US3741625A - Polarization-insensitive millimeter-wave directional coupler - Google Patents

Polarization-insensitive millimeter-wave directional coupler Download PDF

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Publication number
US3741625A
US3741625A US00154995A US3741625DA US3741625A US 3741625 A US3741625 A US 3741625A US 00154995 A US00154995 A US 00154995A US 3741625D A US3741625D A US 3741625DA US 3741625 A US3741625 A US 3741625A
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layers
wave
path
equal
dielectric
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US00154995A
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English (en)
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A Saleh
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/19—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port of the junction type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port

Definitions

  • This invention relates to energy dividing devices and in particular to quasi-optical directional couplers for use at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.
  • the above-mentioned and other objectives are achieved by employing three contiguous dielectric slabs or layers to form a quasi-optical directional coupler. More particularly, the thicknesses and dielectric constants of the slabs and the orientation of the coupler, with respect to an input wave path, are selected such that the transmitted portion of an incident wave having its electric field polarized in the plane of incidence, i.e., the plane defined by the normal to the surfaces of the layers and the input wave path, has a relative phase and amplitude equal to the relative phase andamplitude of the transmitted portion of an incident wave having its electric field polarized normal to the plane of incidence.
  • the dielectric slabs are substantially lossless, selection of the aforesaid parameters in the above-mentioned manner also results in the reflected portions of the two waves having equal relative phases and amplitudes.
  • any arbitrarily polarized incidentwave can be resolve into two component waves, one polarized in the plane of incidence and the other polarized normal thereto, it is readily apparent that the transmitted portions of all waves incident upon the coupler will have equal relative phases and amplitudes and, similarly, the reflected portions of all incident waves will likewise have equal relative phases and amplitudes.
  • the two outside dielectric layers of the coupler have equal thicknesses d and equal dielectric constants while the middle layer has different thickness d, and different dielectric constant 5,.
  • d, 11,, 12,, e are selected to satisfy predetermined relationships as is more fully disclosed in the equations appearing hereinafter.
  • FIGURE shows a three-layer dielectric coupler in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a directional coupler 11 in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • Coupler 11 comprises three contiguous dielectric layers 12,13 and 14. Outside layers 12 and 14 have equal dielectric constants c, and equal thicknesses d,.
  • Middle layer 13 on the other hand, has a different dielectric constant e, and a different thickness d,. All three layers, however, are assumed to be substantially lossless.
  • Coupler 11 is situated along an input wave path 15.
  • the couple is disposed at an angle 0, relative to the latter path, where 0, is the angle between the wave path 15 and the normal to surface 16 (the surface of incidence) of layer 12.
  • Wave energy directed along path 15 and incident upon surface 16 is coupled by coupler 11 along two output paths l7 and 18.
  • the latter path is at an angle 20, relative to path 15 while the former path is parallel thereto.
  • the angle 0 is assumed to be 45.
  • path 15 and path 18 are at right angles relative to one another.
  • two orthogonally polarized plane waves propagating in the plane of FIG. 1 are directed along wave path 15.
  • One of these waves has an electric field polarized parallel to the plane of incidence, the latter field being represented by the vector E
  • the other wave has its electric field polarized normal to the plane of incidence.
  • the field of this wave is represented by the vector E, which is depicted as indicated in FIG. 1.
  • Coupler l1 divides each wave into two separate waves, one of which is directed along path 17 and the other along path 18. Those waves directed along path 17 will be referred to as reflected waves while those directed along path 18 will be referred to as transmitted waves.
  • the reflected wave resulting from the E polarization is designated by the vector E in FIG. 1, while the transmitted wave is designated by vector B
  • both E and E are of the same polarization as their generating wave E
  • the reflected and transmitted waves resulting from the E polarization are represented by vectors 13,, and E respectively.
  • these waves are also polarized in the same direction as their generating wave.
  • R is the relative portion of an incident wave which is required to be coupled along path 18 and )to is the free space wavelength of the incident energy.
  • coupler 11 In the embodiment of FIG. 1, it was assumed that the waves incident upon coupler 11 were substantially plane waves and, thus, that coupler 11 was substantially unbounded. However, it should be noted that the principles of the present invention apply equally as well to situations where coupler 11 is bounded as, for example, where it is disposed within a wave guide junction. In such cases, however, the equations derived for the thicknesses and the dielectric constants of the coupler layers would haveto be modified to the degree that guided wave deviates from the plane wave condition.
  • a directional coupler disposed along an input wave path for transmitting and reflecting portions of an incident wave having a wavelength in the millimeter to submillimeter wavelength range propagating therealong comprising:
  • first, second and third contiguous layers each of said layers having dielectric properties and being substantially lossless over said range;
  • said first, second and third layers having dielectric constants and thicknesses such that equal relative portions of said incident wave are transmitted through said layers for all polarizations of said incident wave and such that equal relative portions of said incident wave are reflected by said layers for all polarizations of said incident wave.
  • 0 is the angle between said input path and the normal to surfaces of said layers
  • A0 is the free space wave length of said incident wave
  • k is an odd integer
  • R is the relative portion of the incident wave which is reflected.
  • Apparatus comprising, in combination:
  • 5 6 means for transmitting an electromagnetic wave havsubstantially lossless over said range, said first ing an arbitrary polarization and a wavelength in d thi d l h vi equal thi k d dithe millimeter to submillimeter wavelength range l i cnnstants, and said second layer having along fi'fPP P a thickness and dielectric constant that are difmeans for dividing said transmitted wave into a first 5 ferem from the corresponding parameters of said wave which is directed along said first output path and a second wave which is directed along said sec- 0nd output path, angle and said dielectric constant of said first and said dividing means being disposed along said input third layers, said functions being those for which path at an angle thereto and comprising; 10 said first and second waves have the same polarfirst, second and third contiguous layers, each of ilation 8 a d an itted Wa e.
  • said layers having dielectric properties and being first and third layers by functions related to said

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US00154995A 1971-06-21 1971-06-21 Polarization-insensitive millimeter-wave directional coupler Expired - Lifetime US3741625A (en)

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US15499571A 1971-06-21 1971-06-21

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US (1) US3741625A (https=)
BE (1) BE785084A (https=)
CA (1) CA930040A (https=)
DE (1) DE2229669A1 (https=)
FR (1) FR2143067A1 (https=)
GB (1) GB1400071A (https=)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4034315A (en) * 1975-03-08 1977-07-05 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-G.M.B.H. Waveguide directional coupler
US4662722A (en) * 1985-05-23 1987-05-05 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. Polarization insensitive mirror
DE4218642A1 (de) * 1991-06-10 1992-12-17 Alps Electric Co Ltd Lichtteiler und lichtempfangende optische vorrichtung mit einem lichtteiler
US5304960A (en) * 1993-04-01 1994-04-19 Satyendranath Das Ferroelectric total internal reflection RF switch
US5400179A (en) * 1992-02-18 1995-03-21 Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Optical multilayer thin film and beam splitter
US5644428A (en) * 1993-03-03 1997-07-01 International Business Machines Corporation Continuously variable beam splitter
US5699187A (en) * 1992-06-19 1997-12-16 Fujitsu Limited Optical coupler
US6847486B2 (en) * 2001-12-14 2005-01-25 Agilent Technologies, Inc Low-PDL beam splitter

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5063391A (en) * 1989-06-06 1991-11-05 The Trustees Of The University Of Penn. Method of measuring chiral parameters of a chiral material
JPH05298923A (ja) * 1991-04-19 1993-11-12 Murata Mfg Co Ltd 誘電体磁器およびそれを用いた電子部品

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2788440A (en) * 1953-02-06 1957-04-09 Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co Hybrid arrangements for use on micro radio waves
US3156825A (en) * 1953-05-04 1964-11-10 Lines Albert Walter Radio optical apparatus
US3436143A (en) * 1965-11-30 1969-04-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Grid type magic tee
US3559090A (en) * 1968-10-08 1971-01-26 Bausch & Lomb Polarization free beam divider
US3579148A (en) * 1969-04-10 1971-05-18 Gen Electric Directional coupler for oversize circular waveguides

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2788440A (en) * 1953-02-06 1957-04-09 Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co Hybrid arrangements for use on micro radio waves
US3156825A (en) * 1953-05-04 1964-11-10 Lines Albert Walter Radio optical apparatus
US3436143A (en) * 1965-11-30 1969-04-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Grid type magic tee
US3559090A (en) * 1968-10-08 1971-01-26 Bausch & Lomb Polarization free beam divider
US3579148A (en) * 1969-04-10 1971-05-18 Gen Electric Directional coupler for oversize circular waveguides

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Otto, Rechnungen zueinem optischen Polarisator nachdem Prinzip der verhinderten Totalreflexion Optik Vol. 29, No. 3 (1969) pp. 246 259. *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4034315A (en) * 1975-03-08 1977-07-05 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-G.M.B.H. Waveguide directional coupler
US4662722A (en) * 1985-05-23 1987-05-05 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. Polarization insensitive mirror
DE4218642A1 (de) * 1991-06-10 1992-12-17 Alps Electric Co Ltd Lichtteiler und lichtempfangende optische vorrichtung mit einem lichtteiler
US5400179A (en) * 1992-02-18 1995-03-21 Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Optical multilayer thin film and beam splitter
US5579159A (en) * 1992-02-18 1996-11-26 Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Optical multilayer thin film and beam splitter
US5699187A (en) * 1992-06-19 1997-12-16 Fujitsu Limited Optical coupler
US5644428A (en) * 1993-03-03 1997-07-01 International Business Machines Corporation Continuously variable beam splitter
US5304960A (en) * 1993-04-01 1994-04-19 Satyendranath Das Ferroelectric total internal reflection RF switch
US6847486B2 (en) * 2001-12-14 2005-01-25 Agilent Technologies, Inc Low-PDL beam splitter

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Publication number Publication date
BE785084A (fr) 1972-10-16
DE2229669A1 (de) 1972-12-28
FR2143067A1 (https=) 1973-02-02
CA930040A (en) 1973-07-10
GB1400071A (en) 1975-07-16

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