Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
  • D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
  • D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
  • C08F226/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
  • C08F226/04—Diallylamine
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
  • D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
  • D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
  • D21H17/455—Nitrogen-containing groups comprising tertiary amine or being at least partially quaternised

Definitions

• Cl- B, D, c]o ed The are formed from ac ylamide and 162/183, 260/803 N uaternary ammonium monomers, in which some of the [5]] hit. Cl. ..D2lh 3/58 amide groups are subsequenfly hydrolyzed m adjust the ratio [58] Field of Search ..l62/ 168, 164; 260/803 N of quaternary and carboxylic acid groups in he polymer molecule and wherein the diallyl compound undergoes an in- [561 References Cited tramolecular cyclic polymerization.
• the retention obtained on the wire screen is a function of different mechanisms such as filtration by mechanical entrainment, electrostatic attraction, and bridging between cellulosic fibers and filler.
• both the cellulose and many common fillers are electronegative, they are mutually repellent and, in the absence of a retention aid the only factor tending to enhance retention is mechanical entrainment.
• retention aids are used because of the high cost of pigments, such as titanium dioxide.
• the use of the retention aids adds considerably to the amount of such pigments incor porated into the wet web.
• the retention aid can appreciably reduce the suspended material in the paper machine white water effluent which reduces the consequential pollution problem and loss of pigment.
• Retention aids are commonly used in the manufacture of specialty paper finishes such as bond paper and publicationtype paper, where high loadings of pigment and/or filler are required.
• the function of the retention aid is to bind the filler to the cellulosic fibers without mechanically blocking the pores in the paper sheet, thereby not adversely effecting the drainage properties of the wet paper web. This can be best accomplished by producing a microfloc of the filler, through the adsorption of the polymeric retention aid onto the cellulosic fibers which become charged and attract the oppositely charged pigment or filler.
• High-speed papermaking machines may run from 1,000 to 2,600 feet per minute, and some machines run at speeds of up to 3,500 feet per minute. Clearly, any adverse effect upon drainage characteristics will result in a reduction in the machine speed.
• the prior art has used polyacrylamides as retention aids wherein about 3 to 35 percent of the amide groups have been hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid groups. Such a retention aid could adversely affect drainage properties as it may over floc the pigment. It is essential for alum to be present for such a retention aid to work effectively, and the aid is effective only over a relatively narrow pH range. The retention value can fluctuate as much as 20 percent with small variations of pH or alum loadings.
• rosin is customarily used as a size.
• Alum is used to set the rosin, i.e., to insolublize and fix the rosin, and also to make the paper system acidic.
• the alum may function as a link between the anionic pigment and the negatively charged cellulosic fiber, and is also functioning, to a degree, as a flocculant.
• the cellulosic pulp on a dry basis, contains about 9.5 to 2 percent rosin, and has a minimum alum content of about l-20 pounds per ton.
• paper mills customarily use about 40 pounds of alum per ton of dry pulp in order to insure the desired pH range and rosin sizing.
• synthetic sizes such as Aquapel," a ketene imine dimer, which are cured at a neutral or alkaline pH; the anionic acrylamide polymers do not function effectively as retention aids in these systems.
• the pH and alum load of paper systems are generally interdependent to a certain degree, although acids such as sulfuric acid may be added to the pulp to reduce the pH to a desired range in the case of low alum loads.
• This invention provides improvements in the art of papermaking in which the retention of cellulosic fines, fillers, pigments and other chemical additives is aided and improved and variances in alum load and pH have little or no adverse effect on the retention.
• certain polymers are used which contain quaternary ammonium groupings and amide groupings, and are treated to contain carboxylic acid groupings as well.
• the polymeric molecules employed contain both positive and negative ionic charges, which are in certain specific ratios as will be discussed hereinafter.
• These amphoteric polyelectrolytes which are water soluble, are of value as retention aids because their activity is less affected by variations in pH and the chemical content of the aqueous paper pulp suspension.
• the present invention employs certain specific materials which are water-soluble linear amphoteric polymers and which contain, as chain members, units derived from acrylamide monomers and diallyl quaternary ammonium chloride monomers, preferably those of the following general formula:
• the betaine substituent will generally be a carboxymethyl group or other group capable of forming an internal salt structure in the diallyl quaternary ammonium chloride compound.
• diallyl methyl carboxymethyl ammonium betaine is described in Example 3 of US. Pat. No. 2,935,493.
• Diallyl B-propionamido carboxymethyl ammonium chloride may also be used as a monomer in the production of the polymers of the present invention.
• This monomer may be prepared by heating diallylamine at about 60 C. for 5 hours with acrylamide to form diallyl B-propionamido amine and then treating this compound with the sodium salt of chloroacetic acid at C. for 8 hours, whereby a quaternary salt is formed with one positive site and one negative site.
• diallyl B-propionamido carboxy methyl ammonium chloride monomer may be considered as providing a betaine unit in the polymer chain, and such a unit, in itself, confers amphoteric properties upon the polymer, since it has both a positive charge and a negative charge site.
• alkyl groups which may be represented by R and R may be mentioned, for instance, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl, hexyl, decyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl.
• Preferred substituents are methyl and ethyl groups. Mixtures of various diallyl ammonium chloride compounds of the above formula may be used as desired.
• the weight ratio of the quaternary ammonium chloride groups and the acrylamide groups can vary from 30/70 to 70/30 with preferred weight ratio being 50:50.
• the mole ratio of acrylamide to quaternary compound is about 2.27 to 1.0.
• Molecular weight of the polymer should be at least 10,000; so long as the polymer is water soluble, higher molecular weights are preferred.
• the polymer after hydrolysis may have from 10 quaternary units per 0.! carboxylic unit up to 10 quaternary units per five carboxylic units. Preferably, however, there are 10 quaternary units per each carboxylic unit in the final polymeric product. At the preferred ratio of 10 quaternary units per 1 carboxylic group,
• hydrolysis reaction it is preferred to use relatively dilute caustic, for instance, less than 20 percent concentration in aqueous solution, with very good mixing at a temperature in the neighborhood of about 60 C.
• the only effect the temperature variance will have is to modify the rate of hydrolysis.
• Any alkali metal or ammonium hydroxide or carbonate may be used in the hydrolysis reaction.
• any diallyl ammonium chloride compound is operable in the present invention, and any ratio of various diallyl ammonium chlorides may be used in polymerization with acrylamide, so long as the ratio of 30/70 to 70/30 by quaternary compound: acrylamide is maintained. It is important that the diallyl ammonium compound be a diallyl ammonium chloride as only the chloride anion will allow the polymerization to proceed to the relatively high molecular weight compounds which are operable in the present invention. The diallyl compound undergoes an intramolecular cyclic polymerization as shown in the structural formulas.
• Particularly preferred retention aid polymers are those obtained from polymerizing acrylamide with mixtures of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and diethyl diallyl ammonium chloride.
• the ratio of the dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride to the diethyl diallyl ammonium chloride may vary from 99:1 to 1:99, although the most preferred ratio is 95:5 of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride: diethyl diallyl ammonium chloride.
• the polymers used in this invention may be made by similar techniques, but utilizing the presently taught ratios of the monomers, chloride anion, and the hydrolysis step, as prescribed herein.
• the reaction is conducted in an aqueous solution using a redox catalyst system, but any method capable of making the unhydrolyzed copolymers desired herein is, of course, satisfactory, so long as the polymers have the required high molecular weight.
• the catalyst may be added to the polymerization reactants over a period of time, and the temperature may be maintained at any convenient point where a set and controllable rate of polymerization is achieved. Such temperatures may vary from say about 20 to about say 90 C., preferably 30 to 75 C., or higher.
• the concentration of alkali which can be employed to hydrolyze the cationic copolymer may be selected according to convenience and is within the skill of the art with the expected effects on the hydrolysis rate and the temperature required to achieve the desired hydrolysis in a convenient period of time.
• the carboxamido groups are hydrolyzed to carboxyl groups.
• the ratio of cationic quaternary ammonium to anionic carboxylic sites in the molecule may be varied and controlled, as desired, to achieve the most optimum properties.
• Polymeric material may be obtained by polymerizing acrylamide, acrylic acid, and a diallyl quaternary ammonium compound in the same ratios as are obtained in the hydrolyzed polymers of the present invention.
• a different product with a lower molecular weight is obtained, which is unsuitable for application as a retention aid.
• hydrolysis is critical in order to obtain the amphoteric polymer which is an effective retention aid.
• the polymers of the present invention may be added to the paper pulp at any desired point effective to aid in the retention of fibers and additives in the paper as it is being formed on a paper machine.
• the retention aid will be added to a point proper to the forming surface. It is a particular feature of this invention that the introduction of the polymers described herein into the papermaking pulp will lead to an improved retention of the cellulosic fines and of the various additives especially pigment and fillers, over a wide range of pH and other chemical conditions. Further, there is observed improved retention characteristics as a result of the addition of these polymers over a wide range of alum loading'conditions.
• the amount of alum used in the papermaking industry may vary widely, and it is desired to have a retention aid which will yield good retention characteristics over a wide range of alum concentrations. This desired characteristic has been demonstrated by the polymers of the present invention, as shown in connection with the working examples herein.
• the present invention provides amphoteric polymeric retention aids which may vary no more than 10 percent in retention values across alum load ranges of l to 100 pounds of alum per ton of dry pulp, and across pH ranges of 3.5 to 8.0.
• retention aid per ton of dry pulp
• a retention aid will seldom be used in amounts of less than 0.1 pound per ton of dry pulp, and in nonnal practice the retention aid will not be used in amounts higher than 2 pounds per ton of dry pulp for economic reasons, although in some cases more retention aid may be used without adverse effect, for instance, 5 or even 10 pounds per ton of dry pulp. Mixtures of retention aids may be used as desired.
• the retention aids of the present invention have essentially no detrimental effect on the dry strength of the paper when used in the above concentrations.
• the polymers of our invention may be produced by the following procedure:
• a monomer mixture comprising a 50/50 weight ratio of acrylamide to diallyl quaternary ammonium monomers at 20 percent total solids is prepared in aqueous solution.
• the pH of this monomer solution is adjusted to 6.5 with dilute NaOH solution and then heated to 50 C. and held at this temperature where it is purged with nitrogen gas for a l-hour period to remove all dissolved oxygen.
• a redox polymerization catalyst system is added comprising an aqueous solution of (Ni-M 8 0 and Na,S O in the following manner:
• 0.24 percent ammonium persulfate based on the weight of the monomer is added to the monomer mix. Then a dilute solution of sodium metabisulfite is pumped into the monomer solution at such a rate so as to maintain a concentration of 6.58Xl0moles of bisulfite per mole of total monomer per minute. This bisulfite solution initiates and sustains the polymerization reaction at a controlled rate.
• the polymerization is normally conducted under adiabatic conditions so that the solution exotherms from 50 to about 75 C. within about a l hour period.
• the temperature is then held at about C. for an hour, producing a hyperviscous aqueous solution of a water-soluble polymer of the following representative linear chain; used for illustration purposes only:
• the base polymer is then hydrolyzed by treating the solution with an appropriate amount, which for example is the amount calculated to hydrolyze 4.3 percent of the amide groups, of a potassium hydroxide solution (20 percent solids) at a temperature of about 60 C. for 2 hours.
• an appropriate amount which for example is the amount calculated to hydrolyze 4.3 percent of the amide groups, of a potassium hydroxide solution (20 percent solids) at a temperature of about 60 C. for 2 hours.
• the resultant partially hydrolyzed polymer has about quaternary units to each carboxylic unit, is water soluble and has the representative structure:
• a charge was prepared comprising 74.8 lb. water, 10 lb. acrylamide, 0.870 lb. DEDAAC, (as 57 percent solution) and 14.3 lb. DMDAAC, (as a 66.5 percent solution).
• EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
• sodium salicylate 100 ppm
• the partially hydrolyzed polymer produced above was used as a retention aid in the laboratory production of a typical bond paper by making 43 lb./3,000 ft. hand sheets using a valley handsheet machine.
• the retention aid was added to the wet pulp slurry corresponding to a head box addition in an amount equivalent to one-half pound of the retention aid per ton of dry pulp.
• different levels of alum were used to determine the effect of changes in alum loading upon retention.
• Example I The system of Example I was followed to produce a polymer of 47.5 percent DMDAAC, 50.0 percent acrylamide, and 2.5 percent of the beta-propionamido adduct. As with Example I, the polymerization reaction was completed at 75 C., it was lowered to 60 C. for 1 hour, and the polymer hydrolyzed to the extent of 10 percent of the number of quaternary ammonium groups by pumping a 20 percent solution of KOH into the product for 30 minutes at 25.9 ml./min.
• EXAMPLE III Hydrolyzed terpolymer of 50 percent acrylamide, 2.5 percent carboxymethyl beta-propionamido diallyl ammonium chloride, and 47.5 percent DMDAAC.
• Example II a 20 percent monomer batch solution was made and polymerized as in Example I. It was hydrolyzed by introducing a 45 percent KOH solution at a rate of l 1.8 mlJmin. for 30 minutes.
• EXAMPLE IV The three products made in Example I to III were field tested in a paper mill making label paper. The basis weight of this grade was 44
• the filler used was Ti0 and clay which was fed continuously to the stock immediately prior to the head box.
• the three products were fed at 0.5 lb. retention aid per ton of finished paper and yielded a 37 percent reduction in the amount of Ti0 needed to meet a minimum opacity specification. Tests with and without the retention aid showed no ad-.
• EXAMPLE V One percent hydrolyzed terpolymer of acrylamide, DE- DAACand DMDAAC.
• Example 2 was identical to the preparation of example 1, except that it was hydrolyzed to one-tenth the extent of Example l, e.g., by pumping a 20 percent KOH solution into the polymer solution at a rate of 2.6 mL/min.
• Example VI The product made in Example V was field tested in a paper mill making publication grade paper.
• the furnish used in the paper was 1:1 mix of bleached groundwood and bleached kraft.
• the filler used was clay and the system pH was 3.9-4.1 adjusted with H 80 There was little or no alum in the system.
• One pass filler retention increased from to 34 percent with the addition of 0.2 lb./ton, and increase of 56 percent.
• EXAMPLE VII Fifty percent hydrolyzed terpolymer of acrylamide, DM- DAAC, and DEDAAC.
• a polymer was made consisting of 70 percent acrylamide, 1.5 percent DEDAAC, and 28.5 percent DM- DAAC following the general polymerization formula set out above. It was hydrolyzed to the extent of 50 percent of the quaternary ammonium by introducing to the polymer solution a percent KOH solution at a rate of 76 ml./min. for minutes. The batch was then held for 2 hours at 60 C. and drum dried.
• EXAMPLE VIII The polymer produced in example VII was used as a retention aid in the laboratory production of a typical bond paper using a valley handsheet machine to make a sheet 42 lb./3,000 sq. ft.
• the filler used was TiO at 10 percent based on the weight of furnish (bleached sulfite).
• the retention aid was added to the wet pulp slurry corresponding to a head box addition in an amount equivalent to one-half pound of the retention aid per ton of dry pulp. in this series of laboratory experiments different amounts of alum were used to determine the effect of changes in alum loading upon retention. Results are shown in the following table.
• the redox polymerization catalyst system set forth in Example I was added to this monomer solution, and polymerization was effected at 59 C. for about 1 hour.
• the amide groups in the resultant polymer were hydrolyzed by a 20 percent solution of sodium hydroxide, at a temperature of about 60 C. for 2% hours.
• the resultant high molecular weight water soluble amphoteric polymer was used as a retention aid in the produc- 5 tion of bond paper, and exhibited good retention and drainage properties with little or no change in these properties caused by varying either pH or alum loading.
• the hydrolyzed polymer had the representative general structure:
• the base polymer was hydrolyzed by treating the same with an appropriate amount of a 15 percent solids potassium hydroxide solution at a temperature of about C. for about 2 hours, and the resulting hydrolyzed polymer had the representative linear formula:
• the partially hydrolyzed polymer is useful as a retention aid.
• Method of improving the retention of inorganic filler and cellulosic fines in the production of paper comprising adding to an aqueous paper pulp suspension a retention-improving dosage of about 0.1 to pounds of a copolymer per ton of dry pulp wherein said copolymer is an amphoteric copolymer of (a) acrylamide and (b) diallyl quaternary ammonium compound in a weight ratio of(a) to (b) of from 30:70 to 70:30, in which the amide groups are hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid groups such that the ratio of quaternary ammonium groups to carboxylic groups is from about 1020.] to :5, and wherein the diallyl quaternary ammonium compound undergoes an intramolecular cyclic polymerization.
• diallyl quaternary ammonium compound is of the general formula:
• aqueous paper pulp suspension depositing said aqueous paper pulp suspension on a forming surface to fonn a continuous aqueous paper sheet containing water and a paper fiber network, and thereafter draining at least a portion of said water from said fiber network
• the improvement comprising the step of adding to said aqueous paper pulp suspension, prior to said depositing step, at least 0.1 pounds per ton of dry pulp of a high molecular weight water-soluble polymer of the formula:

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

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Citations (5)

• 1968
  • 1968-03-04 US US709959A patent/US3639208A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1969
  • 1969-02-17 NL NL6902473.A patent/NL161213C/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1969-02-26 GB GB1265496D patent/GB1265496A/en not_active Expired
  • 1969-03-03 FR FR6905677A patent/FR2003159A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1969-03-03 BE BE729269D patent/BE729269A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation

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