US3668595A - Liquid resistor apparatus - Google Patents

Liquid resistor apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3668595A
US3668595A US65512A US3668595DA US3668595A US 3668595 A US3668595 A US 3668595A US 65512 A US65512 A US 65512A US 3668595D A US3668595D A US 3668595DA US 3668595 A US3668595 A US 3668595A
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liquid
electrodes
vapor
control device
vapor generator
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Expired - Lifetime
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US65512A
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English (en)
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Norbert Roger Beyrard
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C10/00—Adjustable resistors
    • H01C10/02—Liquid resistors

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns liquid resistor apparatus.
  • Such apparatus has a liquid conductor which is usually an electrolyte. Electric current passing between electrodes immersed in the liquid conductor can be adjusted or controlled as a function of some other parameter which, advantageously, may be an electric current.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide improved liquid resistor apparatus.
  • liquid resistor apparatus comprising a compartment containing electrically conductive liquid, a pair of electrodes arranged to pass current through the liquid in the compartment, a fluid-actuated mechanical control device effective to control, through a mechanical linkage, the effective cross-sectional area of the current path between the electrodes and a vapor generator arranged to generate a controllable quantity of vapor in response to a control parameter, the vapor actuating the control device.
  • This variation of the cross section through which the current is able to pass can be achieved by connecting the control device to a mechanism for lifting the electrodes, so varying the extent of their immersion in the compartment containing the liquid, or by connecting this control device to a movable partition located between the fixed electrodes, which partition impedes travel of the current between the electrodes, or by connecting the control device to a means for passing liquid to the compartment in which the electrodes are contained or for evacuating the liquid therefrom.
  • control can be direct or inverted, that is that increase in pressure can cause either a reduction in the resistance between the electrodes or an increase in said resistance.
  • the vapor generator may take any one of several different forms. Basically, it comprises a source of heat and a liquid, accommodated in an enclosed space, either the supply of heat or the supply of liquid being used as the agent in the control means.
  • the source of heat can be constituted by a second liquid resistor between two electrodes submerged in the liquid contained in the generator vessel, or by a solid electric heating resistor in contact with the liquid or enclosed in a liquid-tight envelope which is more or less thermally inert.
  • the control parameter is then the current that passes through these liquid or solid resistors.
  • the control parameter may also be the temperature of a fluid which passes at a constant rate through a coiled pipe inside the enclosed space containing the liquid to be vaporized.
  • the vapor generator may contain a body kept at a higher temperature than that at which the liquid vaporizes, whereas the control parameter may be a succession of electric impulses of variable duration or occurring at variable intervals, and these impulses, by opening an electric valve or by regulating a pump for example, control the quantity of liquid coming into contact with the heated body.
  • the vapor generator has an enclosure within the compartment containing the conducting liquid, and the liquid of the vapor generator is the conducting liquid itself, the enclosure communicating with the interior of said compartment through at least one orifice.
  • said communication is ensured by two orifices, preferably adjustable, one situated above the other at the top'of the generator.
  • the main requirement for the upkeep of the equipment is to maintain the level of the liquid in the compartment, the evaporation of which liquid may be limited by a cover.
  • the vapor produced in the vapor generator condenses directly into the mass of conducting liquid which surrounds the vapor generator.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional front elevation of a liquid resistor according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side elevation taken at 1Il l of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional front elevation of a liquid resistor according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side elevation taken at 111-111 of FIG. 3.
  • the liquid resistor comprises a bath 1, containing a conducting liquid up to the level N and to electrodes 2 and 3 which are in the form of plates and are suspended from a flat rod 4 by rigid conductors 2a and 3a and the terminals 2b and3b supplying current to these plates.
  • the flat rod is mounted on a bellows 5 charged by a vapor generator 6 mounted in the upper part of the bath 1.
  • this generator comprises an inlet 6a for a vaporizable liquid (for example distilled water), which inlet is situated above a dish 7 which is kept permanently hot by a resistor 7a.
  • the control parameter is pulsed electric current actuating the electric valve 8.
  • a safety valve 9 prevents excess pressure in the vapor generator, whereas water condensed in this generator by cooling of the vapor is discharged through a capillary drainage means 10, for example a length of cotton material enclosed in a tube. Condensation of the vapor is promoted by cooling fins l 1.
  • Each current impulse releases a small quantity of distilled water and this vaporizes on arriving in the dish 7, and the vapor pressure thus produced inflates the bellows 5 which lifts the electrodes 2 and 3 from the conducting liquid in the vessel 1, so that the liquid resistance between the electrodes increases.
  • the current between the electrodes thus diminishes.
  • the electrodes 2 and 3 are lowered and the liquid resistance falls again.
  • a rapid change in the current between the electrodes 2 and 3 occurs and this is followed by a more or less slow return to the original condition. This return can be accelerated by increasing the rate of condensation of the vapor in the generator by suitable cooling means.
  • the bath 1 is closed by a cover 12 having a plug 13 which can be removed for topping up the liquid and which contains a vent hole.
  • the bath accommodates the electrodes 2 and 3 which are suspended from the cover by rigid conductors 2a and 3a sheathed with insulating material.
  • the bath also contains the vapor generator 6 and the lifting and lowering control device constituted by two bellows 5A and 5B.
  • the distance between the electrodes 2 and 3 can be very small, in the order of l centimeter or less.
  • the bellows 5A and 58 support a partition 15 on upright elements 14, which partition can thus be vertically displaced between the electrodes 2 and 3.
  • the vapor generator 6, filled with the same liquid as the bath, is heated either by a submerged resistor or, preferably, by the current passing between two auxiliary electrodes 16 and 17 connected by insulated conductors l8 and 19 to the terminals 18a and 19a carried by the cover.
  • the generator 6 has an upper orifice 20 and a lower orifice 21, the effective area of each of which can be adjusted by means of a tap; the taps can be actuated from the outside by means of knobs 22 and 23 respectively, accessible on the upper surface of the cover.
  • the lifting and lowering control devices 5A and 5B are put under pressure, and the partition 15 is raised, thus uncovering a greater surface of the juxtaposed electrodes 2 and 3, that is to say, reducing the rating of the liquid resistor between these electrodes.
  • the value of this resistance is changed dis proportionately because of the configuration of the electrodes which comprise diagonally opposite spurs 2c and 30, only these being uncovered by the partition 15.
  • Suitably shaped electrodes thus enable the resistance of the liquid to be varied as a function of the amount of displacementof the partition in accordance with a chosen non-linear law.
  • the resistors l6 and 17 can be shaped as shown to have lower portions which are of reduced area and are positioned diagonally opposite each other in such manner that after intensive production of vapor, bringing the partition 15 to a predetermined position, the situation is stabilized, i.e. the quantity of vapor generated is precisely balanced by the quantity of vapor discharged through the upper orifice 20.
  • Adjustment of the outlet cross sections of the orifices 20 and 21 by means of taps enables the period during which the generator is put under pressure and the level of the excess pressure obtained for a given power dissipated in the vapor generator to be established. Adjustment of the tap controlling the cross section of the orifice 21 also renders it possible to deal with temporary phenomena (oscillations) resulting from the return of the liquid. In short, variation in the control characteristics can be achieved by the shape of the main and auxiliary electrodes, by the choice of the dimensions of the elements of the equipment, by regulating the current effecting the control by means of outside resistors, and by means of the taps which can be actuated with the help of the knobs 22 and 23.
  • the electrolytic resistance is raised at the initial moment when voltage is applied to the motor or when derived current passing through the motor is fed to the vapor generator.
  • the vapor is formed very rapidly in the generator and this causes liquid to be expelled from the generator and the lifting and lowering control device to be pressurized so that the partition 15 is displaced upwardly; the resistance of the liquid resistor is thus reduced until start-up has been completed.
  • the area of the electrodes is great enough, it is possible to bring the liquid resistor into the circuit without causing a voltage drop of more than 1 volt, by keeping the pressure level in the generator at a sufficiently high value by the passage of current.
  • the movement of the lifting and lowering control device can also be adjusted so that it is fully extended upon completion of the start-up period of the motor and, having been fully extended, this control device could be arranged to actuate contacts which short-circuit the electrodes.
  • partition 15 may be provided with a vertical extension protruding in the direction of the push button of a micro-switch 24 secured to the under face of the cover 12, which switch may be protected by a distortable cap.
  • the invention can be applied in the heavy-current field when it is necessary to vary a current as a function of an adjustment or control parameter.
  • a pair of electrodes is of course associated with each current phase.
  • the current for heating the dish 7 can likewise pass through electrodes submerged in the liquid of the bath 1 and attached to the bar 4 so as to prevent heating of the dish when the lifting and lowering control device 5 is extended to the maximum.
  • This lifting and lowering control device 5 could also comprise, in the usual manner, a piston which moves in a cylinder and which would guide the bar 4 as it is being raised.
  • the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 can also include a guide means for the lifting movement.
  • the lifting and lowering control device 5 can also be devised to lift the bath 1 relatively to the electrodes 2 and 3 which would remain stationary, or to lift an additional receptacle communicating with the bath 1 so as to vary the level of the liquid in this bath.
  • Liquid resistor apparatus comprising a compartment containing electrically conductive liquid, a pair of electrodes arranged to pass current through the liquid in the compartment, a fluid-actuated mechanical control device effective to control, through a mechanical linkage, the effective cross-sectional area of the current path between the electrodes and a vapor generator arranged to generate a controllable quantity of vapor in response to a control parameter, the vapor actuating the control device.
  • control device displaces an insulating partition between the two electrodes.
  • control device comprises a linkage coupled to a deformable wall or walls of the vapor generator.
  • control parameter controls the thermal power passed to the vapor generator.
  • control parameter controls the quantity of vaporizable liquid admitted to the vapor generator.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the vapor generator has an enclosure within the compartment and the vapor generator'is initially filled with the same conducting liquid as is the compartment, the enclosure having at least one orifice for this purpose.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Adjustable Resistors (AREA)
  • Wet Developing In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
US65512A 1969-08-27 1970-08-20 Liquid resistor apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3668595A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR6929313A FR2056063A5 (de) 1969-08-27 1969-08-27

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3668595A true US3668595A (en) 1972-06-06

Family

ID=9039441

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US65512A Expired - Lifetime US3668595A (en) 1969-08-27 1970-08-20 Liquid resistor apparatus

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US3668595A (de)
JP (1) JPS4913299B1 (de)
AT (1) AT302486B (de)
BE (1) BE754127A (de)
CA (1) CA925973A (de)
DE (1) DE2039368C3 (de)
ES (1) ES383040A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2056063A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1324861A (de)
LU (1) LU61577A1 (de)
NL (1) NL160105C (de)
NO (1) NO128135B (de)
SE (1) SE365648B (de)
SU (1) SU402248A3 (de)
YU (1) YU33638B (de)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107230538B (zh) * 2016-07-15 2023-04-18 四川弘博新材科技股份有限公司 一种工业用自循环流动并冷却的水电阻

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1023602A (en) * 1910-09-03 1912-04-16 Wallmann Electric Heater Company Electric steam-heating apparatus.
US2090282A (en) * 1930-12-16 1937-08-17 Bock Wilhelm Humidifier
US3187160A (en) * 1961-01-12 1965-06-01 Bastian And Allen Ltd Electrode steam boiler apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1023602A (en) * 1910-09-03 1912-04-16 Wallmann Electric Heater Company Electric steam-heating apparatus.
US2090282A (en) * 1930-12-16 1937-08-17 Bock Wilhelm Humidifier
US3187160A (en) * 1961-01-12 1965-06-01 Bastian And Allen Ltd Electrode steam boiler apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4913299B1 (de) 1974-03-30
LU61577A1 (de) 1970-11-09
YU33638B (en) 1977-10-31
SE365648B (de) 1974-03-25
AT302486B (de) 1972-10-10
CA925973A (en) 1973-05-08
FR2056063A5 (de) 1971-05-14
YU214370A (en) 1977-04-30
NL7012617A (de) 1971-03-02
DE2039368A1 (de) 1971-03-04
SU402248A3 (de) 1973-10-12
GB1324861A (en) 1973-07-25
NL160105C (nl) 1979-09-17
BE754127A (fr) 1970-12-31
NO128135B (de) 1973-10-01
NL160105B (nl) 1979-04-17
ES383040A1 (es) 1972-11-16
DE2039368B2 (de) 1979-06-28
DE2039368C3 (de) 1980-03-06

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