US3663792A - Apparatus and method of increasing arc voltage and gas enthalpy in a self-stabilizing arc heater - Google Patents

Apparatus and method of increasing arc voltage and gas enthalpy in a self-stabilizing arc heater Download PDF

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Publication number
US3663792A
US3663792A US15597A US3663792DA US3663792A US 3663792 A US3663792 A US 3663792A US 15597 A US15597 A US 15597A US 3663792D A US3663792D A US 3663792DA US 3663792 A US3663792 A US 3663792A
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Prior art keywords
arc
gas
gap
electrodes
electrode
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Expired - Lifetime
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US15597A
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English (en)
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Maurice G Fey
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • H01J37/32009—Arrangements for generation of plasma specially adapted for examination or treatment of objects, e.g. plasma sources
    • H01J37/32055—Arc discharge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
    • H05B7/18—Heating by arc discharge
    • H05B7/185—Heating gases for arc discharge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/48—Generating plasma using an arc
    • H05H1/50—Generating plasma using an arc and using applied magnetic fields, e.g. for focusing or rotating the arc

Definitions

  • the are is periodically elongated by the high g Westinghouse Elecmc Corporation velocity gas until it attains such a length that the voltage Sburgh, required to sustain the arc exceeds the breakdown voltage of [22] Filed: Man 2, 1970 the gap whereupon the arc returns to the gap momentarily only to be blown out and elongated again.
  • Gas is brought to PP ,597 the vicinity of the outside of the gap through a plurality of tangentially extending slots at spaced intervals around the entire [52] US. Cl ..219/l21 P periphery ofthe whence it passes? through the the gas [51] Int.
  • FIG 9A CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS instant invention.
  • FIGS. 1A, 18, 2A, 28, 3A to 3F, 5 and 6 are views of apparatus suitable for practicing the processes of my invention
  • FIG. 4 is a view of a portion of prior art apparatus utilizing radially extending slots and a manifold ring to produce gas passage through the gap in a substantially radial direction and is included to demonstrate the contrast between prior art apparatus and the apparatus of the instant invention, particularly FIG. 5, where tangential slots are provided in a manifold ring.
  • FIGS. 1A, 18, 2A, 28, 3A to 3F, and 4 are substantially identical with the apparatus described and claimed in the aforementioned copending application of CB. Wolf and M.G. Fey for Self-Stabilizing Arc Heater Apparatus," Ser. No. 15,446, filed Mar. 2, 1970.
  • FIGS. 7A'-7D are graphs illustrating the operation of the apparatus of my invention and illustrating in part processes of the invention.
  • the end plate 32 has a generally centrally disposed bore or aperture 36 therein through which passes a feed stock tube 37 especially suitable for bringing a particulate solid into the arc chamber 20 but also for bringing a suitable additional gas or fluid.
  • a spacer tube 39 controls the axial position of the admission of the secondary feed stock through passageway 40, it being understood that in practice a number of spacer tubes 39 of different lengths are provided and kept available so that the axial position at which feed stock material is brought in through passageway 40 can be adjusted by substituting a spacer tube of one length for a spacer tube of a different length.
  • each of the slotted manifold rings 53 and 54 has an annular ridge or extended portion 58 and 59, respectively, which annular ridge portions 58 and 59 extend to the aforementioned annular shoulders 46 and 47 of the electrodes generally designated 21 and 27, preventing the electrodes 21 and 27 from undergoing axial movement toward .each other.
  • a pair of O-rings 61 and 62 provide sealing engagement between the electrodes and the manifold rings, it being recalled that gas or other fluid enters the arc chamber through the slots in the manifold rings and a cooling fluid flows through passageway 64 back of the wall portion 22 which forms the arcing surface of electrode 21 and thence into fluid headers 65, and a cooling fluid such as water flows in passageway 67 back of the wall forming the arcing,
  • the structure defining gas inlets 73 and 74 does not extend around the entire arc heater, the ci'reumferentially extending gas headers 71 and 72 opening into all the slots in the two manifold rings, so that clamping the terminals 101 and 102 against surfaces 105 and 171 respectively as described above at another position around the circumference of the heater as indicated in FIG. 1A may be conveniently accomplished. It will be further understood that when the two electrode assemblies are clamped together to :seal the arc chamber in a manner to be hereinafter described, further tightening of contacting electrically conducting surfaces may occur.
  • the end ofthe member 112 in the area of the gap 25 between electrodes is seen to have a generally U- shaped portion 124, having a radially extending flange portion 125 which in turn has the radially spaced and axially extending flange portion 126 which closely abuts against and snugly fits an extending rim or flange portion 128 of the aforementioned slotted manifold ring 53, firmly securing the manifold ring against movement.
  • FIGS. 3A-3F plan or side elevational views of the blocks for both the upstream and downstream electrode assemblies are shown, the apparatus being suitable for mounting in either position.
  • the insulating block for the upstream electrode as aforementioned is 154 and the insulating block for the downstream electrode assembly is 155.
  • each of the blocks has an electrical terminal strip secured thereto, the terminal strip for block being shown at 159, FIG. 3A, and the terminal strip for block 154 being shown at 160, FIG. 3A, and in FIG. 2.
  • Terminal strip 160 is connected by lead 161 to a terminal of one polarity of a source of potential shown in block form at 162 for energizing the field coils the terminal of other polarity of the source 162 being connected by lead 163 to the aforementioned terminal plate 159 of block 155.
  • the studs shown as extending from terminal plate 154 it is understood are illustrative and includes studs 165, 166 and 167, all also shown in FIG. 2A, as well as, FIG. 3A, studs 212, 213, 214, 215, 209, and 210.
  • FIG. 38 wherein links effectively connect all four coils in parallel across the source of potential 162. Where links cross each other, spacer washers, not shown, are used to displace one link in height from the other so that electrical contact will be avoided. It will be understood that nuts secure the various links in the various figures to the various threaded studs.
  • link 256 connects stud 215 to stud 210
  • link 257 connects stud 215 to stud 214
  • link 259 connects stud 214 to stud 166.
  • Link 258 interconnects studs 213 and 212
  • link 260 interconnects studs 212 and 167.
  • FIGS. 3C through 3F the threaded studs all have positions which correspond to the studs described hereinabove in detail with respect to FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, and the result of the link arrangement shown in each of the drawings 3C-3F is indicated in the drawing legend showing the resulting connection of the coils, so that it is believed the connections will be clear to one skilled in the art and the electrical circuits will be readily apparent from the studs and the link connections shown.
  • the feed tube generally designated 37 is seen to terminate at a selected axial position within the tubular portion which is integral with the admission tube assembly 42. Threaded into the end of the feed tube 37 is a plastic feed stock tube 303.
  • the aforementioned trunnions 283 and 284 have secured thereto the removable links or arms 305, with an admission tube trunnion 306 having a passageway therethrough for the sleeve portion 44 of the admission tube assembly 42, having the flange 43 formed integral therewith, the flange being secured to the end plate 32, the tube assembly having a threaded locking nut 308 which secures it in position in trunnion 306.
  • an insulating sleeve 304 separates the sleeve portion 44 of the feed tube assembly into two portions electrically insulated from each other.
  • the cyclic arc elongation and gap breakdown produces much greater turbulence in the gas in the arc chamber with increased heating efficiency, and where chemical conversion is one of the objectives of the use of the arc heater, chemical recombination is enhanced by the increased turbulence in the gas.
  • this are heater is especially suitable for use where a particulate solid is at least one material introduced into the arc heater; the gas passes through the narrow gap at such a very high velocity that it is practically impossible for any of the particulate solid to pass through the gap and deposit on the electrical and gap insulating plate 51 or other insulating surface to the derogation of the insulating properties of the material.
  • the downstream portion of the arc heater is operated or operable at ground potential, thus protecting attaching downstream equipment from ground arcing.
  • the are heater includes the use of a water-cooled nozzle which can be attached to the downstream electrode for those applications requiring high pressure operation or supersonic expansion for quenching of the reactants.
  • FIG. 5 a slotted manifold ring generally designated 511 having an annular manifold 512 and peripherally spaced tangentially extending slots 513, through which gas passes from one of the manifolds 71 or 72, FIG. 1 to the annular manifold 512 and thence through the gap.
  • a slotted manifold ring generally designated 511 having an annular manifold 512 and peripherally spaced tangentially extending slots 513, through which gas passes from one of the manifolds 71 or 72, FIG. 1 to the annular manifold 512 and thence through the gap.
  • FIG. 1 there are two manifold rings with tangential slots therein separated by a gap insulating plate 51, FIG. 1, the slotted manifold rings employed in the apparatus and process of my invention being disposed on both sides of the gap insulating plate 51 and corresponding to the slotted manifodl rings 53 and 54, FIG. 1, except that the slots in my rings extend in a tangential direction rather than a
  • FIG. 8A is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 8A
  • the radial component defines the mass flow of the gas; the resultant of the radial and tangential components (or total velocity) is that required to displace the are from the short gap 523.
  • This axial extension is also induced by self-induced forces acting on the arc column as a result of current path to the electrode through the gas admission. Rings and manifold flanges at the gap (FIG. 1B).
  • the high density gas or cold gas stays near the walls of the arc chamber, and is a good insulator compared to the hot gas area.
  • the cold gas drives the arc upstream and downstream from the gap. Additional arc lengthening is accomplished as a result of the arcs following the axial lines of magnetic flux.
  • the relatively cold gas tends to stay close to the wall of the electrode whereas a core of hot gas extends axially of the arc chamber and surrounds the portion of the arc path designated 533.
  • the arc path illustrated in FIG. 8A is exemplary then it may be modified by the strength of the magnetic fields which exert forces to rotate the points of arc attachment on the electrodes, and may be further modified by the relative strengths of the radial and tangential components of gas passing through the gap.
  • FIG. 8B The are is seen in FIG. 8B as it would appear looking into the exhaust end of the arc chamber with the portion 531 of the arc for example attaching to the upstream electrode, the portion 532 of the arc attaching to the upstream electrode, and the portion 533 of the arc being shown as extending generally axially through the arc chamber.
  • FIGS. 7A-7D are oscillograms illustrating arc voltages which occur in the processes of my invention in order to show the advantages of my invention over the aforementioned copending application entitled A Recuring Arc Heating Process," comparable oscillograms obtained with purely radial fiow through the narrow gap and shown in FIGS. 7A and 70.
  • FIG. 7A represents the arc voltage in a typical process employing radial gas admission where nitrogen is the gas to be heated
  • FIG. 7B shows the arc voltage pattern where there is swirl admission according to the process of my invention and the gas heated is again nitrogen.
  • the oscillograms of FIG. 7A-7D are graphs ofarc voltage plotted against time. Average arc voltage can be obtained from these oscillograms by integrating the area between the traces and the zero random arc path experienced with radial flow through the gap.
  • Development work sponsored by the USAF under contract No. AF 33 (6l6) 8437 and described in aforementioned Technical Documentary Report RTD-TDR-63-4055 was performed in the early 1960s to develop a high enthalpy, high power arc air heater which employed aerodynamic arc rotation.
  • the measured electrode wear rate was 2.74 grams/min.
  • Arc current level as previously mentioned, electrode wear is about proportional to the third power of the arc current, thus for conditions of the second tests we would expect a wear increase of about (1,800/400) times higher for 1,800 amperes.
  • Our experience has generally indicated that in this range of pressure level, very little increased wear is experienced.
  • An increase in wear may, however, be associated with decreased aerodynamic force (la pV) as pressure in increased for the same flow. This would tend to reduce the arc rotation speed even further and result in increased are spot residence time.
  • heaters having other electrode configurations other than the axially spaced annular electrodes shown, may be employed in practicing the processes of my invention.
  • the processes of my invention may be practiced with a pair of radially spaced electrodes having the same axial extension with a narrow annular gap between the electrodes through which gas is admitted, the electrodes tapering from each other at an angle as required to permit both radial and tangential components of gas admission through the gap between electrodes, and in which the arc while elongated extends radially between electrodes a distance from the gap.
  • my process includes the steps of forcing a gas to be heated through a relatively short gap between a pair of electrodes while maintaining across the electrodes a system or backup voltage at all times sufiicient to cause breakdown of the gap between electrodes, the gas which passes through the gap and leaves the gap inside the arc chamber having a radial component which defines the mass flow rate and a tangential component, the resultant of radial and tangential component, the resultant of radial and tangential components being effective in displacing the are from the short gap.
  • My process produces an arc which extends substantially axially in the arc chamber and is surrounded by a core of hot gases with the ends of the arc attaching to the surfaces of the electrodes providing more efi'rcient heating of the gas, substantially increasing the power factor of the arc heater apparatus, and permitting an enthalpy to be imparted to the gas several times that previously obtainable because the processes of my invention permit the mass flow rate to be substantially reduced to a small percentage of that required to elongate the arc where purely radial flow is utilized, with the result that the energy in the arc can be imparted to a smaller volume flow of gas and the enthalpy imparted to the gas may be at least several times that obtainable where gas is admitted through a narrow gap in a radial direction.
  • My processes employ either alternating current or direct current to produce the arc.
  • FIGS. 7A-7D whereas the operation of the arc heater and my processes have been illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7D with respect to the heating of nitrogen and methane, and will be understood that in my processes any gas can be heated, or any gas mixture such as arr.
  • the increased average arc voltage results in a greatly improved power factor where the swirl or tangential gas injection of my process is employed, and the increased arc voltage permits a reduction in the arc current level for a given predetermined power level resulting in a substantially reduced electrode erosion rate.
  • a process for heating gas which comprises producing an electric arc in a gap of substantially uniform width between a pair of spaced coaxially mounted annular cylindrical electrodes wherein saidwidth is substantially smaller than the largest distance across a transverse section of said electrode which is also perpendicular to said axis of said electrodes forming a chamber of generally uniform size within said electrodes, in which said are may be elongated, maintaining a system voltage between said pair of electrodes sufficient to cause electrical breakdown in the gap at any portion thereof, and passing gas through said gap from the outside thereof, toward the inside thereof and thence into the arc chamber continuously at a high velocity, the gas leaving the gap and entering the arc chamber having a tangential component and a radial component, both of said components being generally additionally transverse to said axis, the tangential component resulting in an arc path increasing in length until said system voltage may no longer support it whereupon a new breakdown may occur, the major portion of said arc path extending into said are chamber with end portions attaching to an upstream electrode and a

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Discharge Heating (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Direct Air Heating By Heater Or Combustion Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US15597A 1970-03-02 1970-03-02 Apparatus and method of increasing arc voltage and gas enthalpy in a self-stabilizing arc heater Expired - Lifetime US3663792A (en)

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US (1) US3663792A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5529341B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2109634C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2084028A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1351625A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3832519A (en) * 1972-08-11 1974-08-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp Arc heater with integral fluid and electrical ducting and quick disconnect facility
US3953705A (en) * 1974-09-03 1976-04-27 Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation Controlled arc gas heater
US4247732A (en) * 1979-08-21 1981-01-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Method and apparatus for electrically firing an iron blast furnace
US4339546A (en) * 1980-02-13 1982-07-13 Biofuel, Inc. Production of methanol from organic waste material by use of plasma jet
US4509177A (en) * 1983-06-29 1985-04-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electric arc-fired blast furnace system
US4530101A (en) * 1983-04-15 1985-07-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electric arc fired cupola for remelting of metal chips
US4582004A (en) * 1983-07-05 1986-04-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electric arc heater process and apparatus for the decomposition of hazardous materials
FR2639172A1 (fr) * 1988-11-17 1990-05-18 Electricite De France Dispositif de generation de plasmas basse temperature par formation de decharges electriques glissantes
EP0750451A1 (fr) * 1995-06-23 1996-12-27 AEROSPATIALE SOCIETE NATIONALE INDUSTRIELLE, Société Anonyme Torche à plasma à bobine électromagnétique de déplacement du pied d'arc indépendante et intégrée
EP3383145A1 (fr) * 2017-03-30 2018-10-03 Arianegroup Sas Torche à plasma
US20210327687A1 (en) * 2017-01-23 2021-10-21 Edwards Korea Ltd. Plasma generating apparatus and gas treating apparatus
US11985754B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2024-05-14 Edwards Korea Ltd. Nitrogen oxide reduction apparatus and gas treating apparatus

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE789294A (fr) * 1971-11-02 1973-03-26 British Titan Ltd Bobine d'excitation perfectionnee
JPS545657Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1973-06-30 1979-03-13
US4219726A (en) * 1979-03-29 1980-08-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Arc heater construction with total alternating current usage
TW201224419A (en) 2011-10-07 2012-06-16 li-he Yao Torque sensor
TW201223823A (en) 2011-10-07 2012-06-16 li-he Yao Torque sensing device for power assisting bicycle
JP6623385B2 (ja) 2015-06-08 2019-12-25 株式会社アタゴ 粘度計
CN109470504A (zh) * 2018-12-13 2019-03-15 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 一种加强交流电弧加热器弧根旋转的相位移装置及方法

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US3131288A (en) * 1961-08-07 1964-04-28 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torch
US3223822A (en) * 1963-08-06 1965-12-14 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torches
US3297899A (en) * 1964-01-24 1967-01-10 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torches having a variably constricting element in the arc passageway
US3360682A (en) * 1965-10-15 1967-12-26 Giannini Scient Corp Apparatus and method for generating high-enthalpy plasma under high-pressure conditions
US3364387A (en) * 1965-06-07 1968-01-16 Union Carbide Corp Radiation torch having an electrode for supplying and exhausting gas
US3400070A (en) * 1965-06-14 1968-09-03 Hercules Inc High efficiency plasma processing head including a diffuser having an expanding diameter
US3533756A (en) * 1966-11-15 1970-10-13 Hercules Inc Solids arc reactor method

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US3301995A (en) * 1963-12-02 1967-01-31 Union Carbide Corp Electric arc heating and acceleration of gases
US3343019A (en) * 1964-03-06 1967-09-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp High temperature gas arc heater with liquid cooled electrodes and liquid cooled chamber walls

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US3131288A (en) * 1961-08-07 1964-04-28 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torch
US3223822A (en) * 1963-08-06 1965-12-14 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torches
US3297899A (en) * 1964-01-24 1967-01-10 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torches having a variably constricting element in the arc passageway
US3364387A (en) * 1965-06-07 1968-01-16 Union Carbide Corp Radiation torch having an electrode for supplying and exhausting gas
US3400070A (en) * 1965-06-14 1968-09-03 Hercules Inc High efficiency plasma processing head including a diffuser having an expanding diameter
US3360682A (en) * 1965-10-15 1967-12-26 Giannini Scient Corp Apparatus and method for generating high-enthalpy plasma under high-pressure conditions
US3533756A (en) * 1966-11-15 1970-10-13 Hercules Inc Solids arc reactor method

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3832519A (en) * 1972-08-11 1974-08-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp Arc heater with integral fluid and electrical ducting and quick disconnect facility
US3953705A (en) * 1974-09-03 1976-04-27 Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation Controlled arc gas heater
US4247732A (en) * 1979-08-21 1981-01-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Method and apparatus for electrically firing an iron blast furnace
FR2463811A1 (fr) * 1979-08-21 1981-02-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp Procede et appareil pour chauffer electriquement un haut fourneau
US4339546A (en) * 1980-02-13 1982-07-13 Biofuel, Inc. Production of methanol from organic waste material by use of plasma jet
US4530101A (en) * 1983-04-15 1985-07-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electric arc fired cupola for remelting of metal chips
US4509177A (en) * 1983-06-29 1985-04-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electric arc-fired blast furnace system
US4582004A (en) * 1983-07-05 1986-04-15 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Electric arc heater process and apparatus for the decomposition of hazardous materials
FR2639172A1 (fr) * 1988-11-17 1990-05-18 Electricite De France Dispositif de generation de plasmas basse temperature par formation de decharges electriques glissantes
EP0750451A1 (fr) * 1995-06-23 1996-12-27 AEROSPATIALE SOCIETE NATIONALE INDUSTRIELLE, Société Anonyme Torche à plasma à bobine électromagnétique de déplacement du pied d'arc indépendante et intégrée
FR2735941A1 (fr) * 1995-06-23 1996-12-27 Aerospatiale Torche a plasma a bobine electromagnetique de deplacement du pied d'arc independante et integree
US5719371A (en) * 1995-06-23 1998-02-17 Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle, Societe Anonyme Plasma torch with integrated independent electromagnetic coil for moving the arc foot
US20210327687A1 (en) * 2017-01-23 2021-10-21 Edwards Korea Ltd. Plasma generating apparatus and gas treating apparatus
US11430638B2 (en) * 2017-01-23 2022-08-30 Edwards Limited Plasma generating apparatus and gas treating apparatus
US11985754B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2024-05-14 Edwards Korea Ltd. Nitrogen oxide reduction apparatus and gas treating apparatus
EP3383145A1 (fr) * 2017-03-30 2018-10-03 Arianegroup Sas Torche à plasma
FR3064876A1 (fr) * 2017-03-30 2018-10-05 Airbus Safran Launchers Sas Torche a plasma

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Publication number Publication date
GB1351625A (en) 1974-05-01
JPS5529341B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1980-08-02
DE2109634C2 (de) 1982-10-21
JPS462239A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-10-12
DE2109634A1 (de) 1972-08-03
FR2084028A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-12-17

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