US3743569A - Armor of cermet with metal therein increasing with depth - Google Patents

Armor of cermet with metal therein increasing with depth Download PDF

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US3743569A
US3743569A US00025005A US3743569DA US3743569A US 3743569 A US3743569 A US 3743569A US 00025005 A US00025005 A US 00025005A US 3743569D A US3743569D A US 3743569DA US 3743569 A US3743569 A US 3743569A
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armor
gradient
metal
cermet
ceramic
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US00025005A
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C Cline
K Froeschner
M Wilkins
A Holt
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US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0421—Ceramic layers in combination with metal layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/911—Penetration resistant layer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y10T428/24983—Hardness

Definitions

  • An armor system comprising a ceramic matrix having a gradient of fine ductile metallic particles dispersed therein in an amount of from 0.0% commencing at the front or impact surface of the armor to about 2 to by volume along the interface to the back of the system.
  • the present invention relates to an armor system comprising a ceramic matrix having a gradient of fine metallic particles dispersed therein.
  • Prior lightweight armor system comprised, e.g., a monolithic ceramic material such as A1 0 bonded to a ductile metal plate such as aluminum.
  • a projectile striking the material fractures the brittle A1 0 ceramic plate forming a central cone beneath the point of impact.
  • the cone distributes stress from the projectile over a circular area of the aluminum metal plate while bending moments in the metal plate initiate a fracture at the base of the cone.
  • the actual point of fracture initiation is probably at a jagged surface feature on the interface between ceramic and the aluminum metal plate.
  • the crack is propagated which contributes to the collapse of the ceramic cone thereby enabling the projectile to push through the armor.
  • the present invention relates to an armor in which the constituent materials are intimately mixed in a varying ratio along the depth dimensions of the material.
  • the armor is 100% ceramic.
  • the metal content increases in incremental amounts toward the opposite end of the armor system.
  • the resulting integral armor material has a continuous concentration gradient and no phase boundaries within the material. Hence, it tends to resist the formation of large cracks along or near the projectile impact axis, thereby providing stress distribution over larger portions of the body armor than has previously been possible.
  • the resulting structural improvement is more effective in defeating armor-piercing projectiles than has been heretofore available, yet has the light weight advantage found in prior armor.
  • the introduction of the ductile metal into the ceramic produces essentially a trade off of gains and losses in the ballistic limit at the front-face and near the interface of the armor. More specifically, the addition of a ductile metal at the front-face of the armor decreases ballistic limit because of the decreased hardness and stifiness of the metal-ceramic mixture as compared with pure ceramic. At the backside of the armor, however, the metallic addition increase the ballistic limit because of the increased tensile strength and ductility at the interface. The reason why cermets with a gradient of 2 to 15 by volume of the metal exhibit an improved ballistic limit is because at this concentration, the losses at armor face are far exceeded by the gains due to improved properties along the interface of the system. The expression, cerme is used in the art to connote a ceramic-metallic composition.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the gradient armor system.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic of a specific example of an alternative of FIG. 1.
  • the present armor material comprises impact surface 11 and back surface 13.
  • the armor material is divided into two segments.
  • Segment 15 comprises a hard ceramic having high dynamic properties. This is the hard bullet shattering medium.
  • Segment 17 comprises a layer having gradually increasing tensile strength, i.e., static strength and energy absorbing capacity. These properties are obtained by the incorporation of metallic phase 19 into the ceramic matrix in a progressively increasing volume fraction.
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative of the armor system of FIG. 1.
  • the system includes back-up material 21 which is constructed of woven-roving fiberglass.
  • back-up material 21 which is constructed of woven-roving fiberglass.
  • the dimensions of the armor system comprise a hard ceramic surface of approximately 0.215", a cermet segment of approximately 0.215 and a back-up material segment of approximately 0.215".
  • the dimensions of the armor are dependent upon the projectile threat to be defeated. In certain applications, the back-up material may not even be necessary. This would result in a significant weight reduction.
  • An exemplary gradient armor is prepared by placing tetra beryllium boride powder in a 3" standard ram and die hot press. Five successive layers of Be B powder, mixed with Be powder in varying proportions, are positioned over the layer of Be B. The first layer contained Be B+2% by volume Be. The successive layers each contained additional 2% increments of Be until a layer containing Be B+10% by volume of Be was achieved as shown in FIG. 2. The powders were pressed in an argon atmosphere for 5 minutes at 1000 C. and 5400 p.s.i. to give a pressed disk 3" in diameter and 0.43" in thickness. The disk was surface ground to a thickness of 0.41" and then bonded with an adhesive sold under the trademark of Scotchcast 221, which is manufactured by the 3M Company, to back surface 13 of the gradient material.
  • the Be B/Be disk bonded to the fiberglass backing was ballistically tested with 0.30 caliber armor-piercing ammunition.
  • a 5% increase in ballistic limit, i.e., projectile velocity required for penetration, was obtained when compared to an ungraded pure Be B armor of the same areal density.
  • the density of the original Be B powder for this particular test was below theoretical density. Increasing the starting density of the Be B powder should significantly improve on the 5% value obtained.
  • the graded Be B/Be armor permitted a 15% weight reduction compared with standard B C/fiberglass armor.
  • the gradient metal utilized must be compatible with the particular ceramic that it is dispersed in. Certain metal having a low density, e.g., below 5 g./ cc. have been found to give improved results when combined with specific ceramics. "In addition to B B/Be combination, other cermets such as Be O/Ti; Al O /A1 and Ti Be /Ti, are considered to give improved results.
  • the cermet may be made by a method of plasma spraying wherein, e.g., Be B and Be are fed into a high temperature filame for deposition on a substrate.
  • a cermet armor material selected from the group consisting of:
  • a titanium beryllide matrix having a gradient of titanium metallic particles dispersed therein, said metallic particles being in an amount of 0.0% commencing at the impact surface of the material to about 2 to 15% by volume along the interface to the back of the material.
  • a cermet armor material selected from the group consisting of:
  • a titanium beryllide matrix having a gradient of titanium metallic particles dispersed therein, said metallic particles being in an amount of 0.0% commercing at the impact surface of the material to about 2 to 15% by volume along the interface to the back of the material, and having a backup plate attached to the back of the material.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Abstract

AN ARMOR SYSTEM COMPRISING A CERAMIC MATRIX HAVING A GRADIENT OF THE DUCTILE METALLIC PARTICLES DISPRESED THEREIN IN AN AMOUNT OF FROM 0.0% COMMENCING AT THE FRONT OF IMPACT SURFACE OF THE ARMOR TO ABOUT 2 TO 15% BY VOLUME ALONG THE INTERFACE OF THE BACK OF THE SYSTEM.

Description

y 3, 1973 M. L- WILKINS E L 3,743,569
ARMOR OF CERMET WITH METAL THEREIN TNCREASING WITH DEPTH Filed April 2. 1970 United States Patent 3,743,569 ARMOR 0F CERMET WITH METAL THEREIN INCREASHNG WITH DEPTH Mark L. Wilkins and Albert C. Holt, Livermore, Carl F.
Cline, Concord, and Kenneth E. Froeschner, Livermore, Calif, assignors to the United States of America as represented by the United States Atomic Energy Commission Filed Apr. 2, 1970, Ser. No. 25,005
In. Cl. B32b 15/04; F41h 1/02, 5/00 US. Cl. 161-225 8 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An armor system comprising a ceramic matrix having a gradient of fine ductile metallic particles dispersed therein in an amount of from 0.0% commencing at the front or impact surface of the armor to about 2 to by volume along the interface to the back of the system.
The present invention relates to an armor system comprising a ceramic matrix having a gradient of fine metallic particles dispersed therein.
Prior lightweight armor system comprised, e.g., a monolithic ceramic material such as A1 0 bonded to a ductile metal plate such as aluminum. A projectile striking the material fractures the brittle A1 0 ceramic plate forming a central cone beneath the point of impact. Simultaneously, the cone distributes stress from the projectile over a circular area of the aluminum metal plate while bending moments in the metal plate initiate a fracture at the base of the cone. The actual point of fracture initiation is probably at a jagged surface feature on the interface between ceramic and the aluminum metal plate. The crack is propagated which contributes to the collapse of the ceramic cone thereby enabling the projectile to push through the armor.
The present invention relates to an armor in which the constituent materials are intimately mixed in a varying ratio along the depth dimensions of the material. At the projectile impact surface of the armor system, the armor is 100% ceramic. The metal content increases in incremental amounts toward the opposite end of the armor system. The resulting integral armor material has a continuous concentration gradient and no phase boundaries within the material. Hence, it tends to resist the formation of large cracks along or near the projectile impact axis, thereby providing stress distribution over larger portions of the body armor than has previously been possible. The resulting structural improvement is more effective in defeating armor-piercing projectiles than has been heretofore available, yet has the light weight advantage found in prior armor.
The introduction of the ductile metal into the ceramic produces essentially a trade off of gains and losses in the ballistic limit at the front-face and near the interface of the armor. More specifically, the addition of a ductile metal at the front-face of the armor decreases ballistic limit because of the decreased hardness and stifiness of the metal-ceramic mixture as compared with pure ceramic. At the backside of the armor, however, the metallic addition increase the ballistic limit because of the increased tensile strength and ductility at the interface. The reason why cermets with a gradient of 2 to 15 by volume of the metal exhibit an improved ballistic limit is because at this concentration, the losses at armor face are far exceeded by the gains due to improved properties along the interface of the system. The expression, cerme is used in the art to connote a ceramic-metallic composition.
It is an object of this invention to provide and disclose a lightweight armor having an improved ballistic limit.
"ice
It is a further object of this invention to provide and disclose an integral armor comprising a ceramic matrix having a gradient of fine metal particles dispersed therein.
It is an object of this invention to provide and disclose an integral armor comprising a hard exterior impact surface in combination with an energy absorbing interior medium.
Other objects and a fuller understanding of this invention may be had by referring to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the gradient armor system.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic of a specific example of an alternative of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the present armor material comprises impact surface 11 and back surface 13. The armor material is divided into two segments. Segment 15 comprises a hard ceramic having high dynamic properties. This is the hard bullet shattering medium. Segment 17 comprises a layer having gradually increasing tensile strength, i.e., static strength and energy absorbing capacity. These properties are obtained by the incorporation of metallic phase 19 into the ceramic matrix in a progressively increasing volume fraction.
FIG. 2 shows an alternative of the armor system of FIG. 1. The system includes back-up material 21 which is constructed of woven-roving fiberglass. Illustrative, but without limitations, the dimensions of the armor system comprise a hard ceramic surface of approximately 0.215", a cermet segment of approximately 0.215 and a back-up material segment of approximately 0.215". The dimensions of the armor are dependent upon the projectile threat to be defeated. In certain applications, the back-up material may not even be necessary. This would result in a significant weight reduction.
An exemplary gradient armor is prepared by placing tetra beryllium boride powder in a 3" standard ram and die hot press. Five successive layers of Be B powder, mixed with Be powder in varying proportions, are positioned over the layer of Be B. The first layer contained Be B+2% by volume Be. The successive layers each contained additional 2% increments of Be until a layer containing Be B+10% by volume of Be was achieved as shown in FIG. 2. The powders were pressed in an argon atmosphere for 5 minutes at 1000 C. and 5400 p.s.i. to give a pressed disk 3" in diameter and 0.43" in thickness. The disk was surface ground to a thickness of 0.41" and then bonded with an adhesive sold under the trademark of Scotchcast 221, which is manufactured by the 3M Company, to back surface 13 of the gradient material.
The Be B/Be disk bonded to the fiberglass backing was ballistically tested with 0.30 caliber armor-piercing ammunition. A 5% increase in ballistic limit, i.e., projectile velocity required for penetration, was obtained when compared to an ungraded pure Be B armor of the same areal density. The density of the original Be B powder for this particular test was below theoretical density. Increasing the starting density of the Be B powder should significantly improve on the 5% value obtained. The graded Be B/Be armor permitted a 15% weight reduction compared with standard B C/fiberglass armor.
The gradient metal utilized must be compatible with the particular ceramic that it is dispersed in. Certain metal having a low density, e.g., below 5 g./ cc. have been found to give improved results when combined with specific ceramics. "In addition to B B/Be combination, other cermets such as Be O/Ti; Al O /A1 and Ti Be /Ti, are considered to give improved results.
In general, it is desirable to have the lowest possible metal content, since the metal decreases the overall hardness of the cermet. However, a certain percentage of metal is required to act as a cementing matrix. It has been found that operable gradient metal concentrations are in the range of 2-15% by volume. In addition to hot pressing, the cermet may be made by a method of plasma spraying wherein, e.g., Be B and Be are fed into a high temperature filame for deposition on a substrate.
Although we have described our invention with a certain degree of particularity, we wish it to be understood that We do not desire to be limited to the exact details of formulation shown and described, for obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.
Having described our invention, we claim:
1. A cermet armor material selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a tetra beryllium boride matrix having a gradient of beryllium metallic particles dispersed therein,
(b) a beryllium oxide matrix having a gradient of titanium metallic particles dispersed therein, and
(c) a titanium beryllide matrix having a gradient of titanium metallic particles dispersed therein, said metallic particles being in an amount of 0.0% commencing at the impact surface of the material to about 2 to 15% by volume along the interface to the back of the material.
2. A cermet armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix is tetra beryllium boride and the gradient constituent metallic particles are beryllium.
3. A cermet armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix is beryllium oxide and the gradient constituent metallic particles are titanium.
4. A cermet armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix is titanium beryllide and the gradient constituent metallic particles are titanium.
5. A cermet armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix is tetra beryllium boride and the gradient constituent metallic particles are beryllium.
6. A cermet armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix is beryllium oxide and the gradient constituent metallic particles are titanium.
7. A cermet armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic matrix is titanium beryllide and the gradient constituent metallic particles are titanium.
8. A cermet armor material selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a tetra beryllium boride matrix having a gradient of beryllium metallic particles dispersed therein,
(b) a beryllium oxide matrix having a gradient of titanium metallic particles dispersed therein, and
(c) a titanium beryllide matrix having a gradient of titanium metallic particles dispersed therein, said metallic particles being in an amount of 0.0% commercing at the impact surface of the material to about 2 to 15% by volume along the interface to the back of the material, and having a backup plate attached to the back of the material.
References Qited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,536,524 5/1925 Pfersdorflf 89-36 A 952,877 3/1910 Cowper-Coles 89-36 A 986,645 3/1911 Rossi 89-36 A 1,043,416 11/1912 Giolitti 89-36 A 1,203,916 11/ 1916 Schwarz 161-404 1,423,652 7/ 1922 Edmondson 89-36 A 2,738,297 3/ 1956 Pfistershammer 89-36 A 2,934,456 4/ 1960 Schutt 161-225 3,179,553 3/1965 Franklin 161-404 X 3,340,026 9/1967 Kiwak 161-225 3,516,898 6/1970 Cook 89-36 A JOHN T. GOOLKASLAN, Primary Examiner C. B. COSBY, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3975165A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-08-17 Union Carbide Corporation Graded metal-to-ceramic structure for high temperature abradable seal applications and a method of producing said
DE3005586A1 (en) * 1980-02-15 1981-08-20 Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, 5170 Jülich ARMOR
US4547122A (en) * 1983-10-14 1985-10-15 Aeronautical Research Associates Of Princeton, Inc. Method of containing fractured turbine blade fragments
US4877131A (en) * 1988-04-29 1989-10-31 Spiro Patros Firearm recovery bag
DE3700200A1 (en) * 1986-01-07 1990-08-23 Harsco Corp MAGNETIZABLE CERAMIC TANK SYSTEM
US5443917A (en) * 1991-05-24 1995-08-22 Gte Products Corporation Ceramic armor
WO1998040326A1 (en) * 1997-03-14 1998-09-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Functionally-graded materials
EP0987511A3 (en) * 1998-09-14 2000-09-06 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus Bullet and splinter protection material/burglary protection material
US6641893B1 (en) 1997-03-14 2003-11-04 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Functionally-graded materials and the engineering of tribological resistance at surfaces
DE102006056209A1 (en) * 2006-11-29 2008-06-05 Schott Ag Tank material and method for its production
DE102007025894A1 (en) * 2007-06-01 2008-12-04 Schott Ag Armour plating for a vehicle consists of composite glass-ceramic material with two crystalline components
GB2475023A (en) * 1985-09-11 2011-05-11 Interatom Multi-layer armour and radiation screening plate
US20130331923A1 (en) * 2010-12-15 2013-12-12 Kurt J. Koester Particulate toughened ceramic feedthrough

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3975165A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-08-17 Union Carbide Corporation Graded metal-to-ceramic structure for high temperature abradable seal applications and a method of producing said
DE3005586A1 (en) * 1980-02-15 1981-08-20 Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, 5170 Jülich ARMOR
US4547122A (en) * 1983-10-14 1985-10-15 Aeronautical Research Associates Of Princeton, Inc. Method of containing fractured turbine blade fragments
GB2475023B (en) * 1985-09-11 2011-11-16 Interatom Multi-layer armour and screening plate as well as process for its production
GB2475023A (en) * 1985-09-11 2011-05-11 Interatom Multi-layer armour and radiation screening plate
DE3700200A1 (en) * 1986-01-07 1990-08-23 Harsco Corp MAGNETIZABLE CERAMIC TANK SYSTEM
US4877131A (en) * 1988-04-29 1989-10-31 Spiro Patros Firearm recovery bag
US5443917A (en) * 1991-05-24 1995-08-22 Gte Products Corporation Ceramic armor
US6641893B1 (en) 1997-03-14 2003-11-04 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Functionally-graded materials and the engineering of tribological resistance at surfaces
WO1998040326A1 (en) * 1997-03-14 1998-09-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Functionally-graded materials
EP0987511A3 (en) * 1998-09-14 2000-09-06 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus Bullet and splinter protection material/burglary protection material
DE102006056209A1 (en) * 2006-11-29 2008-06-05 Schott Ag Tank material and method for its production
US20080248707A1 (en) * 2006-11-29 2008-10-09 Schott Ag Armor material and method for producing it
DE102006056209B4 (en) * 2006-11-29 2009-09-10 Schott Ag Tank material and method for its production
US20110159760A1 (en) * 2006-11-29 2011-06-30 Schott Ag Armor material and method for producing it
DE102007025894A1 (en) * 2007-06-01 2008-12-04 Schott Ag Armour plating for a vehicle consists of composite glass-ceramic material with two crystalline components
DE102007025894B4 (en) * 2007-06-01 2009-08-20 Schott Ag Ceramic armor material
US20130331923A1 (en) * 2010-12-15 2013-12-12 Kurt J. Koester Particulate toughened ceramic feedthrough
US9289616B2 (en) * 2010-12-15 2016-03-22 Advanced Bionics Ag Particulate toughened ceramic feedthrough

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