US3657025A - Nickel-iron base magnetic material with high initial permeability at low temperatures - Google Patents
Nickel-iron base magnetic material with high initial permeability at low temperatures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3657025A US3657025A US807652A US3657025DA US3657025A US 3657025 A US3657025 A US 3657025A US 807652 A US807652 A US 807652A US 3657025D A US3657025D A US 3657025DA US 3657025 A US3657025 A US 3657025A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- nickel
- temperature
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 title description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001004 magnetic alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 3
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BQCFCWXSRCETDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Mn].[Cu] Chemical compound [Fe].[Mn].[Cu] BQCFCWXSRCETDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 iron-silicon-aluminum Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 229910000714 At alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001006 Constantan Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017116 Fe—Mo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001179 chromel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000702 sendust Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
- H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/14708—Fe-Ni based alloys
Definitions
- the magnetically soft material must have as high as possible an initial permeability in the range of low temperatures. In magnetic shielding, the high initial permeability is a desirable condition for highly effective shielding against extremely weak extraneous magnetic fields.
- the indication or measuring error becomes smaller with increasing permeability of the transformer material, while in case of low current transmitters a very high inductivity can be obtained with a small number of turns if the transmitter material has a high permeability at small field intensities.
- the high permeability magnetically soft materials which have been heretofore known have not met the above stated requirements.
- the relative permeability of the magnetically softest alloys with 70 to 80% of nickel when measured at room temperature and at a field intensity of 0.5 mOe (millioersted) is over 100,000 and decreases sharply with lower temperatures to about 10,000 to 15,000 at a temperature of -1 20 C.
- sendust alloys that is, the ternary iron base alloys with about 7 to 14% of silicon and with about 2 to 7% of aluminum and which also fall into this category of the technology, reach higher permeability values even slightly below C. but these higher permeability values are achieved in a relatively narrow range of temperature and these values are obtained only for field intensities of about 40 to 200 mOe, that is, for relatively high field intensities.
- the point of maximum permeability depends specifically on the respective silicon and aluminum content of the alloy. For example, an iron-silicon-aluminum alloy with 9.9% of silicon and 5.6% of aluminum has at 1 00 C. a sharply defined maximum with a peak value of permeability of about 64,000 at a field intensity of 100 mOe.
- iron-silicon-aluminum alloys of the above specified composition are not suitable for many applications not only on the basis of their unfavorable dependency of their permeability on the field intensity but also because of their technological characteristics, that is, their high degree of brittleness (see C. Heck: Magnetic Materials and Their Technical Applications, 1967, pages 403 and 404) does not permit any of the usual forming or cutting operations (other than grinding) and correspondingly there cannot be produced from these materials any strips, core laminations, or deep-drawn parts.
- the purpose of this invention is to obtain in ductile alloys the best possible magnetically soft properties at low temperatures.
- the invention is based specifically on the problem of preparing a nickel-iron base magnetic material which has, at temperatures below 180 C., a relative initial permeability of more than 40,000 in weak magnetic fields.
- this is accomplished by selecting the alloying components such that there is present between about 8.9% and 27.6% iron, up to 12.5% copper, up to 4.6% molybdenum, from about 0.2% to about 1.0% manganese and the balance essentially nickel with incidental impurities.
- the alloy is thereafter processed by hot and cold working and the finish gauge material is thereafter annealed at a temperature within the range between about 1,050" and about l250 C. for a time period of between about 2 hours, and, about 8 hours followed by cooling to room temperature.
- the annealed material is then subjected to a final heat treatment at a temperature between the Curie temperature and 550 C. for a time period of between about 1 hour and about 5 hours followed by quenching to room temperature.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a ductile nickel-iron base alloy having high initial permeability at cryogenic temperatures and at low field intensities.
- a specific object of the present invention is to provide a ductile nickel-iron base magnetic material and a heat treatment therefor whereby the material will exhibit an initial permeability of at least 40,000 in a field intensity of 0.5 mOe at a temperature of less than 180 C.
- FIG. 1 is a ternary diagram illustrating the broad and preferred limits of the alloying components
- FIG. 2 is a ternary diagram illustrating the relation of the copper content with respect to the balance of the alloying components
- FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 1 but illustrating the actual composition of alloys made and tested as set forth in Table I;
- FIGS. 4 through 9 inclusive illustrate the relationship between initial permeability and temperature for alloys 3, 8, l9, l5, 9 and 17 respectively of Table I.
- the alloy of the present invention is a nickel-iron base alloy to which controlled amounts of at least one of copper, manganese and molybdenum are added. While in broad general terms the alloy contains, in percent by weight, from about 8.9% to about 27.6% iron, up to 12.5% copper, up to 4.6% molybdenum, from about 0.2% to about 1.0% manganese and the balance nickel incidental impurities, the alloying components must be balanced in accordance with the circumscribed areas of FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the actual composition of the magnetic material lies within or in immediate vicinity of a range of multicomponent system nickel- (iron copper manganese)-molybdenum which is defined in FIG. 1 by the polygon A (73.3% Ni; 26.7% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 0% Mo)- B (80.5% Ni; 16.9% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 2.6% Mo) C (80.5% Ni; 14.9% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 4.6% Mo) D (72.2% Ni; 26.3% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 1.5% Mo) E (72.2% Ni; 27.8% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 0% Mo)-A.
- the preferred range of alloying components is defined by the polygon F (75.4% Ni; 23.2% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 1.4% Mo) G (78.0% Ni; 19.7% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 2.3% Mo) H (78.0% Ni; 18.5% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 3.5% Mo) J (75.4% Ni; 22.1% (Fe+Cu+Mn); 2.5% Mo)-F with the restriction that the content of manganese is 0.2 to 1.0% in each instance. Moreover, the content of copper associated with the content of nickel must be within the range which in FIG.
- the material is annealed during its manufacture in a non-oxidizing atmosphere for several hours, specifically 2 to 8 hours, at 1,050 to 1,250 C. and afterwards it is subjected to final heat treatment for several hours, specifically l to hours, at a temperature in a vacuum fumace there were produced nickel-iron alloys with the chemical composition given in per cent by weight in Table l and indicated by the same numbers in the nickel- (iron copper manganese)-molybdenum alloying diagram in FIG. 3. After forging, the ingots were hot rolled to a thickness of 2.5 mm followed by annealing at l,050 C.
- the material was cold rolled to a final thickness of 0.1 mm with intermediate annealing where necessary.
- the cores were placed in a suitable TABLE I protective copper casing, cooled in a cryostat to the tempera- [Chemlcal composmo by Weghm ture of liquid helium (i.e. 268.9 C.) or liquid nitrogen (i.e. Ni Fe Cu Mo Mn Si 25 195.8 C.) and then permitted to warm naturally while the 75. 00 20 L 63 Trace permeability and temperatures were moni tored.
- the measure- 70.05 17.25 4. 37 1.75 0.50 0.02 ments of the temperatures below 200 C. were made by g" g" 8 ⁇ means of a goldiron-chromel thermocouple and above -200 77. 50 15. 30 4. 5g 2. 23 8. 01 T 3 3 C.
- Another relationship found to exist in the alloy of the present invention is that where the molybdenum content increases toward the upper limit at any given nickel level the final heat treatment temperature must decrease toward the Curie temperature in order to achieve the high initial permeability. Also, where the alloy has a composition near the line F-G of FIG. 1 increasing nickel contents require higher final heat treatment temperatures approaching 550 C. in order to obtain the high initial permeability at low temperatures.
- the advantage obtained with the invention consists in making available a more ductile magnetically soft material which has a very high permeability at the low temperatures, especially in the range between l80 and 269 C.
- the relationships which have been found permit the selection of the alloy and the final heat treatment so that the highest possible permeability or a permeability of predetermined value in a given range may be selected at will.
- the magnetic materials according to this invention with the nickel-iron base with high permeability at low temperatures are suitable above all for the low temperature cooled magnetic shields, current transformers, and transmitters as well as for relays, magnetic switches, memories, and multipliers.
- a heat treated ductile nickel-iron base magnetic alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, from about 8.9% to about 27.6% iron, up to about 12.5% copper, up to about 4.6% molybdenum, from about 0.2% to about 1.0% manganese and the balance essentially nickel, the alloy exhibiting maximum initial permeability at subzero temperatures when the alloying components within the ranges set forth hereinbefore are balanced to provide an alloy having a composition within the area ABCDEA of FIG. 1 and in which the copper content is balanced with respect to the remainder of the alloying components to provide an alloy having the composition falling within the area KQLMNSOPK of FIG. 2, and the alloy has been given a final heat treatment at a temperature within the range between the Curie temperature and 5 50 C.
- a readily workable heat treated nickel-iron base alloy containing copper, molybdenum and manganese the alloying components being selected to provide an alloy having a composition falling within the area FGHJF of FIG. 1, the copper content is selected with respect to the remaining elements to provide a composition within the area QRSTQ of FIG. 2 and the alloy has been given a final heat treatment at a temperature within the range between the Curie temperature and 5 50 C, said alloy being characterized by exhibiting its maximum initial permeability at a temperature of below about l 00 C.
- a heat treated ductile nickel-iron base magnetic alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, from 8.9 to 27.6% iron, up to 12.5% copper, up to 9.6% molybdenum, from 0.2% to 1.0% manganese and the balance nickel with incidental impurities, the alloy exhibiting maximum initial permeability at a temperature below I 00 C. when the alloying components within the ranges set forth hereinbefore are balanced to provide an alloy havin a composition withinthe area FGHJF of FIG. 1 and in whrc the copper content s balanced with respect to the remainder of the alloying components to provide an alloy having the composition falling within the area KQLMNSOPK of FIG. 2 and the alloy has been given a final heat treatment at a temperature within the range between about 440 C. and about 550 C.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19681758152 DE1758152C (de) | 1968-04-11 | Verwendung einer Legierung auf Nickel Eisen Basis fur Gegenstande mit hoher An fangspermeabihtat bei Temperaturen unter halb 180 Grad C |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3657025A true US3657025A (en) | 1972-04-18 |
Family
ID=5694879
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US807652A Expired - Lifetime US3657025A (en) | 1968-04-11 | 1969-03-17 | Nickel-iron base magnetic material with high initial permeability at low temperatures |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3657025A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| AT (1) | AT287328B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR1600120A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1209437A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| NL (1) | NL6905540A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| SE (1) | SE364526B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4441940A (en) * | 1980-08-19 | 1984-04-10 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh | Method for producing toroidal tape cores for fault current safety switches and use of such cores |
| US20050163191A1 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2005-07-28 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Standards for the calibration of a vacuum thermogravimetric analyzer for determination of vapor pressures of compounds |
| WO2008099812A1 (ja) | 2007-02-13 | 2008-08-21 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | 磁気シールド材料、磁気シールド部品及び磁気シールドルーム |
| US11758704B2 (en) | 2018-06-14 | 2023-09-12 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg | Panel for a magnetic shielding cabin, magnetic shielding cabin and method for the production of a panel and a magnetic shielding cabin |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57212512A (en) * | 1981-06-25 | 1982-12-27 | Toshiba Corp | Voltage resonance type high-frequency switching circuit |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1552769A (en) * | 1924-01-10 | 1925-09-08 | Smith Willoughby Statham | Magnetic alloy |
| US1768443A (en) * | 1930-06-24 | Percent molybdenum | ||
| US3269834A (en) * | 1962-09-28 | 1966-08-30 | Carpenter Steel Co | Magnetic alloys |
| US3472708A (en) * | 1964-10-30 | 1969-10-14 | Us Navy | Method of orienting the easy axis of thin ferromagnetic films |
| US3546031A (en) * | 1966-10-21 | 1970-12-08 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh | Process for treating nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy to increase induction rise and pulse permeability |
| US3556876A (en) * | 1967-01-25 | 1971-01-19 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh | Process for treating nickel-iron-base alloy strip to increase induction rise and pulse permeability |
-
1968
- 1968-12-30 FR FR1600120D patent/FR1600120A/fr not_active Expired
-
1969
- 1969-01-16 AT AT45969A patent/AT287328B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1969-01-30 GB GB5276/69A patent/GB1209437A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-03-10 SE SE03251/69A patent/SE364526B/xx unknown
- 1969-03-17 US US807652A patent/US3657025A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-04-10 NL NL6905540A patent/NL6905540A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1768443A (en) * | 1930-06-24 | Percent molybdenum | ||
| US1552769A (en) * | 1924-01-10 | 1925-09-08 | Smith Willoughby Statham | Magnetic alloy |
| US3269834A (en) * | 1962-09-28 | 1966-08-30 | Carpenter Steel Co | Magnetic alloys |
| US3472708A (en) * | 1964-10-30 | 1969-10-14 | Us Navy | Method of orienting the easy axis of thin ferromagnetic films |
| US3546031A (en) * | 1966-10-21 | 1970-12-08 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh | Process for treating nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy to increase induction rise and pulse permeability |
| US3556876A (en) * | 1967-01-25 | 1971-01-19 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh | Process for treating nickel-iron-base alloy strip to increase induction rise and pulse permeability |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4441940A (en) * | 1980-08-19 | 1984-04-10 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh | Method for producing toroidal tape cores for fault current safety switches and use of such cores |
| US20050163191A1 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2005-07-28 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Standards for the calibration of a vacuum thermogravimetric analyzer for determination of vapor pressures of compounds |
| US7059768B2 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2006-06-13 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands | Standards for the calibration of a vacuum thermogravimetric analyzer for determination of vapor pressures of compounds |
| WO2008099812A1 (ja) | 2007-02-13 | 2008-08-21 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | 磁気シールド材料、磁気シールド部品及び磁気シールドルーム |
| US20100047111A1 (en) * | 2007-02-13 | 2010-02-25 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Magnetic shielding material, magnetic shielding component, and magnetic shielding room |
| EP2123783A4 (en) * | 2007-02-13 | 2010-11-03 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | MAGNETIC SHIELDING MATERIAL, MAGNETIC SHIELDING ELEMENT AND MAGNETIC SHIELDING SPACE |
| US8157929B2 (en) | 2007-02-13 | 2012-04-17 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Magnetic shielding material, magnetic shielding component, and magnetic shielding room |
| US11758704B2 (en) | 2018-06-14 | 2023-09-12 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg | Panel for a magnetic shielding cabin, magnetic shielding cabin and method for the production of a panel and a magnetic shielding cabin |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1209437A (en) | 1970-10-21 |
| DE1758152B1 (de) | 1971-06-09 |
| NL6905540A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1969-10-14 |
| AT287328B (de) | 1971-01-25 |
| FR1600120A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-07-20 |
| SE364526B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-02-25 |
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