US3638381A - Insulated masonry building wall construction - Google Patents

Insulated masonry building wall construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3638381A
US3638381A US766794A US3638381DA US3638381A US 3638381 A US3638381 A US 3638381A US 766794 A US766794 A US 766794A US 3638381D A US3638381D A US 3638381DA US 3638381 A US3638381 A US 3638381A
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United States
Prior art keywords
masonry
wall
panel
sections
recesses
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Expired - Lifetime
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US766794A
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English (en)
Inventor
Alan L Robertson
Arthur A Rady-Pentek
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BASF Corp
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BASF Corp
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/28—Walls having cavities between, but not in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts kept in distance by means of spacers, all parts being solid
    • E04B2/38—Walls having cavities between, but not in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts kept in distance by means of spacers, all parts being solid the walls being characterised by fillings in some of the cavities forming load-bearing pillars or beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
    • E04B2/64—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of concrete
    • E04B2/68—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of concrete made by filling-up wall cavities

Definitions

  • Masonry building walls are commonly constructed as cavity walls to give them both the required strength and better heat insulating properties than a solid masonry wall.
  • a typical cavity wall has two upright structures, such as an inner one of blocks about 4-inches thick and an outer brick structure about 4-inches thick, which are spaced apart by about 2 inches to provide an insulating cavity in between.
  • the cavity must be provided with suitable vent holes in order to avoid condensation and freezing of moisture inside the wall.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a building wall composed principally of masonry that can be made with required strength yet with less thickness and weight and more economically than conventional masonry building walls.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an insulated masonry wall construction which, though made with less thickness and much less weight, will have as much or more strength and far greater heat insulating value than the usual cavity wall.
  • Another object is to provide a method and a new form of paneling for the economical construction of relatively light yet strong and highly insulated masonry building walls.
  • a further object is to provide an insulated masonry wall construction which is so economical that it can be widely employed in building construction and which has such high heat insulating properties that it will enable extensive economical uses of electrical energy instead of air polluting fossil fuels for heating and air conditioning buildings made with this wall construction.
  • An upright masonry wall structure can be made with a limited thickness, as by building it up from masonry elements such as bricks, blocks or stones laid to a thickness of, for example, about 4 inches, so as to have the compressive strength but not all the lateral strength required for an outside building wall.
  • Such a masonry structure can than be brought to all or more than the required strength by providing vertical reinforcing ribs, or studs, in monolithic attachment to it at locations suitably spaced apart along one of its sides.
  • a masonry wall structure so formed and reinforced can be insulated with great effectiveness, while still keeping the total wall thickness as little as or less than that of a typical cavity wall, by covering it with suitably preformed stiff paneling of a durable lightweight heat insulating material such as a polystyrene foam or a similar insulating material.
  • the insulating paneling can be made to constitute pockets for fonning and enclosing the reinforcing studs, and also to provide beneficial cavitation inside the finished wall, by forming the inner side of the paneling with vertically extending bearing portions, or ribs extending longitudinally thereof so as to bear and extend vertically against the said masonry structure, and having suitable recesses formed between them so that the bearing portions, or ribs, will serve for attachment of the paneling to the masonry structure, as by means of strips of adhesive applied to their faces, and so that some of the recesses will define with the masonry structure individual vertically open pockets in which vertical stud of a masonry binding composition such as grout or a fine aggregate concrete may be cast and hardened in monolithic attachment to the masonry structure at locations where it is deficient in lateral strength.
  • a masonry binding composition such as grout or a fine aggregate concrete
  • insulating paneling By attaching insulating paneling so made to the erected masonry structure, a highly insulated cavitated structure having the final wall thickness, except for the thickness of any desired wall finish to be applied to the insulation, is obtained before the reinforcing studs are formed, and these ribs then may be formed simply by casting and hardening masses of the binding composition in the pockets formed by the paneling at suitably spaced locations inside this structure.
  • the preapplied insulating paneling eliminates all need for the erection and removal of forms of the kind ordinarily required for the construction of cast reinforcing studs.
  • the reinforcing studs themselves may be reinforced and the masonry structure further strengthened by erecting metal reinforcing elements such as steel bars vertically next to the masonry structure, before the paneling is applied, in the locations were the ribs are to be formed.
  • the metal elements will then be enclosed in the pockets formed by the applied paneling and will be embedded in, and bound to the masonry structure by, the masses of binding composition cast and hardened in the pockets.
  • a very strong, highly insulated masonry building wall is constructed quite economically, yet with less thickness and much less weight than a typical cavity wall of like strength, by first erecting masonry elements with a suitable binder into the upright masonry structure of limited thickness; then erecting metal reinforcing elements vertically next to a side of the masonry structure in the horizontally spaced locations where lateral reinforcement of the masonry is required, as by typing steel reinforcing bars, or rods, to mortar layers of the masonry structure, or one to another, in such locations; then attaching the preformed insulating paneling to and over the same side of the masonry structure so that the vertical pockets formedby certain recesses in the paneling will enclose spaces occupied by the preerected reinforcing elements; and finally filling the pockets with a suitable binder poured into them about the reinforcing elements and letting the cast masses of binder harden in the pockets to form reinforcing studs bound monolithically to the
  • the insulating paneling to be employed is advantageously provided in the form of a plurality of similar elongate planiform bodies, or sections of the insulating material molded to the required thickness and configuration and having a size enabling them to be easily lifted and applied by hand one next to another so as to form a substantially continuous insulating panel covering a side of the masonry structure.
  • the panel sections are made with matable formations along their longitudinal edges so that they may be fitted together edgewise into a closed panel. Their outer sides may be made even so that the panel formed by any number of them will present a substantially even wall surface that can be easily finished by adhering to it a layer of a conventional decorative or finishing material made of paper, fabric, plastic sheeting, wood veneer, or the like, or a layer of plaster.
  • each panel section is conveniently made with a length corresponding to the height of the masonry wall structure, an over all thickness of about 3%to 4 inches, and a width corresponding to the spacing of the locations in which reinforcing studs are to be formed in attachment to the masonry structure.
  • the inner side of each panel section may be formed with at least one recess that is sufficiently deep and wide to provide a vertical pocket in which a reinforcing stud may be formed.
  • the lateral reinforcement required will ordinarily be obtained by forming reinforcing studs bound to the brick structure at center distances of about 2 feet, and the insulating paneling for such a structure can conveniently be made in sections each having an effective width of about 2 feet and having one pocket forming recess formed in its inner side.
  • each panel section may be formed with three or more of the above-mentioned bearing portions extending longitudinally thereof and spaced apart transversely thereof, with individual recesses extending longitudinally thereof between respective pairs of the bearing portions. At least one of the recesses is made relatively deep to provide a stud forming pocket, while each other recess is made relatively wide and shallow to form between the panel section and the masonry structure an individual shallow cavity which will prevent moisture from condensing inside the insulated wall.
  • the shallow cavities are self-ventilating along edges of the paneling. They not only have a beneficial insulating function but also provide concealed spaces through which conduits or other devices may be passed easily without any damage to the finished wall.
  • the longitudinal bearing portions, or ribs, of the panel sections are adapted to bear against vertically extending areas of the masonry structure and to be adhered thereto by suitable adhesive. They preferably have shallow grooves formed longitudinally in their faces to receive long strips of the adhesive. These strips may be applied by laying extrusions, or beads, of a plastic adhesive composition into the grooves, whereupon the panel sections may be attached to the masonry structure by simply pressing them against it, one after another, with their mating longitudinal edges fitted together. The long strips or extrusions of adhesive then fasten each panel section securely to the masonry and, in addition, form seals along opposite sides of each rib forming pocket so that there will be no objec-- tionable leakage of grout subsequently cast into the pocket.
  • the weakness can be overcome according to the invention by forming an especially large reinforcing rib, or stud, in attachment to the masonry at that location.
  • An enlarged pocket for the formation of such a stud can be provided between the insulating panel and the masonry structure by inserting an especially formed slab of the insulating material between longitudinal edges of two of the described panel sections.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an insulated masonry wall in the course of being made according to the invention, showing several stages of the construction;
  • FIG. 2 is a horizontal cross section through a representative portion of the wall, as viewed approximately along line 22 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a horizontal cross section through another insulated masonry wall constructed according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a preformed insulating panel section used in the wall construction.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 of the drawing represents an upright masonry wall structure made as an outside building wall by laying masonry elements 12 such as bricks, stones, or concrete or cinder blocks, one upon and next to another to a single width of these elements and binding the elements together by intervening layers I4 of a masonry binding composition such as mortar, so that the structure 10 will have a limited thickness and weight rendering it sufficiently strong in compression but deficient in lateral strength for the purposes of the permanent wall required.
  • masonry elements 12 such as bricks, stones, or concrete or cinder blocks
  • the structure 10 When common bricks are usedas illustrated the structure 10 will have a thickness corresponding to their width, i.e., of about 4 inches. At some locations, however, its thickness and lateral strength may be less than that given by masonry element laid to their full width. For example, as indicated at location A in the figures, a while brick 12a and a brick piece 12b may be laid edgewise in confronting relation so that a gap is left open in the inner side of the structure.
  • the masonry structure may be provided with internal reinforcing elements of conventional nature, such as metal strips or rods of the kind known as Dur-O-Wall" units, disposed horizontally in mortar layers between superimposed courses of the masonry elements.
  • the reinforcing elements 20 are held vertically in the required locations by conventional wire ties 22 embedded in mortar layers of the masonry structure. Ordinarily a single rod 20 in each rib location will suffice, as shown at locations B and C. Where an especially large and stronger reinforcing stud may be needed, as at location A where the masonry structure is weaker than at locations B and C, two or more of the rods may be provided and may be held vertically in place by wire ties 23 extending from one rod to another.
  • the metal reinforcing elements 20 having been erected next to the inner side of the masonry structure 10, the structure is ready to be covered by the insulating paneling.
  • This is applied to form a substantially continuous, highly heat insulating layer or panel 30 over the inner side of the masonry structure, which panel in the form shown has an overall thickness of about 3% inches and is formed integrally over its own inner side with a number of vertically extending bearing portions or ribs 32 held against the masonry structure and with individual recesses 33, 34 and 35 extending vertically between many of these bearing portions.
  • the recesses 33 are relatively deep and are provided at the locations A, B and C where reinforcing studs are to be formed, being sufiiciently deep and wide to form with the masonry structure 10 at these locations vertically open pockets enclosing the rods 20 previously erected there.
  • the recesses 34 and 35 are relatively wide and shallow, and serve to provide shallow cavities between the masonry structure 10 and the insulating panel 30 over major proportion of the area of the finished wall.
  • the insulating panel 30 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 is constructed by attaching a suitable number of preformed panel sections like and section 40 shown in FIG. 4, one after and in edgewise mating relation to another, to the face of the masonry structure.
  • Each panel section 40 is a stiff elongate planiform body molded from polystyrene foam or a similarly durable firm lightweight insulating material. Its length may be, for example, about 8 feet and its effective width about 2 feet.
  • the outer side 42 of the body shown is substantially even and flat.
  • Insulating materials which may be formed into paneling suitable for the invention include not only polystyrene foam but also other foamed synthetic resins, e.g., a rigid polyurethane foam, foam glass, cork, wood fiber board compositions, and compressed and bonded masses of glass fibers.
  • the panel section 40 has one longitudinal edge 43 recessed at the inner side and the other longitudinal edge 44 recessed at the outer side, so that any number of like sections will fit together edgewise to form a substantially continuous panel 30 having an even outer surface as shown.
  • the inner side of the body is formed with four longitudinal bearing portions 32, two of which are at its edges and the other two of which border a relatively deep recess 33 in which a reinforcing stud is to be formed.
  • the intervening wider areas of the inner side are formed with relatively wide shallow recesses 34 and 35 which, for example, may have a depth of about one-half inch.
  • the bearing portions have shallow grooves 45 formed longitudinally in their faces to receive long strips, or extrusions, of an adhesive suitable for attaching them to the masonry structure.
  • the several panel sections 40 required for forming the insulating panel 30 can be attached in place by simply pressing them one after another against the masonry structure after laying strips of adhesive 46 in the grooves 45 along the faces of their respective bearings portions 32.
  • the adhesive strips 46 adhere them firmly to the masonry structure and seal off sides of the pockets formed by the recesses 33 at the locations A, B and C.
  • these pockets are filled with a suitable masonry binder such as grout or a concrete made with fine aggregate, which is easily poured into the pockets from the top of the wall structure.
  • FIG. 3 The wall construction shown in FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, being made in similar manner with a masonry structure 10A of limited thickness, with an insulating panel 30A formed from several panel sections 40 attached to the masonry structure by adhesive strips extending along the faces of their bearing portions, and with reinforcing studs 50 and 52 cast about rods in vertical pockets formed by panel recesses 33 and adjacent parts of the inner side of the masonry structure.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a modification of the invention wherein an abnormally large and strong reinforcing stud 54 is formed at a location where the masonry structure requires special reinforcement.
  • the masonry structure 10A has a relatively weak area at location D, where its thickness is represented by that of a single half brick 12a.
  • a group of four steel reinforcing rods 20 tied by wires 24 is erected next to the masonry structure at this location, and preformed sections 40 of the insulating panel 30A are applied near to this location so that there will be a considerable gap between them where the rods have been erected.
  • This gap is then filled by an especially formed slab 56 of the heat insulating material, which may be cut to fit into the notch along edge 44 of one panel section and be glued to the edge 43 of the next panel section.
  • an enlarged vertically open pocket is formed to enclose the several metal reinforcing elements at location D, and when it is filled with grout or a like binder and the binder is hardened an abnormally large and strong reinforcing stud 54 is obtained in monolithic attachment to the masonry elements at that location.
  • the thin layer seen at 60 in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 represents a finishing layer of plaster or a suitable sheet material applied over the outer or exposed side of the insulating panel of the completed wall.
  • An insulated masonry building wall comprising an upright wall structure made up of masonry elements with a thickness rendering said structure self-sustaining with the compressive strength but not all the lateral strength required for said wall, a panel of durable firm lightweight nonmasonry heat insulating material attached to and covering a side of the structure, the inner side of said panel having formed integrally therewith bearing ribs spaced apart horizontally and extending vertically against said structure, and having vertically extending recesses defined therein between said bearing ribs, some of said recesses forming between said panel and said structure individual vertically extending pockets having enclosed therewithin reinforcing studs formed vertically upon said side of said structure at locations spaced apart horizontally therealong where said structure if standing without said studs would be deficient in lateral strength, each of said stubs comprising a vertically elongate mass of a masonry binding com position cast and set against said structure and thus monolithically bound thereto over substantially the vertical extent thereof at one of said locations, said masonry structure and said studs there
  • a wall according to claim 1, said studs comprising elongate masses of said composition cast and hardened in situ in said pockets.
  • each of said studs also comprising at least one metal reinforcing element erected vertically next to said structure and embedded in said mass of said binding composition.
  • said panel comprising a plurality of elongate molded planiform sections of said material having mating formations along their longitudinal edges for interfitting them edgewise one with another, each of said sections being formed along one side thereof with a plurality of said bearing ribs and at least one of said pocket-forming recesses.
  • a wall according to claim 1 said panel comprising a plurality of elongate molded planiform sections of a polystyrene foam having mating formations along their longitudinal edges for interfitting them edgewise one with another, each of said sections being formed along one side thereof with a plurality of said bearing ribs and at least one of said pocket-forming recesses.
  • a wall according to claim 1 the others of said recesses being relatively wide and shallow and forming individual shallow cavities extending vertically between said masonry structure and said panel to prevent condensation therebetween.
  • said panel comprising a plurality of elongate planiform sections of a molded foamed synthetic resin material, said sections fitting one against another along their longitudinal edges, each of said sections being formed along one side thereof with a plurality of said bearing ribs and at least one of said pocket-forming recesses.
  • a wall according to claim 1 said panel being attached to said structure by strips of adhesive applied to and along the faces of said bearing ribs and adhered to said structure.
  • a wall according to claim 8 said faces having shallow grooves formed longitudinally therein, said strips being extrusions of a plastic adhesive composition laid in said grooves.
  • An insulated masonry building wall comprising an upright masonry structure made up of masonry elements and intervening layers of a masonry binding composition with a limited thickness rendering said structure self-sustaining with the compressive strength but not all the lateral strength required for said wall, an insulating panel attached to and covering a side of said structure, said panel comprising a plurality of vertically elongate planiform sections of a molded foamed synthetic resin material, each of said sections having formed integrally therewith along its side facing said structure a plurality of longitudinal ribs spaced apart horizontally and extending and bearing vertically against said structure, and having vertically extending recesses defined therein between said ribs, at least one of said recesses of each said section monolithically bound to said structure over substantially the vertical extent thereof at a location where said structure if standing without said stud would be deficient in lateral strength, and strips of adhesive applied to faces of said ribs of each said section and adhering them to said structure, said masonry structure and said studs thereon providing substantially all the compress

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
US766794A 1968-10-11 1968-10-11 Insulated masonry building wall construction Expired - Lifetime US3638381A (en)

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US76679468A 1968-10-11 1968-10-11

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US3638381A true US3638381A (en) 1972-02-01

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US (1) US3638381A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT313533B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE740109A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR6912836D0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH503857A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1946462A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2020376A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1233113A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6914917A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE354314B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1986000106A1 (en) * 1984-06-11 1986-01-03 Calvin Shubow Building construction using hollow core wall
US4694626A (en) * 1985-07-26 1987-09-22 Ispo Gmbh Insulating board
WO1988002803A1 (en) * 1986-10-09 1988-04-21 Calvin Shubow Building construction using hollow core wall
WO1993014923A1 (en) * 1992-01-24 1993-08-05 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company A flexible polymeric foam for use as an insulator and a moisture retardant and a process for producing it
US5860259A (en) * 1995-05-15 1999-01-19 Laska; Walter A. Masonry insulated board with integral drainage
US20080086958A1 (en) * 2006-10-17 2008-04-17 Ewald Dorken Ag Dimpled sheet
US20080227350A1 (en) * 2005-07-25 2008-09-18 Ewald Dorken Ag Method For the Production of a Web
US20090041999A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2009-02-12 Ewald Dorken Ag Constructional sealant material
US8535786B2 (en) 2006-08-18 2013-09-17 Ewald Dorken Ag Web and adhesive strip

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1101183A (en) * 1913-04-26 1914-06-23 Isaac B Hill Building construction.
US1472642A (en) * 1921-05-04 1923-10-30 Jr William Lewis Evans Composite wall and method of constructing it
FR943283A (fr) * 1947-03-14 1949-03-03 Système de construction d'un mur porteur en béton armé et vibré, constitué par éléments préfabriqués
CH289601A (fr) * 1950-06-27 1953-03-31 Beaupere Hubert Henri Mur en éléments moulés.
GB769188A (en) * 1955-05-31 1957-02-27 Matti Janhenen A method of securing wall-facing slabs together
US3270473A (en) * 1963-05-08 1966-09-06 Arrow Art Finishers Tiled wall and floor surface covering and method and means for applying same
US3307306A (en) * 1961-07-28 1967-03-07 Adsure Inc Insulation blanket structure

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1101183A (en) * 1913-04-26 1914-06-23 Isaac B Hill Building construction.
US1472642A (en) * 1921-05-04 1923-10-30 Jr William Lewis Evans Composite wall and method of constructing it
FR943283A (fr) * 1947-03-14 1949-03-03 Système de construction d'un mur porteur en béton armé et vibré, constitué par éléments préfabriqués
CH289601A (fr) * 1950-06-27 1953-03-31 Beaupere Hubert Henri Mur en éléments moulés.
GB769188A (en) * 1955-05-31 1957-02-27 Matti Janhenen A method of securing wall-facing slabs together
US3307306A (en) * 1961-07-28 1967-03-07 Adsure Inc Insulation blanket structure
US3270473A (en) * 1963-05-08 1966-09-06 Arrow Art Finishers Tiled wall and floor surface covering and method and means for applying same

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
National Gypsum Co. Publication of May 1967, page 8 *

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4616459A (en) * 1981-05-29 1986-10-14 Calvin Shubow Building construction using hollow core wall
WO1986000106A1 (en) * 1984-06-11 1986-01-03 Calvin Shubow Building construction using hollow core wall
US4694626A (en) * 1985-07-26 1987-09-22 Ispo Gmbh Insulating board
WO1988002803A1 (en) * 1986-10-09 1988-04-21 Calvin Shubow Building construction using hollow core wall
WO1993014923A1 (en) * 1992-01-24 1993-08-05 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company A flexible polymeric foam for use as an insulator and a moisture retardant and a process for producing it
US5860259A (en) * 1995-05-15 1999-01-19 Laska; Walter A. Masonry insulated board with integral drainage
US20090041999A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2009-02-12 Ewald Dorken Ag Constructional sealant material
US20080227350A1 (en) * 2005-07-25 2008-09-18 Ewald Dorken Ag Method For the Production of a Web
US8808481B2 (en) 2005-07-25 2014-08-19 Ewald Dorken Ag Method for the production of a web
US8535786B2 (en) 2006-08-18 2013-09-17 Ewald Dorken Ag Web and adhesive strip
US20080086958A1 (en) * 2006-10-17 2008-04-17 Ewald Dorken Ag Dimpled sheet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH503857A (de) 1971-02-28
BE740109A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-04-10
FR2020376A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-07-10
AT313533B (de) 1974-02-25
GB1233113A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-05-26
NL6914917A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-04-14
BR6912836D0 (pt) 1973-02-01
SE354314B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-03-05
DE1946462A1 (de) 1970-04-16

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