US3736754A - Reservoirs for the storage of liquids especially volatile liquids - Google Patents

Reservoirs for the storage of liquids especially volatile liquids Download PDF

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US3736754A
US3736754A US00133931A US3736754DA US3736754A US 3736754 A US3736754 A US 3736754A US 00133931 A US00133931 A US 00133931A US 3736754D A US3736754D A US 3736754DA US 3736754 A US3736754 A US 3736754A
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layer
cavity
roof
sheet
storage reservoir
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US00133931A
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English (en)
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J Azalbert
A Giraud
R Marquaire
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CO FRA DES PETROLES
CO FRA DES PETROLES FR
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CO FRA DES PETROLES
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H15/00—Tents or canopies, in general
    • E04H15/20—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure
    • E04H15/22—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure supported by air pressure inside the tent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D88/00—Large containers
    • B65D88/76—Large containers for use underground
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Primary Examiner-Jacob Shapiro Assistant Examiner-Alexander Grosz Attorney-Sughrue, Rothwell, Mion, Zinn & Macpeak [57] ABSTRACT This invention pertains to a reservoir with a very large capacity, in excess of 200,000 tons, for the storage of petroleum products.
  • a cavity, natural or artificial, is covered with a sheet 16 consisting of waterproof material that is also impermeable to petroleum products.
  • the edges of sheets 12 and 16 are anchored in the concrete ring 6 which is poured above the talus.
  • the upper portion of the roof 4 is also connected to ring 6.
  • the roof is inflated by fans which blow air between the envelope 4 and the sheet 12. Cable 5 reinforces the roof, a ditch 11 moves the runoff waters along.
  • a central collector 15 catches the infiltration water.
  • This invention relates to a device for the storage of liquids and especially volatile liquids or liquids that have not yet been completely degassed, such as hydrocarbons and petroleum products.
  • tanks commonly called floating-roof tanks, in which the surface of the stored, vapor-emitting liquid is protected from the surrounding environment by a floating screen whose edges are connected to the inside walls of the tank by a sheet of flexible, gas-impermeable material.
  • the surface of the sheet is sufficient to permit more or less large variations in the level of the stored liquid while still guaranteeing complete separation of the liquid and of the tank capacity above the separation level.
  • the walls of the tank consist of sheet metal.
  • the main purpose of this invention is a storage tank for volatile liquid products, especially petroleum products, characterized by the fact that it involves the following: (a) A roof made up of at least one relatively gas impermeable sheet in contact with the surface of the stored liquid and an upper water-impermeable envelope, (b) A lower envelope that is impermeable to water and to the hydrocarbons in contact with the walls of a natural or manmade cavity, said envelope being connected along its edges to the edges of said relatively impermeable sheet; (c) A first anchoring ring attaching the edges of the lower envelope and the sheet to the edges of the natural or manmade cavity; (d) A second anchoring ring, outside the first one, for the attachment of the edges of said upper envelope and; (e) A series of fans which inject a flow of air between the upper envelope and the sheet for inflating the envelope and applying the sheet against the stored liquid, the level of said first ring being above the water flowoff surface and the inflated envelope including at least one opening arranged opposite the air
  • the inflated roof makes it possible, by virtue of the overpressure, created between the upper envelope of the roof and the floating sheet, in contact with the liquid surface, to obtain a uniform composition of the crude petroleum product, which so far could be obtained only by determining the weight of the metallic floating roofs, a solution which is impossible when we must build cheap but very large-capacity tanks.
  • the combination thus achieved involves the creation of a protective shell consisting of the permanent air flow above the sheet, which makes it possible to maintain excellent isothermal protection through the introduction of a cold or hot air flow, as may be required.
  • this combination makes it possible to prevent any risk of gas accumulation which would in turn involve the risk of creating an explosive mixture between the upper envelope and the floating sheet.
  • Another object of the invention is a reservoir with a capacity greater than 200,000 tons in which the portion of the roof, constituted by the sheet in contact with the stored liquid, is supported by a series of floats, distributed over the surface of the liquid.
  • this arrangement enables us to obtain a sufficiently large air volume so that, regardless of the escape from the floating level and consequently the degassing speed of the stored petroleum liquid, the concentration of the mixture of air and combustible vapors will never attain a harmful value.
  • the importance of this special feature of the invention is that it avoids, si-
  • the air flow is thus made up primarily of a current that sweeps from one end of the air mass to the other, that is, the air mass between the floating sheet and the upper portion of the roof, as well as by series of more or less diffuse and lowintensity branches.
  • Another object of the invention is a tank of the type described with a trapezoidal cross section whose floating roof portion is made up of a relatively gas-proof sheet which is impermeable to hydrocarbons and to other petroleum products resting on an assembly of floats distributed in alignment parallel to their length, itself parallel to the larger dimension of the tank, and in transverse rows, said sheet being attached to each of the floats situated perpendicularly with respect to the lateral walls of the tanks, a pair of cables with length equal to the length of the inclined side of the transverse cross section being anchored on the ring that externally borders on the line connecting the sheet to the external envelope of the walls of the tank, said cables connecting the ends of said floats belonging to one and the same transverse row, so that, when the tank empties, the pair of cables alone supports the float adjacent to the ring and the weight of the adjoining portion of the sheet, then the weight of the second float and of the part of the sheet corresponding to it, and so forth and so on, while the central portion of the sheet, still rest
  • the interval between the floats situated perpendicularly with respect to the horizontal portion of the bottom of the tank may be obtained by simple light and rigid elements, which may be hollowfor example, also serving as support for the sheet. Only the portions of the sheet near the edge of the tank may present folds, but this does not entail any inconvenience because the sheet constantly assures the separation of the air from the liquid and cannot suffer any damage when the liquid level drops, as we have just explained.
  • Another object of the invention is a tank where the inflated envelope of the roof is reinforced by a series of transverse and taut cables, anchored in the ground at each of their ends, each of them being connected to the envelope at least three points with the help of attachments.
  • the capacity of the existing tanks can be increased considerably, up to and beyond one million tons, since resistance to wind becomes sufficient to prevent any exaggerated deformation or to prevent the inflated roof from being ripped off. Furthermore, under the combined action of cable tension and overpressure prevailing between the floating part of the roof and the upper envelope, grooves are formed outside the envelope facilitating the flowoff of rain water.
  • Another object of the invention is a tank in which said first and second rings are part of one and the same cast-concrete slab at the summit of the natural talus, obtained during the digging of the excavation whose walls, along with those of the talus, constitute the cavity against which rests said lower envelope, said slab involving, outside the second anchoring ring, a groove for channeling the runoff water and, internally, a second groove constituting said first anchoring ring, the second ring being made up of standby irons, ready for the anchoring of said upper envelope.
  • Another object of the invention is a tank of this type, where the outside surface of the lower envelope is provided with a waterproof coating and where the terrain surrounding said walls is provided with water drainage pipes, the inside surface of the envelope being covered with a sheet of PVC or polyamide, commercially known under the name of Rilsan, or nitrile rubber, the edge of said sheet, which is impermeable to the petroleum products, being connected with the edge of the floating roof, the assembly of the superposed edges of the sheet and of the floating roof being embedded in the upper portion of the wall of the tank cavity.
  • Another object of the invention consists in a tank of this type where the sheet, which is impermeable to the hydrocarbons, is made from the superposition of two sheets, one thin layer of sand, with a thickness of between 5 and 50 cm, resting over the entire inside surface of the sheet applied to the bottom of the tank.
  • This arrangement offers the advantage of making possible the detection of any escape of liquid in [into] the upper portion of the sheet, because the liquid infiltrates through the sand until it gets to a detection instrument.
  • Another object of the invention is a tank of the above-mentioned type, where the lower envelope, impermeable to water and to hydrocarbons, is made up of a compacted clay layer, resting on the walls of the cavity, said layer being mixed with any fungicidal product and keeping away burrowing animals, such as Borax, with a sheet impermeable to the petroleum products resting on said layer.
  • Another object of the invention is a tank of the above-mentioned type where the waterproof envelope is made up of a first sheet of polyamide known under the name of Rilsan, whose one face rests directly on the surface of the ground and whose opposite face is in contact with a sheet impermeable to hydrocarbon.
  • FIG. 1 is a lateral elevation view of a tank, taken here by way of example, and in accordance with invention
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of this tank
  • FIG. 3 is a view of the cross section made along the line III-III of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a detail of the cross section view IV-IV in FIG. 2, showing the connection of the roof to the concrete slab surrounding the reservoir in a longitudinal cross section of the reservoir;
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the portion of cross section V-V in FIG. 1, showing the connection of the inflated roof;
  • FIG. 6 is a variation of the manner of connection shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a side view of the tank after the roof has been pulled off.
  • FIG. 8 is a partial transverse cross section of a second manner of making the tank.
  • the broken line 2 shows the longitudinal outline of the bottom of the reservoir and line 3 (FIG. 2) shows the outline of the excavation.
  • the external roof has the shape of an inflated tank 4 (FIG. 1) reinforced by cables, such as 5, attached to a concrete slab 6, forming a ring around the tank.
  • the lines 10 are the connection of the extremities of elements serving for the fabrication of the roof.
  • FIG. 3 The cut along III-III in FIG. 1, is shown in FIG. 3 and shows the inflated roof 4 as well as one of the reinforcing cables 5 which, in the example chosen, is inside the enclosure.
  • the internal roof or the floating roof 12 is supported by lines of floats 13.
  • the floats 13 of one and the same transverse row are connected by cables, such as 42, so that two consecutive floats cannot, at any moment, move away from each other beyond a given length which itself is less than the length of the sheet portion 12 connecting two consecutive floats.
  • Cables 42 are anchored on the internal circumference of the concrete ring 6 in the proximity of the connection point of sheet 12. The length of each cable 42 is equal to the perimeter of the section of the tank so that, when the liquid level drops, the first lines of floats near the lateral walls will begin to rest on the lateral walls without any traction effort being exerted on the sheet, with the exception of a slight traction from the weight of the portion of the sheet extending between the first float and its point of connection to ring 6.
  • each cable 42 can be replaced by two cables whose lengths are equal to the small side of the cross section of the reservoir.
  • each cable connecting one of the ends of said floats may be kept away from each other with the help of rigid and light elements, for example, hollow pipes, on which rests the central portion of the sheet.
  • drainage pipes 14 connected to the central collector 15.
  • a sheet 16 resting on the clay layer 17, assures-the liquid tightness with respect to the ground.
  • This sheet may be a layer of PVC or a sheet of chlorosulfo polyethylene.
  • the upper envelope of the roof 4 consists of a synthetic screen having good dimensional stability and good rupture resistance, such as the polyamide known under the name of Nylon or the polyester known under the name of Tergal, and is coated by a plastic or elastic material, such as PVC or a chlorosulfo polyethylene, such as the one known under the name of Hypalon.
  • connection 10 In view of the vast dimensions of the roof 4, it is assembled by elements whose connections 10 (FIG. 1) are accomplished by gluing, welding, or any other suitable means.
  • FIG. 4 One way of connecting the roof 4 to the concrete slab 6 can be seen in FIG. 4.
  • the sheet metal 43 is sealed in the slab.
  • the roof 4 is inserted between a junction plate 18 and a junction 19, carried by sheet metal 43. Tightening is provided by a bolt 20 passing through eyelet 21.
  • FIG. 5 shows details of a similar method of entering which we can use when we already have an existing cavity.
  • a concrete slab 6 reinforced by reinforced-concrete ribs 6a, using as anchoring masses. This slab also receives the attachment devices 18-20 of the tank.
  • a channel 11 is provided for the flow of the water and a second channel 38 serves to guarantee the tightness of the various sheets 35, 37 and 41 whose role will be explained later. Tightness is assured by introducing these sheets against the walls of the ditch and by packing in here a filling, as shown at 39.
  • FIG. 6 shows the details of the anchoring arrangement when the excavated material obtained during the digging of the reservoir is accumulated on the edges in order to increase the capacity of the reservoir.
  • the channel 11 serves for the flow of rainwater and channel 26 serves to assure the tightness of sheets 4 and 47.
  • sheet 46 is an inexpensive sheet such as a simple sheet of PVC with a polyester weft, offering only those mechanical qualities which will be sufficient to prevent the sheet from becoming deformed under a weight of 2 t/m and mediocre tightness qualities with respect to the vapors coming from the petroleum products.
  • the sheet 47 is a complex sheet whose base resting on the ground offers excellent qualities of resistance to perforation and to traction.
  • This face may also be made of PVC or of a chlorosulfo polyethylene, such as it is known under the name of I-Iypalon.
  • the inside face of the sheet furthermore presents excellent characteristics of chemical resistance and is perfectly tight with respect to hydrocarbons.
  • FIG. 7 the side view of the tank whose roof has been retracted and, in FIG. 8, we have an enlarged cross section of the wall of a tank with a triangular transvere cross section.
  • FIG. 7 between lines 31 and 32, we have shown a portion of the bottom of the tank 33 with a trapezoidal cross section.
  • the slopes 34 are the natural slopes obtained during terracing and after compacting of the soil.
  • Above this surface which may have been drained and completed by a cover of clay with a thickness of -30 cm, shown at 48 in FIG. 8, and possibly a fine layer of sand 49, we arranged a first sheet 35.
  • This sheet may be made up by the assembly by means of welding or gluing of sheets of plastic or elastic materials, such as PVC or a chlorosulfo polyethylene, such as the one known under the name of Hypalon.
  • FIG. 7 we possibly arrange a .thin layer of sand 36 whose thickness may vary be tween 5 and 40 cm and which we cover with a second layer 37 in direct contact with the products stored.
  • This sheet whose characteristics may be similar to those of sheet 47 in FIG. 6, is made by the assembly, by means of welding or gluing, of sheets of plastic or elastic materials, such as PVC and possibly of the same kind as sheet 35 when we selected a PVC for it.
  • the liquid stored, shown at 40, is introduced between the sheet 37 and a sheet 41 which may be of the same kind as sheet 37, provided the latter has a certain dimensional stability.
  • This sheet rests partly on the lines of floats l3 represented in FIG. 3.
  • the end of the sheet 41 is retained, as sheets 35 and 37, by the packed filling shown at 39, FIG. 5.
  • the liquid is introduced through a pipeline which we put in any suitable place.
  • One particularly simple way of building the tank consists in improving a natural cavity or creating an aritificial cavity, forming a straight and regular trench whose cross section may be any form whatsoever, compacting the earth constituting the bottom, the walls, and the banks of the reservoir, surrounding the cavity with a ditch, pouring a concrete slab surrounding said ditch be sealing into it the means for the attachment of a joint and means of anchoring for the placement of the cables, applying on the land delimiting the cavity a layer of clay, laying down the lower sheet and then the layer of sand and then the two other sheets, making the passages necessary for the inlet and outlet conduits for the liquid, as well as passages for the apparatus used in detecting escape of liquid into the sand.
  • the small openings 9, FIGS. 1 and 2 enable us constantly to renew the air, which is more or less charged with vapors, by possibly filtering through the sheet 41. In this way we prevent the creation of any explosive mixture.
  • a storage reservoir for storing volatile liguids formed from a natural or man-made cavity comprising:
  • a floating roof positioned over and in contact with the surface of the stored liquid
  • a series of fans for injecting an air flow between said floating and inflatable roofs to inflate said inflatable roof, force said floating roof into contact with the stored liquid and aid in the evacuation of collected gases through said at least one opening.
  • the storage reservoir of claim 1 further including a water and gas impermeable layer lining said cavity, a first anchoring ring formed around the circumference of said cavity and a second anchoring ring positioned outside said first anchoring ring with respect to the cavity for anchoring said inflatable roof.
  • the storage reservoir of claim 2 further including floats distributed over the surface of the liquid for supporting said floating roof on the surface of the liquid.
  • said floating proof is comprised of material substantially gas tight and impermeable to hydrocarbons, said floats being placed in a series of rows parallel to the width of the cavity, further including at least one cable per row of floats interconnecting the floats in each row, said cables being coupled to said cavity by said first anchoring ring, said cables being of a length such that the length of cable coupled to a row of floats at least equals the sum of the lengths of the sides of the cavity to which the cables are coupled and its base, the interval of cables between consecutive floats being less than the lengths of the corresponding parts of the floating roof included between their points of attachment to two consecutive floats.
  • the storage reservoir of claim 4 wherein said cavity has sloped walls, said first and second anchoring rings being formed in a single concrete slab formed at the summit of the sloping walls, said first anchoring ring being comprised of a first channel surrounding said cavity said slab further including a second channel for channeling runoff waters from said inflatable roof.
  • the storage reservoir of claim 4 further including anchor plates for anchoring said series of cables for reinforcing said inflatable roof said anchor plates being arranged at ground level and covered by excavated earth removed from the earth to form the cavity.
  • said inflatable roof comprises a plurality of joined sections of flexable material, each of said sections being supported by a reinforcing cable anchored in the ground at each end.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Tents Or Canopies (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
US00133931A 1970-04-14 1971-04-14 Reservoirs for the storage of liquids especially volatile liquids Expired - Lifetime US3736754A (en)

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JP (1) JPS5238248B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
AT (1) AT313798B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
BE (1) BE765289A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DE (1) DE2116954C2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
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US3874175A (en) * 1972-09-05 1975-04-01 Environetics Inc Apparatus for containing waste materials
US3933628A (en) * 1974-07-10 1976-01-20 Bio-Gas Of Colorado, Inc. Method and apparatus for the anaerobic digestion of decomposable organic materials
US3940940A (en) * 1972-08-12 1976-03-02 The British Petroleum Company Limited Protection method
US3990248A (en) * 1974-02-27 1976-11-09 Wp-System Ab Installation for the storage of gas, especially natural gas
US4051638A (en) * 1976-08-05 1977-10-04 Heintz Robert J Removable enclosure for a swimming pool or the like
US4217739A (en) * 1978-04-06 1980-08-19 Granger Jim G Jr Grain storage bin and method of making and using the same
US4257199A (en) * 1979-05-31 1981-03-24 Kazuo Kuboyama Stadium cover
EP0034023A1 (en) * 1980-02-06 1981-08-19 Vladimir Furman Pool for the storage of fluids
US4358221A (en) * 1981-01-19 1982-11-09 Wickberg Norman E System for pollution control
US4430021A (en) 1981-11-23 1984-02-07 Ecological Professional Industries, Inc. Secure chemical waste landfill
WO1984001358A1 (en) * 1982-10-05 1984-04-12 Cervia Ressi Arturo L Method and apparatus for impounding fluids
US4451173A (en) * 1981-08-13 1984-05-29 British Nuclear Fuels Limited Storage pond
US4543016A (en) * 1983-11-14 1985-09-24 Tallard Gilbert R Underground leachate barrier and method of making same
US4618284A (en) * 1984-05-24 1986-10-21 Marks Alvin M Device and method for the reclamation of polluted land areas
US4625680A (en) * 1983-07-27 1986-12-02 Hogan Lawrence J Water conservation means
US4682492A (en) * 1985-07-08 1987-07-28 Green Marion C Means and method for detecting leaks in tanks
WO1991013012A1 (en) * 1990-02-20 1991-09-05 Brothers Gary S Fluid storage system and methods of installation
US5080528A (en) * 1981-04-09 1992-01-14 Finic, B.V. Method and apparatus for impounding fluids
EP1338570A1 (fr) * 2002-02-21 2003-08-27 Epur S.A. Cuve en matière plastique pour station d'épuration d'eau modulalire, empilable et ancrable
ES2346119A1 (es) * 2007-10-26 2010-10-08 Pedro Garcia Salinas Gran terminal del atlantico canario para petroleros.
US20140013676A1 (en) * 2011-03-29 2014-01-16 Terre Armee Internationale Enclosure structure and associated methods for assembling and disassembling same
US8702345B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2014-04-22 Allen Leroy Stein Modular, dynamically sized and shaped, industrial-liquid-containment system and methods of use
US20150016889A1 (en) * 2013-07-10 2015-01-15 Barak Yekutiely Floating anchor curb system
US10422096B2 (en) * 2014-07-31 2019-09-24 Carpi Tech B.V. Method, waterproof liner and waterproof panels for installation in basins and canals
US10707802B1 (en) * 2017-03-13 2020-07-07 AquaEnergy, LLC Pressurized pumped hydro storage system
US11916508B1 (en) * 2017-03-13 2024-02-27 Aquaenergy Llc Underground pumped hydro storage

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FR2607543B1 (fr) * 1986-12-02 1991-11-15 Valorga Sa Procede de realisation d'un reservoir et reservoir ainsi obtenu
FR2649385B1 (fr) * 1989-07-05 1991-09-27 Allaman Ets Moyens d'arrimage d'une citerne sur un radier en beton

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US3052380A (en) * 1960-02-06 1962-09-04 Prins Theodorus Device for storing liquids, more particularly oil
US3096902A (en) * 1961-03-20 1963-07-09 Continental Oil Co Storage installation
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US3215153A (en) * 1963-06-10 1965-11-02 Carl F Huddle Architectural structure
US3330118A (en) * 1964-01-22 1967-07-11 Service Nat Dit Gaz De France Sunken tank with floating cover for liquid gas storage
US3326011A (en) * 1965-10-21 1967-06-20 Cryogenic Entpr Ltd Cryogenic storage facility
US3448586A (en) * 1966-07-15 1969-06-10 Phillips Petroleum Co Protected buried material and method of protecting same
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Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT313798B (de) 1974-03-11
NL166090B (nl) 1981-01-15
ES390118A1 (es) 1974-04-16
GB1314134A (en) 1973-04-18
NL7104816A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1971-10-18
JPS5238248B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1977-09-28
FR2086924A5 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1971-12-31
DE2116954A1 (de) 1971-11-04
NL166090C (nl) 1981-06-15
BE765289A (fr) 1971-08-30
DE2116954C2 (de) 1982-06-16

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