US3668457A - Brazing alloy for bonding thermionic cathode to support - Google Patents

Brazing alloy for bonding thermionic cathode to support Download PDF

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US3668457A
US3668457A US852578A US3668457DA US3668457A US 3668457 A US3668457 A US 3668457A US 852578 A US852578 A US 852578A US 3668457D A US3668457D A US 3668457DA US 3668457 A US3668457 A US 3668457A
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United States
Prior art keywords
support
brazing alloy
bonding
boride
metal
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US852578A
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Fred M Gardner
Joseph R Gervais
Frank S Nettleton
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Raytheon Technologies Corp
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United Aircraft Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J1/02—Main electrodes
    • H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
    • H01J1/15—Cathodes heated directly by an electric current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J1/02—Main electrodes
    • H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
    • H01J1/14—Solid thermionic cathodes characterised by the material
    • H01J1/148—Solid thermionic cathodes characterised by the material with compounds having metallic conductive properties, e.g. lanthanum boride, as an emissive material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12576—Boride, carbide or nitride component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12812—Diverse refractory group metal-base components: alternative to or next to each other

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [22] Filed: Aug 25 1969 A thermionic cathode comprising a thermionic emissive material consisting essentially of a metal boride, a support [21] App].
  • No.2 852,578 consisting essentially of a refractory metal which is reactive I with the metal boride and a brazing material bonding the [52] U 8 CL 313/346 29/25 14 156/90 metal boride to the support and acting as a barrier to prevent 313/337, reaction therebetween.
  • lnt.Cl. ..l-l01j 1/14, HOlj 19/06 [58] Field of Search ..313/337, 346
  • metal borides possess attractive features for use as thermionic electron emitters in cathodes which are repeatedly exposed to air.
  • the metal borides are generally characterized by a relatively low work function (e.g., 2.66 electron volts for lanthanum hexaboride) and a relatively high stability against ionic bombardment when compared to most conventional cathode materials.
  • work function e.g., 2.66 electron volts for lanthanum hexaboride
  • Lanthanum hexaboride for example, is characterized by a brittleness and hardness which prevent its usage as a self-supporting structure. Furthermore, lanthanum hexaboride not only fails to adhere well to refractory metals commonly used as supports, such as tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, but also reacts with the same at elevated temperatures such as those encountered at or near normal operating conditions.
  • the present invention relates to cathode means utilizing a metal boride as a thennionic emissive material and more particularly relates to cathode means wherein a metal boride is adhered, without subsequent reaction, to a refractory metal support with which it is normally reactive at elevated temperatures.
  • the invention contemplates the use of borides of elements having atomic numbers 57 through 70 such as for example lanthanum hexaboride, and the borides ofthe rare earths. It also contemplates the use of refractory metal supports such as for example those comprised of tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten or rhenium.
  • a directly heated planar lanthanum hexaboride cathode capable of yielding an emission density of amperes per cm and higher, is produced by interposing a brazing alloy between a lanthanum hexaboride pellet and a tantalum supporting structure and, in a vacuum, heating to the melting point of the brazing alloy.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the refractory metal support
  • FIG. 2 is a side elevational view, in section, of a thermionic cathode afier bonding of the emitter to the refractory metal support.
  • the numeral 10 indicates a themtionic electron emitter, in pellet form, consisting essentially of a boride of an element having an atomic number of from 57 through 70, and preferably of 1.213
  • the emitter 10 is preferably made by hot pressing together particles of the boride. In the case of LaB satisfactory emitters were made after being subjected to a temperature of 2,000" C and a pressure of 7,000 psi for 10 minutes.
  • the formed emitter is then positioned concentrically within a support 12 made of a refractory metal such as tantalum.
  • the support 12 comprises a pair of hollow half-circular portions 14 spaced opposite each other to form, in effect, a hollow cylinder which is diametrically split along its axis.
  • Each portion 14 has a leg 16 preferably integrally formed therewith.
  • the legs 1 With the emitter concentrically disposed within the support 12 and both the support and the emitter sugported on a flat surface within a vacuum chamber, the legs 1 are spot welded to heating leads and the area between the emitter 10 and the portions 14 as well as the area behind the emitter are filled with a suitable braze material 18, preferably in powder form. Braze materials such as TaSi and MoSi, have been found suitable.
  • the chamber is then evacuated to low pressure and the assembly is ohmically heated to the melting point of the braze material. As soon as the braze material is melted, the heating current is quickly reduced and the structure is cooled.
  • the above procedure allows sufficient time for the liquid braze material to fill the entire volume between the emitter l0 and the support 12 yet retains enough material behind the emitter to produce a mechanically sound braze.
  • the braze material encases all but the emitter face of the boride material.
  • the cathode assembly is removed from the vacuum and is faced off by sanding or grinding.
  • a tantalum support having a wall thickness of 0.005 inches was used along with a hotpressed LaB pellet and, for a braze material, high purity powdered MoSi: or TaSi
  • the components, assembled as hereinbefore described, were subjected to a vacuum of from 10 to I0 torr at a temperature of from approximately 2,000 to 2,500 C.
  • a low powered microscope was used to directly view the MoSi, or TaSi, in order to determine when it melted.
  • Cathodes constructed in the above manner were subjected to vacuum tests. At 10*? torr or better, with the temperature at 1,600" C, the cathodes demonstrated lifetime capabilities of 400 hours or more at a current density of 5 to 10 amperes per cm.
  • a thermionic cathode comprising a thermionic emissive material consisting essentially of a boride of an element selected from the group consisting of elements having an atomic number of from 57 through 70, a support consisting of a refractory metal which is reactive with said boride at the normal operating temperature of the cathode, and a brazing alloy encasing all but the emitter face of the boride material, said brazing alloy bonding said boride to said support and being of sufficient thickness to prevent reaction therebetween.
  • brazing alloy is tantalum disilicide.
  • brazing alloy is molybdenum disilicide.

Abstract

A thermionic cathode comprising a thermionic emissive material consisting essentially of a metal boride, a support consisting essentially of a refractory metal which is reactive with the metal boride and a brazing material bonding the metal boride to the support and acting as a barrier to prevent reaction therebetween.

Description

O United States Patent 1151 3,668,457
Gardner et a]. [451 June 6, 1972 [54] BRAZING ALLOY FOR BONDING 3,224,071 12/1965 Levi et al. ..3l3/346 ux THERMIQNIC CATHODE To SUPPORT 3,312,856 4/1967 Loffen et a1 ..313/346 [72] Inventors: Fred M. Gardner, South Glastonbury; Ia Examiner-David Schonberg Joseph Genus, Marlborough; Frank Assistant Examiner-Toby H. Kusmer Nettleton, Meriden, all of Conn. Aomey ]hn D. De] p [73] Assignee: United Aircraft Corporation, East Hartford, Conn. [57] ABSTRACT [22] Filed: Aug 25 1969 A thermionic cathode comprising a thermionic emissive material consisting essentially of a metal boride, a support [21] App]. No.2 852,578 consisting essentially of a refractory metal which is reactive I with the metal boride and a brazing material bonding the [52] U 8 CL 313/346 29/25 14 156/90 metal boride to the support and acting as a barrier to prevent 313/337, reaction therebetween. [51] lnt.Cl. ..l-l01j 1/14, HOlj 19/06 [58] Field of Search ..313/337, 346
[56] References Cited 5 Claim, 2 Drawing figures UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,843,517 7/1958 Kerstetter et al ..313/346 UX BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is known that metal borides possess attractive features for use as thermionic electron emitters in cathodes which are repeatedly exposed to air. The metal borides are generally characterized by a relatively low work function (e.g., 2.66 electron volts for lanthanum hexaboride) and a relatively high stability against ionic bombardment when compared to most conventional cathode materials. In order to exploit the potential of the metal borides however, it is necessary to incorporate the material as a compatible part of the cathode structure.
One of the paramount problems in obtaining cathodes of a high current density yield resides in the fabrication difficulties associated with the metal borides. Lanthanum hexaboride, for example, is characterized by a brittleness and hardness which prevent its usage as a self-supporting structure. Furthermore, lanthanum hexaboride not only fails to adhere well to refractory metals commonly used as supports, such as tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, but also reacts with the same at elevated temperatures such as those encountered at or near normal operating conditions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to cathode means utilizing a metal boride as a thennionic emissive material and more particularly relates to cathode means wherein a metal boride is adhered, without subsequent reaction, to a refractory metal support with which it is normally reactive at elevated temperatures. The invention contemplates the use of borides of elements having atomic numbers 57 through 70 such as for example lanthanum hexaboride, and the borides ofthe rare earths. It also contemplates the use of refractory metal supports such as for example those comprised of tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten or rhenium.
According to one aspect of the invention, a directly heated planar lanthanum hexaboride cathode, capable of yielding an emission density of amperes per cm and higher, is produced by interposing a brazing alloy between a lanthanum hexaboride pellet and a tantalum supporting structure and, in a vacuum, heating to the melting point of the brazing alloy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING An understanding of the invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following detailed description when viewed in light of the accompanying drawing, wherein FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the refractory metal support and FIG. 2 is a side elevational view, in section, of a thermionic cathode afier bonding of the emitter to the refractory metal support.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like parts, the numeral 10 indicates a themtionic electron emitter, in pellet form, consisting essentially of a boride of an element having an atomic number of from 57 through 70, and preferably of 1.213 The emitter 10 is preferably made by hot pressing together particles of the boride. In the case of LaB satisfactory emitters were made after being subjected to a temperature of 2,000" C and a pressure of 7,000 psi for 10 minutes. The formed emitter is then positioned concentrically within a support 12 made of a refractory metal such as tantalum. The support 12 comprises a pair of hollow half-circular portions 14 spaced opposite each other to form, in effect, a hollow cylinder which is diametrically split along its axis. Each portion 14 has a leg 16 preferably integrally formed therewith.
With the emitter concentrically disposed within the support 12 and both the support and the emitter sugported on a flat surface within a vacuum chamber, the legs 1 are spot welded to heating leads and the area between the emitter 10 and the portions 14 as well as the area behind the emitter are filled with a suitable braze material 18, preferably in powder form. Braze materials such as TaSi and MoSi, have been found suitable. The chamber is then evacuated to low pressure and the assembly is ohmically heated to the melting point of the braze material. As soon as the braze material is melted, the heating current is quickly reduced and the structure is cooled. The above procedure allows sufficient time for the liquid braze material to fill the entire volume between the emitter l0 and the support 12 yet retains enough material behind the emitter to produce a mechanically sound braze. In this way, the braze material encases all but the emitter face of the boride material. After cooling, the cathode assembly is removed from the vacuum and is faced off by sanding or grinding.
In the practice of the invention, a tantalum support having a wall thickness of 0.005 inches was used along with a hotpressed LaB pellet and, for a braze material, high purity powdered MoSi: or TaSi The components, assembled as hereinbefore described, were subjected to a vacuum of from 10 to I0 torr at a temperature of from approximately 2,000 to 2,500 C. A low powered microscope was used to directly view the MoSi, or TaSi, in order to determine when it melted.
Cathodes constructed in the above manner were subjected to vacuum tests. At 10*? torr or better, with the temperature at 1,600" C, the cathodes demonstrated lifetime capabilities of 400 hours or more at a current density of 5 to 10 amperes per cm.
What has been set forth above is intended primarily as exemplary to enable those skilled in the art in the practice of the invention and it should therefore be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced in other ways than as specifically described.
What is claimed is:
l. A thermionic cathode comprising a thermionic emissive material consisting essentially of a boride of an element selected from the group consisting of elements having an atomic number of from 57 through 70, a support consisting of a refractory metal which is reactive with said boride at the normal operating temperature of the cathode, and a brazing alloy encasing all but the emitter face of the boride material, said brazing alloy bonding said boride to said support and being of sufficient thickness to prevent reaction therebetween.
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said metal boride is lanthanum hexaboride.
3. The invention of claim 2 wherein said refractory metal is tantalum.
4. The invention of claim 3 wherein said brazing alloy is tantalum disilicide.
5. The invention of claim 3 wherein said brazing alloy is molybdenum disilicide.

Claims (4)

  1. 2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said metal boride is lanthanum hexaboride.
  2. 3. The invention of claim 2 wherein said refractory metal is tantalum.
  3. 4. The invention of claim 3 wherein said brazing alloy is tantalum disilicide.
  4. 5. The invention of claim 3 wherein said brazing alloy is molybdenum disilicide.
US852578A 1969-08-25 1969-08-25 Brazing alloy for bonding thermionic cathode to support Expired - Lifetime US3668457A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5177060A (en) * 1974-11-29 1976-07-03 Canadian Patents Dev DENSHIKENBIKYODENSHIKYOKYUGEN OYOBI KEISEIHOHO
US4311941A (en) * 1979-01-23 1982-01-19 Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Thermionic cathode supporting device

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2843517A (en) * 1955-03-24 1958-07-15 Sylvania Electric Prod Adhering coatings to cathode base metal
US3224071A (en) * 1960-03-14 1965-12-21 Philips Corp Brazing method for porous bodies
US3312856A (en) * 1963-03-26 1967-04-04 Gen Electric Rhenium supported metallic boride cathode emitters

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2843517A (en) * 1955-03-24 1958-07-15 Sylvania Electric Prod Adhering coatings to cathode base metal
US3224071A (en) * 1960-03-14 1965-12-21 Philips Corp Brazing method for porous bodies
US3312856A (en) * 1963-03-26 1967-04-04 Gen Electric Rhenium supported metallic boride cathode emitters

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5177060A (en) * 1974-11-29 1976-07-03 Canadian Patents Dev DENSHIKENBIKYODENSHIKYOKYUGEN OYOBI KEISEIHOHO
JPS607335B2 (en) * 1974-11-29 1985-02-23 カナデイアン、パテンツ、アンド、デイベラツプメント、リミテツド thermionic emission cathode
US4311941A (en) * 1979-01-23 1982-01-19 Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Thermionic cathode supporting device

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