US3640799A - Process for producing a wear-resistant surface on a workpiece - Google Patents

Process for producing a wear-resistant surface on a workpiece Download PDF

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Publication number
US3640799A
US3640799A US871038A US3640799DA US3640799A US 3640799 A US3640799 A US 3640799A US 871038 A US871038 A US 871038A US 3640799D A US3640799D A US 3640799DA US 3640799 A US3640799 A US 3640799A
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United States
Prior art keywords
nickel
particles
grams
approximately
current density
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US871038A
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English (en)
Inventor
Gerhard Stephan
Heinz Harst
Gunter Laux
Alfred Kappes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wankel GmbH
Audi AG
Original Assignee
Wankel GmbH
NSU Motorenwerke AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE1621129A external-priority patent/DE1621129C3/de
Priority claimed from DE19671627129 external-priority patent/DE1627129A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19671621131 external-priority patent/DE1621131C3/de
Application filed by Wankel GmbH, NSU Motorenwerke AG filed Critical Wankel GmbH
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3640799A publication Critical patent/US3640799A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
    • C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
    • C25D5/14—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium two or more layers being of nickel or chromium, e.g. duplex or triplex layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
    • C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/04—Tubes; Rings; Hollow bodies

Definitions

  • the inner surface of the peripheral housing of a trochoidal engine is continuously swept by the sealing elements of the rotor. This action results in wear of the housing surface, and particularly where the housing is formed of a light metal such as aluminum or its alloys the wear may result in some loss of sealing action, with consequent leakage of gas and loss of power. It is therefore advantageous to provide this inner surface with a hard, smooth, wear-resistance coating.
  • Galvanic or electrolytic processes for plating a hardmetal onto a softer one are well know. It is also known to produce a hard surface on a metal by flame spraying itwith molten particles of-a harder metal. It is further know, as disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,061,525, to deposit by electroplating methods a metal plate containing particles of another substance, particularly upon fiat or externally curved surfaces.
  • the basic achievement of the invention is a process and apparatus for producing on a workpiece, particularly apiece having internal curvature, a uniform coating comprising a metal matrix having embedded and interlocked therein dispersed particles such as various carbides or oxides,for the purpose of imparting superior wear resistance to the surface of the workpiece. It is important that good adhesion of the coating'be maintained, and that the process be rapid in order to provide high output and minimize expense.
  • the workpiece may first be given, by any of various wellknown processes, a light flash of zinc in the neighborhood of 1 micron thick. Then the workpiece issuingto a nickel sulfamate plating bath of the composition and under the conditions givenhereinbelow, with the surface to be" coated facing an electrode having a surface generally congruent and generally parallel to the surface to-be coated.
  • the bath also contains minute particles of the hard material which is to form the dispersed phase of the resultant matrix.
  • the workpiece as cathode is given a thin plate of nickel at a lowcurrent density, which will promote superior adhesion of the nickel. Since the hard particles have largely settled out, only a negligible number will adhere to the plating at this step in the process.
  • the bath is agitated by suitable means to put the particles into suspension, and the current is increased to a high density.
  • the particles now coming into contact with the plated surface adhere to it and are fixed in place by additional nickel ions which are now plating rapidly, thus forming a metal matrix of uniform thickness and'having a dispersed phase of hard particles to form a hard and wear-resistant coating on the workpiece.
  • Another object is to provide a method and apparatus for producing a metallic matrix having a dispersed phase of hard particles.
  • FIG. I is an elevational cross section of equipment and workpieces
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view taken on line 22 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an elevation of a basket electrode of suitable configuration
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of the electrode of FIG. 3.
  • the apparatus comprises a tank 11 in which is positioned a supporting frame 12, on which are positioned a plurality of workpieces 13.
  • the workpieces are peripheral housings for rotary engines, it being desiredto coat their inner trochoidal surfaces 14.
  • the housings are therefore stacked vertically in line, held apart by spacers 16 a convenient distance such as approximately a half inch, in order that the deposited coating will extend slightly over the comet edges 17 of the inner surface.
  • the housings may be rigidly attached to the frame 12 as by bolts 18 or other suitable means to ensure that their inner surfaces are congruent.
  • the supporting frame 12 is pivotally supported from a bridging member 19 in such a manner that it can be swung to and fro in the bath by any suitable means (not shown).
  • an inner anode 21 In the interiorspace of the housings, defined by the inner peripheral surfaces 14, there is positioned an inner anode 21.
  • Anode 21 has a circumferential shape corresponding substantially to that of the surface which is to be coated, and sufficient vertical extension to protrude slightly from both top and bottom of the stack of workpieces.
  • the anode is a titanium basket, and in the example shown has agenerally trochoidal circumference. It contains pieces of the metal to be deposited electrolytically, nickel in the present instance.
  • the bottom of the tank 11 may be slightly funnel shaped, and in any case has sufficient depth below the frame 12 to allowsettlin g of the dispersed particles.
  • Extending into the bottom portion of the tank is a series of perforated tubes 22, by means of which compressed air may be blown into the bath for the purpose of keeping it in continuous agitation.
  • a pump 23 external to the tank having a suction tube 24 extending into the solution, and feeding a regenerator 26 from which another tube 27 returns to the bath. By this means the bath can be recirculated for the purpose of keeping it in motion, or for regeneration if necessary.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show an example of the anode basket 21, formed preferably of titanium, which is resistant to the electrolyte.
  • the basket has a generally epitrochoidal configuration, and may for convenience of manufacture be formed as two intersecting cylindrical sections 28 and 29, which approximate the epitrochoidal form.
  • the basket is open at the top and can be loaded from above with metal fragments, such as nickel when that is the material to be plated out.
  • the metal clippings or other pieces may be enclosed in a bag within the basket, which retains impurities and small bits of metal which result from electrolyte decomposition of the plating material.
  • a bag is of fine mesh weave and formed of fibers which are resistant to the electrolyte used, as is common in the plating industry.
  • Two rodlikc conductors 31 and 32 extend from the bottom of the basket and project from the top generally parallel to the longitudinal middle axis 33 of the basket and tied together across the top of the basket by a support member 34 extending across the major diameter of the basket.
  • the two conductors 31 and 32 have their longitudinal axes 31 and 32' positioned on the major diameter of the basket, and radially outside the longitudinal axes 28 and 29' of the two partial cylinders 28 and 29.
  • the amount of such displacement of the electrode axes from the centers of curvature of the cylindrical sections is small, and has been exaggerated in the drawings for clarity of illustration. The amount of displacement is ordinarily from about 5 percent to about percent of the radius of curvature.
  • the exact distance of the electrodes from the cylinder axes will depend on the shape and size of the housing surface to be coated.
  • the two conductors are connected electrically parallel, as anode, to a source of direct current (not shown), and the positioning results in a uniform field of equipotential lines of force which ensures uniform coating of the cathodic housing surfaces.
  • composition of the plating bath is as follows:
  • the hard particles may be one of various oxides or carbides, such as silicon carbide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, tungsten carbide, boron carbide, or mixtures of these substances.
  • the grain size of the hard particle powder is preponderantly 1 micron and less, the number of particles greater than 3 microns being not more than 1 percent.
  • the electrode basket is filed with pieces of nickel, which may conveniently be squares or clippings.
  • the pH value of the bath has an effect on the quantity of precipitated solid particles, and in accordance with the invention it must be above 5, preferably 5.2.
  • the bath is maintained at a temperature of 50 to 70 C.
  • plating is begun at low current density, below 90 amperes per square foot and preferably at about 18.6.
  • Nickel plate is deposited on the housings as cathode at this low current density, the initial deposit being from 10 to 20 microns thick and preferably about microns, which takes about to 30 minutes.
  • the low current density promotes good adhesion, and only a negligible number of solid particles is precipitated during this phase.
  • the bath is agitated for the purpose suspending the solid particles in the electrolyte. This may be accomplished by swinging the suspension frame 12 on its pivot, or by blowing air into the bath through tube 22, or by means of the circulating pump 23, or any combination of these.
  • the current is increased to about 186 amperes per square foot, that is, about l0 times the initial plating rate.
  • the hard solid particles now precipitate on the plating surface, while nickel is plating out at an increased rate, embedding and locking the particles into place. This phase is continued for about 100 minutes until the coating is from 300 to 320 microns thick.
  • the total coating time is about 140 minutes, as compared to about 1,100 minutes for chromium plating.
  • the time can be decreased somewhat, since the duration of the coating operation decreases with a rise in current density, which can be varied within wide limits duringthe second phase of the operation, when solid particles are being deposited. However, more rapid deposition results in some increased roughness of the surface.
  • the positioning of the housings on the frame 12 may be modified so that the housings are stacked contiguously, with their inner surfaces 14 forming a hollow tube.
  • the bath may be circulated at a selected flow rate by the pump 23 through the space between the anode and the housings, with the pump discharge tube 27 emptying into the interelectrode space.
  • the electrolytic bath contains, per liter of electrolyte: 80 to 100 grams of nickel in nickel sulfamate and nickel chloride, 2.5 to 3 grams of chlorine in nickel chloride, 20 to 30 grams of boric acid, 1.5 to 2.5 grams of saccharine, and 90 to 100 grams of particles selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, tungsten carbide, and boron car bide; and the bath is held during deposition of the matrix at a temperature of 50 to 70 C., and at a pH of 5.2.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
US871038A 1967-09-09 1969-09-30 Process for producing a wear-resistant surface on a workpiece Expired - Lifetime US3640799A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1621129A DE1621129C3 (de) 1967-09-09 1967-09-09 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum galvanischen Aufbringen einer Feststoffteilchen enthaltenden Metallbeschichtung auf Leichtmetall-Werkstücken
DE19671627129 DE1627129A1 (de) 1967-08-21 1967-09-09 Vorrichtung zum Fraesen oder Schleifen von Schaltkurven
DE19671621131 DE1621131C3 (de) 1967-12-16 1967-12-16 Vorrichtung zum galvanischen Aufbringen einer Feststoffteilchen enthaltenden Metallbeschichtung auf Gehäuseinnenflächen von Rotationskolbenmaschinen
US75801768A 1968-09-06 1968-09-06
US87103869A 1969-09-30 1969-09-30

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US (1) US3640799A (US06878557-20050412-C00065.png)
FR (1) FR1579266A (US06878557-20050412-C00065.png)
GB (1) GB1200410A (US06878557-20050412-C00065.png)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3860058A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-01-14 Ford Motor Co Method of forming dimensional holes in the wankel rotor housing electroform
US3868311A (en) * 1971-11-09 1975-02-25 Citroen Sa Methods for the formation on a wall exposed to frictional forces and belonging to a light alloy element, of a wear-resistant composite coating metallic
US3890209A (en) * 1972-06-03 1975-06-17 Toyo Kogyo Co Abrasion resistant mechanical member with composite nickel-plating layer having meshlike porous portion and a method for manufacture thereof
US3891542A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-06-24 Ford Motor Co Method for insuring high silicon carbide content in elnisil coatings
US3891534A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-06-24 Ford Motor Co Electroplating system for improving plating distribution of elnisil coatings
US3915835A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-10-28 Ford Motor Co Method of improving plating distribution of elnisil coatings
US3922208A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-11-25 Ford Motor Co Method of improving the surface finish of as-plated elnisil coatings
US3921701A (en) * 1973-08-20 1975-11-25 Ford Motor Co Method for improving bond between transplanted coating and die-casting
US3922207A (en) * 1974-05-31 1975-11-25 United Technologies Corp Method for plating articles with particles in a metal matrix
US3926772A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-12-16 Ford Motor Co Making an anode assembly
US3929596A (en) * 1972-10-02 1975-12-30 Toyo Kogyo Co Electrodeposition of wear resistant and oil retentive nickel coatings and article having such a coating
US3929592A (en) * 1974-07-22 1975-12-30 Gen Motors Corp Plating apparatus and method for rotary engine housings
US3937266A (en) * 1973-08-20 1976-02-10 Ford Motor Company Method for application of wear-resistant coating
US3948309A (en) * 1973-08-20 1976-04-06 Ford Motor Company Composite rotor housing with wear-resistant coating
US4077864A (en) * 1973-09-10 1978-03-07 General Dynamics Electroforming anode shields
FR2475582A1 (fr) * 1980-02-13 1981-08-14 Peugeot Cycles Procede de nickelage avec particules
US4411742A (en) * 1982-12-01 1983-10-25 Ford Motor Company Electrolytic codeposition of zinc and graphite and resulting product
WO1984002149A1 (en) * 1982-12-01 1984-06-07 Ford Motor Co Electrolytic codeposition of zinc and graphite and resulting product
DE4035524A1 (de) * 1990-11-08 1992-05-14 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Leichtmetallzylinder einer hubkolben-brennkraftmaschine
US20030234181A1 (en) * 2002-06-25 2003-12-25 Gino Palumbo Process for in-situ electroforming a structural layer of metallic material to an outside wall of a metal tube
EP2342390A1 (en) * 2008-09-26 2011-07-13 Kohler Co. Stainless steel plumbing fixtures with resistant coatings
US20110300408A1 (en) * 2008-10-17 2011-12-08 Initonem Ag Method and device for producing low-wear hard coatings
US20180298496A1 (en) * 2017-04-14 2018-10-18 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Corrosion and fatigue resistant coating for a non-line-of-sight (nlos) process

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE791007A (fr) * 1971-11-09 1973-05-07 Citroen Sa Perfectionnements apportes aux installations pour effectuer un revetement electrolytique
US4153453A (en) * 1976-03-01 1979-05-08 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Composite electrodeposits and alloys
FR2614074B1 (fr) * 1987-04-17 1992-10-09 Renault Procede et dispositif pour l'amelioration de la resistance a l'usure de l'interieur des moteurs et application a des chemises ou cylindres de moteurs
GB2246145A (en) * 1990-07-18 1992-01-22 Nippon Piston Ring Co Ltd Nickel-born alloy composite slidable surface
US5516417A (en) * 1993-10-22 1996-05-14 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Method and apparatus for applying composite plating on hollow member
US5620575A (en) * 1993-12-27 1997-04-15 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Composite plating apparatus and apparatus for dispersing air bubbles within a composite plating solution
US5540829A (en) * 1993-12-27 1996-07-30 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Composite plating method for hollow member
US5520791A (en) * 1994-02-21 1996-05-28 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Non-homogenous composite plating coating
US6086731A (en) * 1996-10-24 2000-07-11 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Composite plating apparatus
DE102015210552A1 (de) * 2015-06-09 2016-12-15 Mahle International Gmbh Verfahren zum Beschichten eines Ventils einer Brennkraftmaschine

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2848391A (en) * 1953-10-19 1958-08-19 Vitro Corp Of America Method of making a multiple lamination construction
US2904418A (en) * 1955-02-25 1959-09-15 Vibro Corp Of America Method of making a grinding tool
US3298802A (en) * 1962-02-23 1967-01-17 Res Holland S Hertogenbosch Nv Method for covering objects with a decorative bright-nickel/chromium coating, as well as objects covered by applying this method
US3445361A (en) * 1966-05-04 1969-05-20 Horizons Research Inc Whisker reinforced composite materials produced by electrophoretic deposition
US3449223A (en) * 1962-05-30 1969-06-10 Jules Marie Odekerken Method for covering objects with a decorative bright nickel/chromium coating,as well as objects covered by applying this method
US3488263A (en) * 1968-04-22 1970-01-06 Gen Electric Codeposition of metallics and non-metallics
US3514389A (en) * 1967-09-09 1970-05-26 Nsu Motorenwerke Ag Apparatus for producing a wear-resistant surface on a workpiece

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2848391A (en) * 1953-10-19 1958-08-19 Vitro Corp Of America Method of making a multiple lamination construction
US2904418A (en) * 1955-02-25 1959-09-15 Vibro Corp Of America Method of making a grinding tool
US3298802A (en) * 1962-02-23 1967-01-17 Res Holland S Hertogenbosch Nv Method for covering objects with a decorative bright-nickel/chromium coating, as well as objects covered by applying this method
US3449223A (en) * 1962-05-30 1969-06-10 Jules Marie Odekerken Method for covering objects with a decorative bright nickel/chromium coating,as well as objects covered by applying this method
US3445361A (en) * 1966-05-04 1969-05-20 Horizons Research Inc Whisker reinforced composite materials produced by electrophoretic deposition
US3514389A (en) * 1967-09-09 1970-05-26 Nsu Motorenwerke Ag Apparatus for producing a wear-resistant surface on a workpiece
US3488263A (en) * 1968-04-22 1970-01-06 Gen Electric Codeposition of metallics and non-metallics

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868311A (en) * 1971-11-09 1975-02-25 Citroen Sa Methods for the formation on a wall exposed to frictional forces and belonging to a light alloy element, of a wear-resistant composite coating metallic
US3890209A (en) * 1972-06-03 1975-06-17 Toyo Kogyo Co Abrasion resistant mechanical member with composite nickel-plating layer having meshlike porous portion and a method for manufacture thereof
US3929596A (en) * 1972-10-02 1975-12-30 Toyo Kogyo Co Electrodeposition of wear resistant and oil retentive nickel coatings and article having such a coating
US3921701A (en) * 1973-08-20 1975-11-25 Ford Motor Co Method for improving bond between transplanted coating and die-casting
US3948309A (en) * 1973-08-20 1976-04-06 Ford Motor Company Composite rotor housing with wear-resistant coating
US3937266A (en) * 1973-08-20 1976-02-10 Ford Motor Company Method for application of wear-resistant coating
US4077864A (en) * 1973-09-10 1978-03-07 General Dynamics Electroforming anode shields
US3915835A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-10-28 Ford Motor Co Method of improving plating distribution of elnisil coatings
US3891542A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-06-24 Ford Motor Co Method for insuring high silicon carbide content in elnisil coatings
US3926772A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-12-16 Ford Motor Co Making an anode assembly
US3922208A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-11-25 Ford Motor Co Method of improving the surface finish of as-plated elnisil coatings
US3860058A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-01-14 Ford Motor Co Method of forming dimensional holes in the wankel rotor housing electroform
US3891534A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-06-24 Ford Motor Co Electroplating system for improving plating distribution of elnisil coatings
US3922207A (en) * 1974-05-31 1975-11-25 United Technologies Corp Method for plating articles with particles in a metal matrix
US3929592A (en) * 1974-07-22 1975-12-30 Gen Motors Corp Plating apparatus and method for rotary engine housings
FR2475582A1 (fr) * 1980-02-13 1981-08-14 Peugeot Cycles Procede de nickelage avec particules
US4411742A (en) * 1982-12-01 1983-10-25 Ford Motor Company Electrolytic codeposition of zinc and graphite and resulting product
WO1984002149A1 (en) * 1982-12-01 1984-06-07 Ford Motor Co Electrolytic codeposition of zinc and graphite and resulting product
DE4035524A1 (de) * 1990-11-08 1992-05-14 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Leichtmetallzylinder einer hubkolben-brennkraftmaschine
US20030234181A1 (en) * 2002-06-25 2003-12-25 Gino Palumbo Process for in-situ electroforming a structural layer of metallic material to an outside wall of a metal tube
EP2342390A1 (en) * 2008-09-26 2011-07-13 Kohler Co. Stainless steel plumbing fixtures with resistant coatings
US20110300408A1 (en) * 2008-10-17 2011-12-08 Initonem Ag Method and device for producing low-wear hard coatings
US20180298496A1 (en) * 2017-04-14 2018-10-18 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Corrosion and fatigue resistant coating for a non-line-of-sight (nlos) process

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FR1579266A (US06878557-20050412-C00065.png) 1969-08-22
GB1200410A (en) 1970-07-29

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