US3674389A - Apparatus for production of metal strip from metal powder - Google Patents

Apparatus for production of metal strip from metal powder Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3674389A
US3674389A US58586A US3674389DA US3674389A US 3674389 A US3674389 A US 3674389A US 58586 A US58586 A US 58586A US 3674389D A US3674389D A US 3674389DA US 3674389 A US3674389 A US 3674389A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
powder
hopper
weir
edge
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US58586A
Inventor
George Mchardy Sturgeon
George Jackson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
British Iron and Steel Research Association BISRA
Original Assignee
British Iron and Steel Research Association BISRA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by British Iron and Steel Research Association BISRA filed Critical British Iron and Steel Research Association BISRA
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3674389A publication Critical patent/US3674389A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/18—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by using pressure rollers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S425/00—Plastic article or earthenware shaping or treating: apparatus
    • Y10S425/02—Fluidized bed

Definitions

  • This invention relates to apparatus for the production of metal strip by the compaction of metal powder.
  • Metal powders can be formed into strip material by supplying the powder to the nip of compacting rolls where the powder is subjected to sufiicient pressure to form a self-supporting strip (commonly termed green strip) and subsequently heating the strip to sinterthe metal 3,674,389 Patented July 4, 1972 powder is supplied to the hopper from a fluidised bed of the powder, the powder flowing from the top of the fluidised bed over the weir which lies above the nip.
  • a self-supporting strip commonly termed green strip
  • the invention compensates for the leakage of powder which normally occurs at the ends of the rolls, and that strip of substantially uniform mass per unit area across the width of the strip can now be produced.
  • the upper edge of the weir over which the powder flows may be straight, i.e. parallel to the nip, in which case there will be a uniform flow of powder over the edge per unit length of the edge. More preferably, however, the upper edge of the weir is bowed in a vertical plane so that each end of the edge is below the middle portion of the edge. With this arrangement, the flow of powder over the edge is greatest at the ends and least in particles.
  • the sintered metal strip may be subjected to mechanical and/ or thermal treatment to modify and, in particular, to improve its mechanical properties.
  • hot metal powder may be supplied to the roll nip so that thermal treatment occurs simultaneously with compaction.
  • One method is to maintain a heap of powder above the nip of the compacting rolls (the powder flowing into the roll nip assisted by the rotation of the rolls) by means of a hopper which may be defined by two longitudinal walls lying parallel to the axis of the rolls, the lower edges of which bear against the curved surface of the rolls, and two end walls lying transverse to the axis of the rolls, the lower ends of which bear against the ends of the rolls.
  • the powder is generally supplied to the hopper by a mechanical conveyor or pneumatically.
  • the object of the invention is to simplify the provision of an even supply of powder to the roll nip.
  • an apparatus for use in the production of metal strip from metal powder including compacting rolls, a hopper for directing powder to the nip between the rolls, characterised in that container for a fluidised bed of powder is provided with a weir disposed above the hopper arranged so that powder flows over the weir directly into the hopper.
  • the present invention also comprises means for fluidising the powder in the overlying container so that metal the middle and, consequently, the rate of supply of powder to the ends of the roll nip is greater than to the middle portion of the nip. In this way, leakage of the powder at the ends of the rolls is compensated by a greater powder supply rate.
  • the weir preferably forms one side of the fluidised bed container.
  • the height of the weir may be adjustable in relation to the top of the fluidised bed to permit controlled variations of the rate of powder supply to the hopper.
  • Powder may be supplied to the fluidised bed by any suitable means, for example by means of a conveyor or by pneumatic means.
  • the powder supplied to the fluidised bed quickly becomes evenly distributed therethrough and, consequently, the rate of flow of powder from the bed over the weir into the hopper can be easily controlled.
  • the overall rate of discharge of the powder into the hopper is controlled by the rate at which powder is fed into the fluid bed.
  • the rate of supply of fluidising gas to the fluidised bed is not critical as long as it is suflicient to maintain the metal powder fluidised.
  • a gas velocity of about I ft./sec. through the bed is suitable.
  • means are provided for forming a layer of pressurised gas on the inside of the hopper end walls (i.e. walls transverse to the rolls).
  • a layer of pressurised gas is formed on the inside of the hopper end walls, the friction between the end walls and the powder in the hopper can be reduced.
  • FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of apparatus according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the container
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-section of the hopper in relation to the compacting rolls
  • FIG. 4 is a section on the line IV-IV of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 is an elevation of the container showing a preferred form of weir.
  • the apparatus comprises a pair of horizontally disposed, parallel, compacting rolls 10 and 11 which are driven by means (not shown) in the directions indicated by the arrows.
  • a hopper 12 made up of two longitudinal walls 13, 14 the lower edges of which bear against the curved surfaces of the rolls, 10, 11 respectively and two end walls, 15, 16 (the end wall 15 being broken away in FIG. 1), the lower ends of 3).
  • a container 17 for a fluidised bed of metal powder Positioned above the hopper 12'is a container 17 for a fluidised bed of metal powder.
  • One side, 19, of the container 17 is positioned vertically above and parallel to the nip formed between the rolls 10 and 11 and extends over the length of the nip.
  • This side 19 forms a weir with weir edge 24 over which the fluidised metal powder can flow and fall into the hopper.
  • the length of the weir should be at least equal to the width of metal strip to be produced.
  • Powder is supplied to the container by means of a conveyor 23 or other suitable means.
  • the bottom of the container is provided with an inlet 18 for gas to maintain the bed in a fluidised condition.
  • the porous plate may be made of metal or suitable ceramic material.
  • the fluidising gas may be air, or a reducing or inert gas in cases where hot powder is being processed.
  • the rate of gas flow through the porous plate 20 is adjusted, in relation to the characteristics of the metal powder, so that the top of the fluidised bed is located just above the top of the weir 19.
  • Other known fiuidising arrangements may be used.
  • the end wall 16 of the hopper (the end wall 15 being exactly similar) comprises a central portion 22 formed of a porous or foraminons material.
  • a layer of pressurised gas is formed on the inside of the end wall and this Will reduce the friction between the powder and the end walls of the hopper thus permitting a more even flow of powder.
  • no powder is shown in this diagram.
  • FIG. 4 shows the arrangement for supplying gas to the porous part 22 of the end wall 16. Gas is supplied under pressure to the gas-tight jacket 25 via the gas inlet 26.
  • FIG. shows that the upper edge 24 of the weir is bowed in a vertical plane so that each end of the edge is below the middle portion of the edge. This permits more powder to flow over the ends of the weir edge than at the middle portion of the edge for a given powder supply rate, thus compensating for the loss of powder at the ends of the rolls.
  • the metal powder is continuously supplied to the container by the conveyor, the powder then flowing over the weir into the hopper to be subsequently compacted between the compacting rolls.
  • the powder compacting apparatus of the invention can be used in the compaction of cold powder to form a green strip and also in the compaction of hot powder.
  • the fluidising gas will be hot and will serve to maintain the powder at a suitable high temperature immediately prior to its compaction.
  • the improvement-which comprises a container for a fluidised bed of powder provided with a weir disposed above the hopper the weir being arranged so that powder flows over the weir directly into the hopper.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which means are provided for forming a layer of pressurized gas on the inside of the hopper end walls.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

IN APPARATUS FOR THE ROLL COMPACTION OF METAL POWDER TO FORM METAL STRIP INCLUDING COMPACTING ROLLS AND A HOPPER FOR SUPPLYING THE POWDER TO THE ROLL NIP, THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWDER ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE ROLL NIP IS CONTROLLED BY THE PROVISION OF A WEIR FORMING PART OF A CONTAINER SITUATED ABOVE THE HOPPER AND ARRANGED SO THAT POWDER FLOWS OVER THE WEIR DIRECTLY INTO THE HOPPER. BY SHAPING THE WEIR EDGE SO THAT EACH END OF THE EDGE IS BELOW THE MIDDLE PORTION OF THE EDGE, A STRIP CAN BE PRODUCED WITH IMPROVED UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA ACROSS THE STRIP WIDTH.

Description

y 4, 1972 G. M HARDY STURGEON ET AL 3,674,389
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTION OF METAL STRIP FROM METAL POWDER Filed July 2'7, 1970 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 N VE N TORS (ma/em Mc/lmeay STuM-EM 6509 5 Jicksa/v dam W H TTORNE Y5 y 4, 1972 G. M HARDY STURGEON ET L 3,674,389
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTION OF METAL STRIP FROM METAL POWDER Filed July 27, 1970 2 Sheets-Shoot B N VE N TOE 5 Gmvez M0 Ham Y STI/EGEON 65mm: JZMKSON HTTORNEYS United States Patent US. Cl. 425-79 8 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE In apparatus for the roll compaction of metal powder to form metal strip including compacting rolls and a hopper for supplying the powder to the roll nip, the distribution of powder along the length of the roll nip is controlled by the provision of a weir forming part of a container situated above the hopper and arranged so that powder flows over the weir directly into the hopper. By shaping the Weir edge so that each end of the edge is below the middle portion of the edge, a strip can be produced with improved uniformity of weight per unit area across the strip width.
This invention relates to apparatus for the production of metal strip by the compaction of metal powder.
Metal powders can be formed into strip material by supplying the powder to the nip of compacting rolls where the powder is subjected to sufiicient pressure to form a self-supporting strip (commonly termed green strip) and subsequently heating the strip to sinterthe metal 3,674,389 Patented July 4, 1972 powder is supplied to the hopper from a fluidised bed of the powder, the powder flowing from the top of the fluidised bed over the weir which lies above the nip.
We have found that the invention compensates for the leakage of powder which normally occurs at the ends of the rolls, and that strip of substantially uniform mass per unit area across the width of the strip can now be produced.
The upper edge of the weir over which the powder flows, may be straight, i.e. parallel to the nip, in which case there will be a uniform flow of powder over the edge per unit length of the edge. More preferably, however, the upper edge of the weir is bowed in a vertical plane so that each end of the edge is below the middle portion of the edge. With this arrangement, the flow of powder over the edge is greatest at the ends and least in particles. Thereafter the sintered metal strip may be subjected to mechanical and/ or thermal treatment to modify and, in particular, to improve its mechanical properties. Alternatively, hot metal powder may be supplied to the roll nip so that thermal treatment occurs simultaneously with compaction.
In carrying out these processes, several methods can be used to meter the powder into the roll nip. One method is to maintain a heap of powder above the nip of the compacting rolls (the powder flowing into the roll nip assisted by the rotation of the rolls) by means of a hopper which may be defined by two longitudinal walls lying parallel to the axis of the rolls, the lower edges of which bear against the curved surface of the rolls, and two end walls lying transverse to the axis of the rolls, the lower ends of which bear against the ends of the rolls. The powder is generally supplied to the hopper by a mechanical conveyor or pneumatically.
The object of the invention is to simplify the provision of an even supply of powder to the roll nip.
According to one aspect of the present invention an apparatus is provided for use in the production of metal strip from metal powder including compacting rolls, a hopper for directing powder to the nip between the rolls, characterised in that container for a fluidised bed of powder is provided with a weir disposed above the hopper arranged so that powder flows over the weir directly into the hopper.
The present invention also comprises means for fluidising the powder in the overlying container so that metal the middle and, consequently, the rate of supply of powder to the ends of the roll nip is greater than to the middle portion of the nip. In this way, leakage of the powder at the ends of the rolls is compensated by a greater powder supply rate. By the selection of appropriately bowed shapes for the upper edges of the Weir, it is possible to produce cold rolled strip whose mass per unit area across its width is substantially constant.
The weir preferably forms one side of the fluidised bed container. The height of the weir may be adjustable in relation to the top of the fluidised bed to permit controlled variations of the rate of powder supply to the hopper. Powder may be supplied to the fluidised bed by any suitable means, for example by means of a conveyor or by pneumatic means. The powder supplied to the fluidised bed quickly becomes evenly distributed therethrough and, consequently, the rate of flow of powder from the bed over the weir into the hopper can be easily controlled. The overall rate of discharge of the powder into the hopper is controlled by the rate at which powder is fed into the fluid bed.
The rate of supply of fluidising gas to the fluidised bed is not critical as long as it is suflicient to maintain the metal powder fluidised. We have found that using mesh stainless steel powder at room temperature, a gas velocity of about I ft./sec. through the bed is suitable.
Preferably, means are provided for forming a layer of pressurised gas on the inside of the hopper end walls (i.e. walls transverse to the rolls). By forming a layer of pressurised gas on the inside of the hopper end walls, the friction between the end walls and the powder in the hopper can be reduced.
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of apparatus according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the container,
FIG. 3 is a cross-section of the hopper in relation to the compacting rolls, and
FIG. 4 is a section on the line IV-IV of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an elevation of the container showing a preferred form of weir.
The apparatus comprises a pair of horizontally disposed, parallel, compacting rolls 10 and 11 which are driven by means (not shown) in the directions indicated by the arrows. Superimposed on the rolls, 10, 11 is a hopper 12 made up of two longitudinal walls 13, 14 the lower edges of which bear against the curved surfaces of the rolls, 10, 11 respectively and two end walls, 15, 16 (the end wall 15 being broken away in FIG. 1), the lower ends of 3). Positioned above the hopper 12'is a container 17 for a fluidised bed of metal powder. One side, 19, of the container 17 is positioned vertically above and parallel to the nip formed between the rolls 10 and 11 and extends over the length of the nip. This side 19 forms a weir with weir edge 24 over which the fluidised metal powder can flow and fall into the hopper. The length of the weir should be at least equal to the width of metal strip to be produced. Powder is supplied to the container by means of a conveyor 23 or other suitable means.
The bottom of the container is provided with an inlet 18 for gas to maintain the bed in a fluidised condition. The fiuidising gas entering the bottom of the container 17 at inlet 18, flows through a porous plate 20 to fluidise the bed of powder 21 in the container. The porous plate may be made of metal or suitable ceramic material. The fluidising gas may be air, or a reducing or inert gas in cases where hot powder is being processed. The rate of gas flow through the porous plate 20 is adjusted, in relation to the characteristics of the metal powder, so that the top of the fluidised bed is located just above the top of the weir 19. Other known fiuidising arrangements may be used.
As shown in FIG. 3 the end wall 16 of the hopper (the end wall 15 being exactly similar) comprises a central portion 22 formed of a porous or foraminons material. When gas is passed through the pores or small holes in the end Wall, a layer of pressurised gas is formed on the inside of the end wall and this Will reduce the friction between the powder and the end walls of the hopper thus permitting a more even flow of powder. For clarity no powder is shown in this diagram.
FIG. 4 shows the arrangement for supplying gas to the porous part 22 of the end wall 16. Gas is supplied under pressure to the gas-tight jacket 25 via the gas inlet 26.
FIG. shows that the upper edge 24 of the weir is bowed in a vertical plane so that each end of the edge is below the middle portion of the edge. This permits more powder to flow over the ends of the weir edge than at the middle portion of the edge for a given powder supply rate, thus compensating for the loss of powder at the ends of the rolls.
In operation, the metal powder is continuously supplied to the container by the conveyor, the powder then flowing over the weir into the hopper to be subsequently compacted between the compacting rolls.
The powder compacting apparatus of the invention can be used in the compaction of cold powder to form a green strip and also in the compaction of hot powder. In the latter case, the fluidising gas will be hot and will serve to maintain the powder at a suitable high temperature immediately prior to its compaction.
We claim:
1. In apparatus for use in the production of metal strip from metal powder including compacting rolls and a hopper for directing powder into the nip between the rolls, the improvement-which comprises a container for a fluidised bed of powder provided with a weir disposed above the hopper the weir being arranged so that powder flows over the weir directly into the hopper.
'2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the plane of the weir is perpendicular and parallel to the nip.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the upper edge of the weir is bowed in a vertical plane so that each end of the edge is below the middle portion of the edge.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the length of the weir is at least equal to the length of .the nip. 7
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which means are provided for forming a layer of pressurized gas on the inside of the hopper end walls.
6. Apparatus asclaimed in claim 5 in which saidend walls are at least partly'formed of porous material.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the height of the weir is adjustable.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said chamher is provided with means for supplying a layer of fluidizing gas for fiuidizing the powder therein.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,060,502 10/1962 Snyder 18-9 3,145,241 8/1964 Powell 189 X 3,231,649 l/ 1966 Pfeitfer 18 FBD 3,245,114 4/1966 Ready et al 189 3,450,529 6/1969 MacDonald 189 X 3,497,321 2/1970 Decker et al. l89 X 3,505,706 4/1970 Claus et al. 18-9 3,506,439 4/1970 Claus et a1 18--9 X I. HOWARD FLINT, 1a., Primary Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
26411l; 425--DIG 20, 72, 92, 101, 102, 224, 363
US58586A 1969-08-06 1970-07-27 Apparatus for production of metal strip from metal powder Expired - Lifetime US3674389A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB3932869 1969-08-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3674389A true US3674389A (en) 1972-07-04

Family

ID=10408969

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US58586A Expired - Lifetime US3674389A (en) 1969-08-06 1970-07-27 Apparatus for production of metal strip from metal powder
US58587A Expired - Lifetime US3674390A (en) 1969-08-06 1970-07-27 Production of metal strip from metal powder

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US58587A Expired - Lifetime US3674390A (en) 1969-08-06 1970-07-27 Production of metal strip from metal powder

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (2) US3674389A (en)
JP (1) JPS501335B1 (en)
DE (2) DE2039016C3 (en)
FR (2) FR2056649A5 (en)
GB (1) GB1304006A (en)
SE (2) SE366235B (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3761217A (en) * 1971-02-01 1973-09-25 G Mambretti Machine for processing plastic materials
DE2343003A1 (en) * 1972-10-02 1974-04-18 Ibm DEVICE FOR INSERTING AN ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POWDER INTO THE SOCKETS OF AN ELECTRICAL PLUG
US3876744A (en) * 1971-06-24 1975-04-08 Alusuisse Compacting step by step
US4129633A (en) * 1972-02-11 1978-12-12 Gould Inc. Process and apparatus for manufacture of an electrode
US5246176A (en) * 1991-04-30 1993-09-21 Buhler Ag Squeezing roll mill

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4041595A (en) * 1976-06-01 1977-08-16 Wanskuck Company Extrusion process
CN106312072A (en) * 2015-06-26 2017-01-11 鞍钢股份有限公司 Roller for powder strip and rolling method thereof

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3761217A (en) * 1971-02-01 1973-09-25 G Mambretti Machine for processing plastic materials
US3876744A (en) * 1971-06-24 1975-04-08 Alusuisse Compacting step by step
US4129633A (en) * 1972-02-11 1978-12-12 Gould Inc. Process and apparatus for manufacture of an electrode
DE2343003A1 (en) * 1972-10-02 1974-04-18 Ibm DEVICE FOR INSERTING AN ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POWDER INTO THE SOCKETS OF AN ELECTRICAL PLUG
US5246176A (en) * 1991-04-30 1993-09-21 Buhler Ag Squeezing roll mill

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE367559B (en) 1974-06-04
US3674390A (en) 1972-07-04
DE2039016B2 (en) 1978-06-15
SE366235B (en) 1974-04-22
DE2039015C3 (en) 1978-10-19
DE2039016C3 (en) 1979-02-15
DE2039016A1 (en) 1971-02-18
JPS501335B1 (en) 1975-01-17
FR2056649A5 (en) 1971-05-14
GB1304006A (en) 1973-01-24
DE2039015A1 (en) 1971-02-18
FR2056650A5 (en) 1971-05-14
DE2039015B2 (en) 1978-02-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7107792B2 (en) Method and device for retaining and transporting flat glass in a contactless manner
US3674389A (en) Apparatus for production of metal strip from metal powder
US3351687A (en) Method and apparatus for firing ceramic bodies
US3264720A (en) Porous metal articles of differential permeability
US4493723A (en) Method of and apparatus for thermally toughening glass
KR20210018930A (en) Cooling control method for flat metal products
US3807602A (en) Method and apparatus for dispensing a fluidizable solid from a pressure vessel
JP2632678B2 (en) Cooling method for casting products
US3226841A (en) Driers for divided material
US2922223A (en) Method for the production of a nonfrilled metal strip from metal powder
US2729194A (en) Apparatus for dusting plastic film and like sheet material
US3281893A (en) Continuous production of strip and other metal products from molten metal
US3501561A (en) Formation of metallic strip material
US2987778A (en) Production of metal strip from metal powders
JPS6322910B2 (en)
CS209460B2 (en) Method of the heat processing of the glass object and device for executing the same
US3551210A (en) Process for the high-speed manufacture of pvc battery separators
KR790001990B1 (en) Production of metal strip from powder
US3860376A (en) Feed distributor for roll briquetting machine
US2832583A (en) Apparatus for producing porous sintered strip stock
US3885944A (en) Method of making sheet glass
US2540092A (en) Process and apparatus for forming plastic material
US3883338A (en) Process and apparatus for the production of sheet glass
SU876304A1 (en) Mill for rolling powder
JP2652144B2 (en) Apparatus for producing ceramic shaped bodies