US3638720A - Method and apparatus for producing oil from underwater wells - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for producing oil from underwater wells Download PDF

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Publication number
US3638720A
US3638720A US762050A US3638720DA US3638720A US 3638720 A US3638720 A US 3638720A US 762050 A US762050 A US 762050A US 3638720D A US3638720D A US 3638720DA US 3638720 A US3638720 A US 3638720A
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United States
Prior art keywords
capsule
oil
conduit means
wells
water
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Expired - Lifetime
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US762050A
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English (en)
Inventor
John P Thomas
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Ocean Systems Inc
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Ocean Systems Inc
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/01—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells specially adapted for obtaining from underwater installations
    • E21B43/017—Production satellite stations, i.e. underwater installations comprising a plurality of satellite well heads connected to a central station

Definitions

  • the conventional methods of producing oil from offshore locations involve either the installation of underwater pipelines from each well to the shore when the production is within a few miles off shore, or the construction of production platforms supported from the ground beneath the water and extending above the surface thereof.
  • oil production platforms are used to collect the oil from the underwater wells and then pump it into a pipeline communicating with the shore.
  • production platforms which include associated storage facilities are used to collect, separate the waste products from the oil and store the oil until it is either pumped into a pipeline or transferred to a tanker.
  • the present offshore oil production systems are complex and expensive, particularly when the wells are located 150 feet or more below the surface.
  • production platforms In cases where production platforms are utilized, they must be designed to support the substantial weights of the huge structures which usually provide not only for oil storage but in addition, for living quarters for personnel as well as for separation equipment, pumping equipment and various mechanical handling equipment.
  • the platform structures must also be designed to withstand the forces of the most severe ocean storms. These factors require the platforms to employ extremely heavy structural sections, resulting in substantial material, fabrication and installation costs.
  • the platforms are still vulnerable to damage by surface marine traffic as well as by storms, and numerous cases of complete loss of the structures as well as of substantial damage thereto have already been recorded.
  • Still another major problem in the systems of the prior art using production platforms and or pipelines, with wellheads at the bottom of the body of water is that the systems are substantially limited to the range of depths corresponding to present diving capabilities. The reason for this is that it is usually necessary, even in totally automated production systems, to require divers to perform maintenance and repair functions at the wellhead site at the bottom of the body of water.
  • oil may exist in substantial quantities at deep levels, for example, 2,000 feet or more, present systems are economically incapable of producing the oil.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a method and ap paratus for producing oil from underwater oil fields which does not require the use of surface production platforms.
  • Another object is to provide an offshore production method and apparatus which does not require the use of flow lines from each well to the shore.
  • a further object is to provide an offshore production method and apparatus which is not affected by the full force of surface weather conditions.
  • Still another object is to provide a method and apparatus which is not vulnerable to collision from surface vessels or objects, e.g., icebergs.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus which facilitates the production of oil from previously drilled wells concurrent with the drilling of additional wells without substantial hazards of fire and explosion.
  • the interior of the capsule is always at ambient pressure, and the gaseous mixture for breathing provided at this pressure is such as to permit a safe operating environment.
  • a further object is to provide an offshore production method and apparatus which is not limited to any depth of water.
  • a still further object is to provide an apparatus for prod ucing oil which is substantially lower in cost, as compared with conventional surface production platforms.
  • Another object is to provide an apparatus which can safely operate completely submerged.
  • Yet another object is to provide a method and apparatus which enables the use of land-type wellheads and associated equipment of simple construction and lower cost than present underwater wellheads and associated equipment.
  • Still another object is to provide a method and apparatus which is easier and less costly to service and maintain than systems located on the bottom of the water.
  • a still further object is to provide an apparatus which is completely submerged and which includes means for collection, separation and storage of oil.
  • Another object is to provide a marine terminal tanker mooring and loading system connected to the production capsule.
  • Yet another object is to provide a submerged apparatus having provision for receiving and holding the base of a drilling structure.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective cutaway view of an apparatus according to the present invention for producing oil from one or more underwater wells;
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line 2-2 of FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary elevational view of a portion of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, illustrating a removable coupling means;
  • FIG. 4 is an elevational view of another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are elevational views illustrating a method of installing the apparatus of the invention.
  • a method for producing oil from an underwater well by providing a submerged buoyant oil production zone intermediate the well and the water surface.
  • the oil is extracted from the well and flowed into such submerged zone.
  • the sediment, water and gas is at least partially separated from the oil within the production zone. Thereafter the oil is either transferred to a submerged storage zone or discharged into a pipeline or tanker for transmission to the shore.
  • Apparatus for producing oil from an underwater well comprises a buoyant capsule always maintained at ambient pressure; conduit means interconnecting the underwater wellwith the capsule, and a wellhead within the capsule and connected to the conduit means.
  • the capsule is interconnected by suitable conduit means to a plurality of underwater wells thus enabling one submerged capsule to serve many wells.
  • the conduit means interconnecting the well or wells with the capsule are anchored into the ground and serve as means for holding the buoyant capsule in a substantially fixed vertical position. All casing is suspended within and anchored by the conduit means at the mudline, except for the production strings which extend vertically into the capsule and are attached to the wellhead.
  • the conduit means serving to hold the same in a substantially fixed vertical position will always be in tension.
  • the conduit means are inclined relative to the vertical thereby to permit controlled lateral movement of the capsule due to wave action and the like, notwithstanding the vertical buoyant forces applied to the conduit means.
  • This permits relatively thin-walled conduits to be used.
  • the conductor tubes used during the drilling of the underwater wells are employed as the conduit means for a conventional oil production casing arrangement to transfer the oil to the capsule and to hold the capsule in a substantially fixed vertical position.
  • additional holddown means for the capsule as well as separate oil transfer conduits from the wells to the capsule are not required.
  • the capsule contains means for separating sediment, water and gas from the oil as well as a storage compartment for holding the oil at ambient pressure pending its transferral into a tanker or pipeline.
  • a removable drilling structure having a buoyantly controllable base is connected to the submerged capsule.
  • This drilling structure includes a rotatable drill table and derrick. This structure enables a plurality of wells to be drilled and produced without the aforementioned safety hazards, since the capsule forms a buoyant production zone located below the surface.
  • a buoyant capsule is shown submerged intermediate one or more wells W and the water surface S, and constitutes a buoyant oil production zone.
  • Conduit means 12 interconnect the wells W with the capsule 10, the upper end of each conduit being connected to a conventional wellhead 14 of substantially land type located within the capsule.
  • the conductor tubes used during the drilling of the wells are not discarded, but instead are employed as the conduit means 12 for housing a production-casing arrangement (not shown) to transfer the oil produced into the capsule 10.
  • the conduit means 12 anchored into the ground preferably serve to hold the capsule in a substantially fixed vertical position.
  • the capsule could be held down by separate cables (not shown).
  • the buoyant capsule 10 is preferably constructed with a plurality of watertight compartments C, each of which may contain one or more wellheads. Additional watertight compartments E may be provided for living quarters, equipment rooms, storage areas, etc. Each of the compartments preferably includes vent means for venting gases externally of the capsule and further preferably includes a bursting member 22 for relieving pressure in excess of ambient without affecting the operation of any other compartment.
  • the capsule has a passageway 11 closed off by removable hatch 19 for ingress and egress.
  • the passageway and hatch are adapted to mate with the hatch of a pressure-controlled personnel transfer capsule T which can also serve as a deck decompression chamber for the men working under ambient pressure conditions in the capsule.
  • the capsule contains one or more separating means 18 connected to the wellheads 14 for at least partially separating sediment, water and gas from the oil flowing into the capsule.
  • the separation means 18 is preferably connected by suitable piping to storage compartments S and H for discharging sediment and water removed respectively from the crude oil entering the capsule.
  • the gas produced in the separating means 18 is preferably transferred to compressors 42 and compressed therein to high pressures. Thereafter the pressurized gases are transferred from the compressors through conduits 15 into the wells as secondary recovery fluids in order to increase the recovery of oil produced.
  • the gas separated may be fed to gas transfer compressors 43, compressed therein, and transferred to a pipeline.
  • the capsule may also have a storage compartment 26 for storing the oil until its transfer to a vessel or pipeline.
  • the capsule includes pumping means 40 for discharging the oil from the storage area into a pipeline.
  • the pumping means 40 may be used for discharging the oil into a marine terminal tanker mooring and loading system 50 connected to the production capsule as well as supplemental pumps 41 for transferring oil into the separation equipment and thereafter into the storage compartments.
  • the marine terminal system may include a mooring whereby a tanker may be held in place, a hose connection for the transportation of fluids, control facilities, power generation and other systems necessary to accomplish the offloading process.
  • the capsule in addition to containing wellheads 14, the capsule further includes second conduit means 15 extending into the ground for injecting secondary recovery fluids into the wells from a point within the capsule.
  • the capsule also contains means 16 for controlling the ambient atmosphere therein in order to maintain same in a dry condition and to prevent the formation of explosive mixture due to possible oil or gas leaks from the wellheads or separation equipment.
  • the atmosphere control means may include filters, precipitators, scrubbers, burners, absorption media, gas generators, gas analysis equipment, etc.
  • the atmosphere control means may also have provisions for regulating the total pressure within the capsule to maintain the ambient pressure.
  • the capsule has means 27 for receiving and holding the base of a drilling structure (see F KG. 4) in order to prevent relative motion between such structure and the capsule.
  • a drilling structure see F KG. 4
  • Mechanical or electromechanical locking devices ofconventional design are suitable for this purpose. This enables a drilling structure to be aligned with and held in place by the submerged capsule which in turn permits a plurality of wells to be drilied while adjacent wells are concurrently being completed and produced from.
  • a removable drilling structure D is connected to the capsule 10.
  • the drilling structure includes a buoyantly controllable base 31 extending between vertical legs 29.
  • the legs 29 include a vertical shaft 33 which is attached to the means 27 on the capsule, and surrounding sleeve 34 mo able over the shaft 33.
  • the upper ends of legs 29 are attached to drilling platform 35 which supports a rotating drill table 36 and derrick 37.
  • the base 31 includes a valved intake conduit 38 and a bleed conduit 39. By appropriate control of the intake and bleed valves the buoyancy of the drilling structure can be altered.
  • the height of the drilling platform above the water can be regulated in order to position the drill table 36 so that it is located approximately at the apex of the conductor tubes 12.
  • a plurality of wells can be drilled from the same position by making only minor adjustments to the derrick. This is an obvious advantage in that it substantially reduces the time and cost of bringing the plurality of wells ser iced by each capsule into production.
  • the inclination of the conductor tubes 12 additionally serves as above described to permit controlled lateral movement of the capsule due to the forces of wave action and the like. It is to be understood that although a buoyant drilling structure is shown, the invention can be carried out with nonbuoyant drilling structures as well, so long as the capsule and drilling structure as a unit are buoyant.
  • the capsule To install the capsule, it is first transported to position above the desired location. Thereafter a pulldown cable L (see FIGS. 5-6) is reeved through an anchor pile P to a moored vessel V equipped with a wildcat or winch so that a downward pull can be exerted on the capsule.
  • a pulldown cable L (see FIGS. 5-6) is reeved through an anchor pile P to a moored vessel V equipped with a wildcat or winch so that a downward pull can be exerted on the capsule.
  • the capsule may be partially flooded to make it easier to submerge and later pumped out after the same has been secured below the surface. Gas may be added to the structure during the submerging step to control its buoyancy.
  • the capsule is provided with pairs of guide tubes 21 extending into the capsule through apertures A and being joined to the capsule wall.
  • a removable coupling means 13 is connected between the guide tubes 21 to prevent water from entering the capsule.
  • the conductor tubes 12 Prior to submerging the capsule, the conductor tubes 12 are installed through the guide tubes 21 and through the removable coupling means 13 so that the lower ends thereof extend beyond the guide tubes on the lower portion of the capsule as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the conductor tube 12 is held in place after insertion through the guide tube 21 by locking means 44. Just prior to installing the conductor tube 12 into the ground G, the locking means 44 is unlocked. After the conductor tubes are installed to the desired depth, the locking means 44 are permanently locked and sealing means 45 is installed.
  • the locking means may consist of a split ring and the sealing means may comprise ordinary packing.
  • a downward pull is exerted upon the capsule through the pulldown cable L in order to submerge the capsule to the desired depth with the conductor tubes 12 touching the ground G.
  • the conductor tubes 12 are installed into the ground to the desired depth.
  • the number of conductor tubes and the depth to which they are installed is such, in relation to the buoyancy of the capsule, as to adequately hold down the same so as to maintain it in a substantially fixed vertical position.
  • a submerged capsule enables the use of substantially conventional land-type wellheads which are of less complicated construction and lower in cost than wellheads located on the ocean floor.
  • wellheads are located within the capsule instead of on the ocean floor, wells of almost any depth, far beyond present diving capabilities, can be drilled and produced since repairs and workovers may be carried out from within the capsule instead of on the ocean floor.
  • conventional surface vessel drilling means may be used to drill the well in lieu of the combination drilling and producing structure shown in FIG. 5.
  • Apparatus for producing oil from a plurality of deep underwater wells comprising:
  • buoyant capsule held underwater in a substantially fixed vertical position, the depth of said buoyant capsule below the water surface being determined by the wave force contemplated, surface hazards, and the pressure required of a gas mixture conducive to human operations and which is noncombustible and free of explosive hazards,
  • conduit means inclined relative to the vertical and operatively connected at their upper ends to said capsule and anchored at their lower ends in the floor of the body of water, said conduit means being in tension due to the buoyancy of said capsule and serving simultaneously to hold said capsule in said submerged position and to permit controlled lateral movement of said capsule resulting from wave action, said conduit means serving also to transfer fluid from each of said wells to the capsule,
  • e. means within said capsule for compounding a nonexplosive, noncombustible gas mixture conducive to human operation.
  • the capsule has a plurality of apertures disposed about the periphery thereof to provide access for advancing said conduit means through the interior of the capsule, upper and lower guide means attached to the capsule about the apertures for guiding the advancement of each conduit means through the capsule into the ground, coupling means mounted with the capsule, said coupling means interconnecting the upper and lower guide means to prevent entrance of water into the capsule, means for locking each conduit means to said lower guide means after each conduit means has been advanced into the ground, and means for sealing said upper and lower guide means for preventing entry of water into said capsule when said coupling means is open.
  • said capsule further includes means for separating sediment, gas and water from the oil produced, said separating means being connected to said wellhead.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 further including additional conduit means communicating between the capsule and the ground for the injection ofsecondary recovery fluids.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further including a removable drilling structure, said structure being connected to said capsule such that relative motion therebetween is prevented, said drilling structure including a rotating drill table and derrick.
  • said capsule is divided into a plurality of watertight compartments each of which contains one or more wellheads, said capsule further including separate vent means for venting gases externally of the capsule and a bursting member for relieving excess pressure from any compartment without affecting the operation of the remaining compartments.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the capsule includes a storage compartment for the collection of the oil produced, said oil being stored at ambient pressures.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 further including a marine terminal tanker mooring and loading system connected to said capsule, and pumping means within the capsule for discharging oil from the storage compartment into the tanker mooring and loading system.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
US762050A 1968-09-24 1968-09-24 Method and apparatus for producing oil from underwater wells Expired - Lifetime US3638720A (en)

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US76205068A 1968-09-24 1968-09-24

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US (1) US3638720A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1947998C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2018781A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1290180A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6914497A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3777812A (en) * 1971-11-26 1973-12-11 Exxon Production Research Co Subsea production system
US3789921A (en) * 1971-03-05 1974-02-05 Erap Device for off-centering above-water articulated multiple-drilling structures
US3853183A (en) * 1971-05-27 1974-12-10 G Downs Methods and apparatus for underwater drilling of oil and gas wells
US3881549A (en) * 1973-04-27 1975-05-06 Interseas Associates Production and flare caisson system
US4153113A (en) * 1977-12-02 1979-05-08 Lockheed Petroleum Services, Ltd. Subsea drill-thru manifold center
US4637335A (en) * 1982-11-01 1987-01-20 Amtel, Inc. Offshore hydrocarbon production system
FR2621071A1 (fr) * 1987-09-29 1989-03-31 Inst Francais Du Petrole Methode et systeme de production d'un effluent contenu dans une formation geologique sous-marine
US4913238A (en) * 1989-04-18 1990-04-03 Exxon Production Research Company Floating/tensioned production system with caisson
US5044440A (en) * 1989-01-06 1991-09-03 Kvaerner Subsea Contracting Underwater station for pumping a well flow
US5069580A (en) * 1990-09-25 1991-12-03 Fssl, Inc. Subsea payload installation system
WO1997034074A1 (en) * 1996-03-12 1997-09-18 Terje Magnussen Underwater installation and method for building of an underwater installation
FR2780442A1 (fr) * 1998-06-30 1999-12-31 Inst Francais Du Petrole Systeme de production polyphasique adapte pour les grandes profondeurs d'eau
US6564873B1 (en) * 1996-09-30 2003-05-20 Andrew Peter Tilbrook Apparatus for offshore production of hydrocarbon fluids
US20030150731A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-14 Jarle Michaelsen Subsea production system
US20030230086A1 (en) * 2002-06-18 2003-12-18 Brewington Doyle W. Apparatus and method for generating electrical energy
US20070056285A1 (en) * 2005-09-12 2007-03-15 Brewington Doyle W Monocoque turbo-generator
US20080093082A1 (en) * 2006-10-19 2008-04-24 Adel Sheshtawy Underwater seafloor drilling rig
US20110139431A1 (en) * 2010-09-28 2011-06-16 Doyle Brewington Energy producing device

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4398846A (en) * 1981-03-23 1983-08-16 Mobil Oil Corporation Subsea riser manifold with structural spanning member for supporting production riser

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2747840A (en) * 1953-06-12 1956-05-29 Phillips Petroleum Co Apparatus for developing underwater reservoirs
US3202217A (en) * 1961-09-15 1965-08-24 Gray Tool Co Submarine cellar for deep water drilling operations
US3391734A (en) * 1966-01-19 1968-07-09 Mobil Oil Corp Subsea production satellite
US3525388A (en) * 1968-01-31 1970-08-25 Pike Corp Of America Subsea drilling apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2747840A (en) * 1953-06-12 1956-05-29 Phillips Petroleum Co Apparatus for developing underwater reservoirs
US3202217A (en) * 1961-09-15 1965-08-24 Gray Tool Co Submarine cellar for deep water drilling operations
US3391734A (en) * 1966-01-19 1968-07-09 Mobil Oil Corp Subsea production satellite
US3525388A (en) * 1968-01-31 1970-08-25 Pike Corp Of America Subsea drilling apparatus

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3789921A (en) * 1971-03-05 1974-02-05 Erap Device for off-centering above-water articulated multiple-drilling structures
US3853183A (en) * 1971-05-27 1974-12-10 G Downs Methods and apparatus for underwater drilling of oil and gas wells
US3777812A (en) * 1971-11-26 1973-12-11 Exxon Production Research Co Subsea production system
US3881549A (en) * 1973-04-27 1975-05-06 Interseas Associates Production and flare caisson system
US4153113A (en) * 1977-12-02 1979-05-08 Lockheed Petroleum Services, Ltd. Subsea drill-thru manifold center
US4637335A (en) * 1982-11-01 1987-01-20 Amtel, Inc. Offshore hydrocarbon production system
FR2621071A1 (fr) * 1987-09-29 1989-03-31 Inst Francais Du Petrole Methode et systeme de production d'un effluent contenu dans une formation geologique sous-marine
EP0310506A1 (fr) * 1987-09-29 1989-04-05 Institut Français du Pétrole Dispositif de production d'un effluent contenu dans une formation géologique sous-marine et méthode de production mise en oeuvre à partir d'un tel dispositif
US4967843A (en) * 1987-09-29 1990-11-06 Institut Francais Du Petrole Device for producing an effluent contained in a submarine geological formation and production method employed using such a device
US5044440A (en) * 1989-01-06 1991-09-03 Kvaerner Subsea Contracting Underwater station for pumping a well flow
US4913238A (en) * 1989-04-18 1990-04-03 Exxon Production Research Company Floating/tensioned production system with caisson
US5069580A (en) * 1990-09-25 1991-12-03 Fssl, Inc. Subsea payload installation system
US6196322B1 (en) 1996-03-12 2001-03-06 Terje Magnussen Underwater installation and method for building of an underwater installation
AU701027B2 (en) * 1996-03-12 1999-01-21 Meps-First Oil Ltd. Underwater installation and method for building of an underwater installation
EA000594B1 (ru) * 1996-03-12 1999-12-29 Терье Магнуссен Подводная установка и способ сооружения подводной установки
WO1997034074A1 (en) * 1996-03-12 1997-09-18 Terje Magnussen Underwater installation and method for building of an underwater installation
CN1081718C (zh) * 1996-03-12 2002-03-27 特杰·马格纳森 水下设施及建造水下设施的方法
US6564873B1 (en) * 1996-09-30 2003-05-20 Andrew Peter Tilbrook Apparatus for offshore production of hydrocarbon fluids
FR2780442A1 (fr) * 1998-06-30 1999-12-31 Inst Francais Du Petrole Systeme de production polyphasique adapte pour les grandes profondeurs d'eau
GB2341875B (en) * 1998-06-30 2003-01-08 Inst Francais Du Petrole Multiphase production system suited for great water depths
US20070144908A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2007-06-28 Jarle Michaelsen Subsea production system
US7175748B2 (en) * 2002-02-11 2007-02-13 Vetco Aibel As Subsea production system
US20030150731A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-14 Jarle Michaelsen Subsea production system
US7906003B2 (en) 2002-02-11 2011-03-15 Hamworthy Plc Subsea production system
US20030230086A1 (en) * 2002-06-18 2003-12-18 Brewington Doyle W. Apparatus and method for generating electrical energy
US7013645B2 (en) * 2002-06-18 2006-03-21 Power Tube, Inc. Apparatus and method for generating electrical energy
US20070056285A1 (en) * 2005-09-12 2007-03-15 Brewington Doyle W Monocoque turbo-generator
US7472549B2 (en) 2005-09-12 2009-01-06 Brewington Doyle W Monocoque turbo-generator
US20080093082A1 (en) * 2006-10-19 2008-04-24 Adel Sheshtawy Underwater seafloor drilling rig
US7703534B2 (en) 2006-10-19 2010-04-27 Adel Sheshtawy Underwater seafloor drilling rig
US20110139431A1 (en) * 2010-09-28 2011-06-16 Doyle Brewington Energy producing device
US8261551B2 (en) 2010-09-28 2012-09-11 Doyle Brewington Energy producing device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1947998C3 (de) 1974-04-18
NL6914497A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-03-26
DE1947998B2 (de) 1973-09-13
FR2018781A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-06-26
GB1290180A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-09-20
DE1947998A1 (de) 1970-04-23

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