US3650848A - Production of ferritic stainless steel with improved drawing properties - Google Patents
Production of ferritic stainless steel with improved drawing properties Download PDFInfo
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- US3650848A US3650848A US834404A US3650848DA US3650848A US 3650848 A US3650848 A US 3650848A US 834404 A US834404 A US 834404A US 3650848D A US3650848D A US 3650848DA US 3650848 A US3650848 A US 3650848A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
- C21D8/0405—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing of ferrous alloys
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- the finally annealed sheet is substan- UNITED STATES PATENTS tially non-caring and when the first stage reduction is at least I in the vicinity of 40 percent, the sheet is also characterized by 2,772,992 12/1956 Kiefer et al. 148/12 deep drawing property 2,808,353 10/1957 Leffingwell et al. ..148/12 3,067,072 12/1962 Leffingwell et a1.
- ferritic stainless 'steel known as the A131. 430 series, exemplified by types 430, 434 and 436.
- the invention is explicitly concerned with the production of cold-rolled sheet of such grades, having improved formability, 'in particular deep drawability.
- these 430 grades of stainless steel are of advantage for. corrosion resistance and have been useful in unmodified sheet condition or with a minimum'of shaping, their deformation has tended to be less than fullysatisfactory. They are not ordinarily considered to be adapted for deep drawing, any more than rimmed low carbon steel, and indeed the so-called caring is too high to be acceptable for most operations of that sort.
- earing is the creation of a scallo'ped or deep wave-like contour along the edge of a deepdrawn shape, involving a waste of metal and even leading to weakness or cracking at localities between the projecting ears.
- f'er'ritic stainless steel has involved hot rolling and annealing, followed by cold rolling to finish gauge, then usually a bright anneal, beingcontinuous heating and cooling in a special inert atmosphere, and finally in most cases temper rolling to harden or improve the mechanical properties at the surface without significant further reduction.
- the cold rolling has usuallyinvolved two stages, with an intermediate anneal between. them; The twostage cold reduction hasfollowed. various practices, as for instance: about SO per-cent reduction in: the first stage and 50 to 65 percent. or 70. percent in the second stage;'or an averageof upto about S S percent or a little morein eachrstage. While the resulting sheet has a fine appearance and good corrosion. resistance, its fields of use have been limited, as explained above, by shortcomings in forming or formability,
- the present invention is designed to improve the formingproperties of these grades of staihlessssteel, and to afford methods of treatment or processingwhereby such improvement is achieved, most especially for the. attainment of a product which is substantially non-caring when drawn.
- an important object is to produce a ferritic stainless steel which has excellent deep drawing properties, characterized' by a high average-r value (.F), a recognized indicator or measurement of such properties, and which is essentially noncaring, e.g., in that the percent caring as determinedin-cupsor the like made instandard deep draw tests is acceptably very low.
- the invention comprises a method which is presently contemplated practice, involves subjecting the so-called hot band, after annealing, to two stagesof cold rolling reduction, separated by an intermediate least a certain degree of reduction (or more) is effected in the first stage, e.g., at least about 30 percent and for attainment of true deep drawing property at least about 40 percent, while the cold reduction in the second stage is carried to a high percentage that is critical for the desired results (including low eating). being at least about percent, and where feasible may be higher, e.g., a reduction at or approaching percent.
- the hot rolling operation can be as is now conventional for this metal, being continuous hot rolling as in regular mill practice; the thickness of the hot rolled band should be left at a value to suit the selected ultimate finish gauge of the cold reduced strips, having in mind the relatively considerable total extent of cold reduction, measured in percentage, required by this invention.
- a thicker hot band than heretofore employed may be required at least for production of the thicker values among selected finish gauges.
- product sheet is obtainable having essentially minimum caring and very preferably, excellent deep drawing property, with essentially minimum caring, e.g., F-values in the range of greater than 1.4 and above, for drawability, and values of Ar/F, a recognized measure of caring tendency, which are numerically not substantially greater than about 0.2, or at most definitely below 0.3.
- essentially minimum caring e.g., F-values in the range of greater than 1.4 and above, for drawability
- Ar/F a recognized measure of caring tendency, which are numerically not substantially greater than about 0.2, or at most definitely below 0.3.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing variation of 7(average-r) with percent cold reduction for statedsteels andconditions
- FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are polygonal graphs respectively related to three grades of stainless steel and illustrating r values in different directions of the strip, for different amounts of cold reduction;
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing variation of Ar/r as an indicator of caring, with percent cold reduction for stated steels and conditions.
- the stainless steels of the 400 series are generally ferritic in nature and are primarily exemplified by chromium content from about 1-6 to 18 percent, with carbon not more than 0.08 percent.
- Characteristics of deep drawing are generally determinable from r values in various directions of the plane of the finished metal sheet.
- the term r is the coefficient of normal plastic anisotropy, being a measure of the resistance of a sheet to thinning during stretching, and specifically being the following ratio of natural logarithms of dimensional ratios of a specimen:
- r is measured with respect to a selected direction along the specimen defined as length L, the values W,,, W, and T T, being the original and final width and thickness of the specimen, relative to a linear draw that effects a selected elongation (in L), for example 15 percent or 20 percent.
- T,,/T can also be expressed as the product of W,/ W, multiplied by a factor derived from the elongation, e.g., 1.15 where the latter is 15 percent.
- r is determined, in separate specimens of a given strip, for directions parallel to the rolling direction (r transverse of the latter (r and a 45 to it (r one 45 measurement being indicative of both such.
- the average rvalue, F is a criterion of deep drawability, being simply one fourth of the sum of r,,, r and twice r Ar, which is an indication of earing, is a measure of the variations of r which occur as a function of orientation relative to the rolling direction. It is defined as:
- useful deep drawability requires sheet havingYat least equal to about 1.4, and advantageously more, as 1.5 and above.
- the numerical value of Ar/r should be significantly less than 0.3, and may advantageously be defined as not more than about 0.2, e.g., for earing less than about 5 percent. The value of this ratio is taken in an absolute numerical sense, as it can sometimes be a negative quantity, so that references here to a Ar/Fvalue ofnot more than about 0.2 mean any value in the calculated approximate range of O.2 to +0.2.
- the methods of the present invention afford stainless steel sheet product having good properties of deep drawability without earing, evidenced by measurement under the foregoing standards.
- hot rolling practice for the selected stainless steel may be as presently followed in commercial operation, for instance rolling at temperatures in the range of 2,200 to about 1,600 F.
- the resulting band is thereafter preferably annealed in conventional manner, e.g., by so-called box anneal, as with a slow heating to the selected temperature, for example about 1,500 F. and holding at such temperatures for a number of hours, followed by slowcooling to room temperature.
- the hot band is then pickled and ready for cold rolling.
- the extent of hot reduction is chosen to yield a thickness of the hot band, for instance 0.12 to 0.2 inch, which will provide the desired finish gauge of the cold strip, taking account of the total extent of cold reduction required.
- the improved process embraces a critically significant cold rolling program, advantageously interrupted by an intermediate anneal, a necessary feature of the invention (and critically so, for non-earing) being that the second stage consist of a sequence of passes that provides a reduction of at least about percent, or in a range upwards of 80 percent, as to percent or more.
- the first stage of cold rolling e.g., the sequence of cold passes that is applied to the annealed hot band and that is followed by the intermediate anneal, should provide at least about 30 percent reduction, and if good deep drawability is required, this stage should achieve more than 35 percent reduction, quite preferably about 40 percent or more.
- the intermediate anneal (between the stages) can be essentially conventional, e.g., as for getting the metal to a conventionally selected temperature of about l,500 F. for sufficient time to achieve recrystallization, and is usually followed by pickling.
- standard procedure can be followed for the final anneal.
- it may be a conventional bright anneal, the final cold passes, if desired, being effected with highly polished rolls to give the strip a mirror-bright finish.
- the bright anneal for instance, may comprise treatment at l,450 to 1,750 F., e.g., 1,550 F., in the usual inert atmosphere for the purpose, such as hydrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen.
- ferritic stainless steel hot bands were employed, all having been produced by regular mill operation as explained above (hot rolling finished at about 1,700 F coiled at about 1,300 F.). These bands and thicknesses were respectively: type 430, 0.131 inch; type 434, 0.126 inch; and type 436, 0.135 inch. Their analyses were as follows (balance Fe, except as noted below) in weight percent:
- Type 0 Cr Ni Cb Mn s1 Mo Besides chromium, metals intentionally included (in the above table) were columbium (for grain refining) in type 436 and molybdenum (for resistance to pitting corrosion) in types 434 and 436, although the presence ofsome others (e.g., Mn and Si) may be deemed functional in a minor but not necessary sense.
- the actual compositions also showed other elements incidentally present, as often in melts of these stainless steel grades, one example being Cu up to 0.075 percent, V about 0.02 percent, Co about 0.03 percent, 0 up to 0.003 percent, N up to 0.04 percent, Al up to 0.06 percent. It may be noted in passing that type 435 of this series, to which the invention is deemed applicable, differs from the above in having intentional inclusion of columbium, but not molybdenum.
- All of the hot bands were annealed in a box type anneal with an atmosphere of nitrogen, by heating over a period of twelve hours to reach the annealing temperature of l,550 F. where they were held for eight hours and thereafter cooled to room temperature over a time of ten hours. The bands were then pickled in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid.
- each hot band was cold rolled to about 30 percent (or less) reduction, and bright annealed. The remainder of each band was cold rolled to about 40 percent reduction (or a little less), one portion being bright annealed without further treatment.
- separate lengths of each so-treated strip were subjected to different, further cold reductions, i.e., as a second stage, amounting respectively and approximately to percent, percent to percent, 48 percent, 66 percent and 8l percent, followed in each instance by a bright anneal.
- the ac- -,tual measured reductions differed from these average values by not more than about 1 percent or so.
- the thicknesses were:
- the strip lengths reduced by about 66 percent in the ,second stage had thicknesses of 0.026 to 0.029 inch, and those reduced by about 81 percent had thicknesses of 0.015 to 0.016 inch.
- the intermediateanneal consisted of an anneal in an exothcrmic atmosphere at 1,450 F. for five minutes, with subsequent pickling in an essentially conventional bath for this stage, being an aqueous solution of 15 percent nitric acid and 2 -percent hydrofluoric acid.
- the bright anneal for all lengths at all levels of reduction herein noted as related to the present invention, in the sense of being comparable to currently produced stainless steel products of these grades.
- Each graph is divided into two sections by a vertical line representing the intermediate anneal; the narrow band on the left indicates steels processed without such anneal, and the area on the right, the steels that had it.
- the horizontal scale at the left represents percent cold reduction after the pre-rolling anneal, and the scale on the right represents percent reduction after the intermediate anneal.
- the point plotted in each extreme left-hand line represents the property of the annealed type 434 hot band.
- the deep drawing index (F) in general attains a notably high value only when the reduction in the second stage approaches or reaches about 80 percent.
- FIG. 5 shows (from the same set of tests) that the second stage reduction must be carried to at least about 80 percent. In other words, none of the strips showed the desired absence of caring, nor the combination of such property with true deep drawability, at appreciably lesser percentages of reduction in the second stage.
- FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show the development of r values in another graphical fashion, wherein such values in the longitudinal, 45 and transverse directions (relative to rolling) are plotted as a function of angle around the rolling direction,
- r is the distance from the center, in the indicated directions, and the reference circle in each plot is for an r value of one. Although the values would be fully shown by plotting a single quarter, they are duplicated around 360 for ready understanding. It is only at values of r greater than one that the metal strains preferentially in the plane of the sheet, as it must to prevent so-called necking and fracture in a deep drawing operation.
- the table also shows the values of Ar, which are likewise considered a quantitative representation of earing, but it is presently believed that the ratio Ar/;is a better indicator.
- Ar which are likewise considered a quantitative representation of earing, but it is presently believed that the ratio Ar/;is a better indicator.
- the strips that were carried to a cold reduction of 80 percent or more in the second stage showed values of Fsufficiently high to afford deep drawing properties, the same 'being essentially true with respect to absence of caring, as indicated by low values of Ar/F.
- the stated earing index was not as low as a preferred value of 0.2 for the type 436 steel in the 80.5 percent reduction operation, the caring was nevertheless usefully low in that the value was significantly under 0.3.
- the various produced strips were also subjected to X-ray crystallographic examination, whereby the crystal orientation was determined by the inverse pole figure method, such figure being a diagram that represents the frequency relative to random, at which selected crystallographic planes occur parallel to the surface of the tested sample.
- Such determinations are made with data collected by known X-ray techniques using a suitable diffractometer scan.
- These X-ray tests fully confirmed the determinations of T value set forth above, specifically in that the frequency of the [l 1 1] planes parallel to the surface increased with increase of cold rolling after the interanneal and likewise, in general, the ratio of [1 l l] to intensities increased, indeed at a faster rate, rising to very high values at reductions of 80 percent and above.
- Parallelism of the [111] planes relative to the sheet surface, in differentiation from the [100] planes has been found to be indicative of the existence of superior drawing properties in other steels, as for example aluminum killed, low carbon steels.
- the results of procedures according to the invention were further demonstrated by tests in the mill with two commercially produced hot bands, taken from the same heat of type 434 stainless steel.
- the chemistry was of conventional character for this type, including carbon 0.057 percent, chromium 16.70 percent, manganese 0.36 percent, molybdenum 0.83 percent, nickel 0.27 percent, copper 0.17 percent, silicon 0.44 percent, and the usual lesser or trace amounts of other elements.
- the hot bands were produced by continuous hot rolling from slab, in accordance with standard mill practice, and were box annealed, then blasted and pickled, in accordance with such practice.
- the two hot bands were identified as coils 1 and 2, the band of coil 1 being 0.187 inch thick and that of coil 2 being 0.125 inch thick.
- Coil l was cold rolled on a reversing mill to a reduction of 52 percent, and a thickness of 0.090 inch.
- Coil 2 was also cold rolled on the reversing mill to the same thickness of 0.090 inch, with a reduction approximately 30 percent.
- the strip of each coil was then continuously annealed at 1,550" P. and pickled in a solution of nitric and sulfuric acids.
- the coils were then each rolled on a Sendzimir mill to a thickness of about 0.018 inch, the cold reduction in this second stage being just above 80 percent (actually, 80.4 percent and 81.5 percent respectively).
- each coil was bright annealed in a standard manner, i.e., at l,550 F. for 30 seconds, and temper passed between 1 percent and 1% percent.
- coil 2 (with r too low for deep drawing) is nevertheless of significant advantage, i.e., for stainless steel of ordinary, limited drawing property.
- Such steel can be used for many articles requiring only a relatively moderate draw, with economy of metal and avoidance of processing difficulties.
- a sheet product (of the defined ferritic stainless steel of the 430 series, e.g., with crystal structure of body-centered cubic type) which is substantially non-caring when drawn may be obtained by employment of a two-stage cold rolling procedure wherein the reduction in the second stage is at least about after a first stage reduction of at least about 30%.
- the reduction in the first cold rolling stage should be carried to more than 35 percent, i.e., advantageously at least about 40 percent or higher, as for example to 50 percent and upwards; this is confirmed by various tests above, including operation with the first stage reduction extended to the region of 50 percent to 55 percent.
- the invention is not limited to excessively thin product or excessive total reduction, but affords convenient working ranges for the cold rolling procedure as regards extent of reduction to obtain the desired results (including higher values in one stage or the other), so that practicable hot band thicknesses can be utilized as required to obtain any of a considerable range of thicknesses of the ultimate product sheet which are suitable for good drawing.
- selection of conditions can readily be such that the total or overall reduction from the hot band to the final sheet produced by the second sheet is no more than needed, as for instance in the above examples appreciably less than 95 percent, indeed not more than about percent in any of them.
- the present invention affords production of ferritic stainless steel having greatly improved formability in the respects noted, without lessening of other desirable properties, either in strength, hardness, appearance or otherwise.
- the products are also shown to have a very fine grain structure, e.g., ASTM 10 or above, as compared with commercial products at about ASTM 8, and thus improved in the sense of avoiding or diminishing objectionable surface effects, such as the so-called orange peel effeet, on deformation.
- a method of producing substantially non-caring sheet from straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing 14 to 18 percent chromium which has been hot rolled and annealed comprising subjecting said steel to only two cold-rolling stages separated by intermediate annealing, the first of said stages consisting in cold reducing the steel by at least about 30% and the second of said stages consisting in cold reducing the intermediate-annealed steel by at least about 80%, and finally annealing the cold-reduced steel.
- a method of producing deep drawing, substantially nonearing sheet from ferritic stainless steel of the 430 series which has been hot rolled and annealed comprising cold rolling the steel, to a reduction of more than 35 percent, then intermediate annealing, then cold rolling the steel to a further reduction of at least about 80 percent, and finally annealing the cold-reduced steel to produce the aforesaid deep drawing sheet, the cold rolling reduction of said hot rolled and annealed steel consisting of the aforesaid two stages of cold reduction interrupted only by said intermediate anneal.
- a method of producing substantially non-caring sheet from straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing about 16 to about 18 percent chromium comprising continuously hot rolling said steel from slab to a hot band of thickness not greater than about 0.2 inch, annealing said hot band, cold rolling said band in a first stage to a reduction of at least about 30 percent, then intermediate annealing the resulting strip, then cold rolling said strip in a second stage to a reduction in the range of about percent and above to provide a value of Ar/r of the final sheet not substantially greater than about 0.2, and finally annealing the cold-reduced steel from the second stage to produce the aforesaid substantially non-caring sheet, the cold rolling reduction of said annealed hot band consisting of said first and second stages interrupted only by said intermediate anneal.
- Stainless steel sheet consisting of straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing 14 to 18 percent chromium, having deep drawability without substantial caring and having an Fvalue of at least about 1.4 and a value of Ar]? of substantially less than about 0.3, and produced by the method of claim 7.
- Stainless steel sheet consisting of straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing about 16 to about 18 percent chromium, not more than about 0.12 percent carbon and not more than about 0.3 percent nickel, having deep drawability without substantial caring and having an 7 value of at least about 1.5 and a value of Ar/? not substantially greater than about 0.2 and produced by the method of claim 12.
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Abstract
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Claims (14)
- 2. A method as defined in claim 1 for producing sheet having deep drawing property represented by an r value greater than 1.4, in which said first stage consists in cold reducing the steel by at least about 40%.
- 3. A method as defined in claim 1, in which said stainless steel contains about 16 to 17.5 percent chromium, not more than about 0.3 percent nickel and not more than about 0.12 percent carbon, and in which said first and second cold-rolling stages are respectively effected to reductions of substantially more than 35 percent and in the range of 80 percent and above.
- 4. A method as defined in claim 3, in which said stainless steel is type 430.
- 5. A method as defined in claim 3, in which said stainless steel is type 434.
- 6. A method as defined in claim 3, in which said stainless steel is type 436.
- 7. A method of producing deep drawing, substantially non-earing sheet from ferritic stainless steel of the 430 series which has been hot rolled and annealed, comprising cold rolling the steel, to a reduction of more than 35 percent, then intermediate annealing, then cold rolling the steel to a further reduction of at least about 80 percent, and finally annealing the cold-reduced steel to produce the aforesaid deep drawing sheet, the cold rolling reduction of said hot rolled and annealed steel consisting of the aforesaid two stages of cold reduction interrupted only by said intermediate anneal.
- 8. A method as defined in claim 7, in which said stainless steel contains about 16 to 17.5 percent chromium, not more than about 0.3 percent nickel and not more than about 0.12 percent carbon, and in which said first cold-rolling stage is effected to a reduction substantially greater than 35 percent to produce a final sheet having deep drawing property represented by an r value greater than 1.4.
- 9. A method as defined in claim 7, in which said first cold-rolling stage is effected to a reduction of at least about 40%.
- 10. A method as defined in claim 7 for producing substantially non-earing sheet having deep drawing property represented by an r value of at least about 1.5, in which said first and second cold-rolling stages are respectively effected to reductions of at least about 40 percent and in the range of 80 percent and above.
- 11. A method of producing substantially non-earing sheet from straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing about 16 to about 18 percent chromium, comprising continuously hot rolling said steel from slab to a hot band of thickness not greater than about 0.2 inch, annealing said hot band, cold rolling said band in a first stage to a reduction of at least about 30 percent, then intermediate annealing the resulting strip, then cold rolling said strip in a second stage to a reduction in the range of about 80 percent and above to provide a value of Delta r/r of the final sheet not substantially greater than about 0.2, and finally annealing the cold-reduced steel from the second stage to produce the aforesaid substantially non-earing sheet, the cold rolling reduction of said annealed hot band consisting of said first and second stages interrupted only by said intermediate anneal.
- 12. A method as defined in claim 11, for producing deep drawing sheet, in which said first cold-rolling stage is effected to a reduction in the range of about 40 percent and above a value of r in the final sheet of at least about 1.5.
- 13. A method as defined in claim 12, in which said hot band annealing, said intermediate annealing and said final annealing are effected at temperatures in the range of at least about 1, 450* F. and above.
- 14. Stainless steel sheet consisting of straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing 14 to 18 percent chromium, having deep drawability without substantial earing and having an r value of at least about 1.4 and a value of Delta r/r of substantially less than about 0.3, and produced by the method of claim 7.
- 15. Stainless steel sheet consisting of straight chromium ferritic stainless steel containing about 16 to about 18 percent chromium, not more than about 0.12 percent carbon and not more than about 0.3 percent nickel, having deep drawability without substantial earing and having an r value of at least about 1.5 and a value of Delta r/r not substantially greater than about 0.2 and produced by the method of claim 12.
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US83440469A | 1969-06-18 | 1969-06-18 |
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Cited By (11)
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---|---|---|---|---|
US3776784A (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1973-12-04 | Steel Corp | Method of processing stainless steel strips or sheets |
USRE28494E (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1975-07-29 | Method of processing stainless steel strips or sheets | |
US3936323A (en) * | 1975-01-13 | 1976-02-03 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Method for producing ferritic stainless steel having high anisotropy |
EP0130221A1 (en) * | 1982-12-29 | 1985-01-09 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for producing corrosion-resistant alloy steel |
EP0273279A2 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-07-06 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
EP0273278A2 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-07-06 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
FR2753989A1 (en) * | 1996-10-02 | 1998-04-03 | Steel Authority Of India Limit | Making ferritic stainless steel strip more easily shaped |
US20040048089A1 (en) * | 2000-12-28 | 2004-03-11 | Yoshikazu Yamanaka | Inner magnetic shielding material and method for production thereof |
US20040159380A1 (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2004-08-19 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Ferritic stainless steel sheet with excellent workability and method for making the same |
US20070009653A1 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2007-01-11 | Sumitomo Metal Steel Products Inc. | Inner magnetic shielding material and method for production thereof |
US20080236710A1 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-10-02 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Method for reducing formation of electrically resistive layer on ferritic stainless steels |
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Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3776784A (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1973-12-04 | Steel Corp | Method of processing stainless steel strips or sheets |
USRE28494E (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1975-07-29 | Method of processing stainless steel strips or sheets | |
US3936323A (en) * | 1975-01-13 | 1976-02-03 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Method for producing ferritic stainless steel having high anisotropy |
EP0130221A1 (en) * | 1982-12-29 | 1985-01-09 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for producing corrosion-resistant alloy steel |
EP0130221A4 (en) * | 1982-12-29 | 1986-05-16 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | Process for producing corrosion-resistant alloy steel. |
EP0273279A2 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-07-06 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
EP0273278A2 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-07-06 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
US4812176A (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1989-03-14 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane antisotropy |
US4824491A (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1989-04-25 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
EP0273279A3 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1990-05-02 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
EP0273278A3 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1990-05-30 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Process for the production of a strip of a chromium stainless steel of a duplex structure having high strength and elongation as well as reduced plane anisotropy |
FR2753989A1 (en) * | 1996-10-02 | 1998-04-03 | Steel Authority Of India Limit | Making ferritic stainless steel strip more easily shaped |
US20040048089A1 (en) * | 2000-12-28 | 2004-03-11 | Yoshikazu Yamanaka | Inner magnetic shielding material and method for production thereof |
US20040159380A1 (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2004-08-19 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Ferritic stainless steel sheet with excellent workability and method for making the same |
US7025838B2 (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2006-04-11 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Ferritic stainless steel sheet with excellent workability and method for making the same |
US20070009653A1 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2007-01-11 | Sumitomo Metal Steel Products Inc. | Inner magnetic shielding material and method for production thereof |
US20080236710A1 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2008-10-02 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Method for reducing formation of electrically resistive layer on ferritic stainless steels |
CN101680045A (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2010-03-24 | Ati资产公司 | Method for reducing formation of electrically resistive layer on ferritic stainless steels |
AU2008222848B2 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2012-05-17 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Method for reducing formation of electrically resistive layer on ferritic stainless steels |
US8529709B2 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2013-09-10 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Method for reducing formation of electrically resistive layer on ferritic stainless steels |
US9376741B2 (en) | 2007-03-06 | 2016-06-28 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Articles comprising ferritic stainless steels |
US9580789B2 (en) | 2007-03-06 | 2017-02-28 | Ati Properties Llc | Method for reducing formation of electrically resistive layer on ferritic stainless steels |
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