric rod antenna |
EP0669673A1 (de) * | 1994-02-23 | 1995-08-30 | VEGA Grieshaber KG | Antenneneinrichtung für ein Füllstandmessradargerät |
US6433936B1 (en) | 2001-08-15 | 2002-08-13 | Emerson & Cuming Microwave Products | Lens of gradient dielectric constant and methods of production |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE769687A (fr) | 1971-11-16 |
GB1352406A (en) | 1974-05-08 |
DE2136918A1 (de) | 1972-02-03 |
CH539343A (fr) | 1973-07-15 |
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