US3636242A - An electric conductor wire - Google Patents

An electric conductor wire Download PDF

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Publication number
US3636242A
US3636242A US879567A US3636242DA US3636242A US 3636242 A US3636242 A US 3636242A US 879567 A US879567 A US 879567A US 3636242D A US3636242D A US 3636242DA US 3636242 A US3636242 A US 3636242A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
outer layer
zinc
nickel
percent
electric wire
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US879567A
Inventor
Hans Olof Hansson
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from SE16795/68A external-priority patent/SE326744B/xx
Application filed by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB filed Critical Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B9/00—Power cables
    • H01B9/006—Constructional features relating to the conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • H01B1/023—Alloys based on aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/14—Submarine cables
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/923—Physical dimension
    • Y10S428/924—Composite
    • Y10S428/926—Thickness of individual layer specified
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12333—Helical or with helical component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
    • Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An electric conductor wire of aluminum or aluminum alloy with a diameter less than 5 mm., is covered with a layer containing nickel with a thickness in the range of from 0.1 to 10 11.. In order to improve the adhesiveness of the layer, the layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with a proportion of zinc up to 75 percent.
  • HANS 0L 0F HANSSON A 1- TOENE rs ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR WIRE This invention relates to an electric wire conductor, mainly comprising aluminum, with a diameter less than 5 mm.
  • the applied layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with a proportion of zinc in the range of from 25 percent to 75 percent.
  • good results are obtained when the alloy consists of zinc in the range of from 40 percent to 60 percent and it is particularly suitable to have an admixture of zinc in the range of from 45 percent to 55 percent.
  • nickel and zinc are here meant the respective metals of commercial grade, that is, impurities may be present to some extent.
  • the layer is applied by means of an electrochemical method known per se for example the fluoborate method.
  • the aluminum conductor in this manner provided with a layer according to the invention can be readily soldered with usual tin solder and resin fluxing material.
  • the manufacture may be started with a wire of substantially the desired final diameter, which is to be covered with a layer according to the invention, or the manufacture may be started with a thicker diameter, which is covered with a layer according to the invention and then is drawn to a desired thinner diameter.
  • the invention also includes twisted, multiwire cores where each single wire line is provided with a layer according to the invention.
  • the layer hereby reduces the mutual resistance between the individual wires which is of great importance in order to obtain good contact at the connection of a wire at a connection point.
  • wire armoring of electrical cables it can, for example for submarine cable, be suitable to use aluminum wires covered with a layer according to the invention. Such a wire armoring becomes light and resistant to corrosion.
  • a conductor with a layer according to the invention has qualities similar to those of a copper conductor and can be insulated with all usual insulating means, for example paper, plastics or oil.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross section of an electric wire conductor according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section of a cable formed by wire conductors according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electric wire conductor 1 having a solid core wire 2 made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and sheathed by a layer 3 of nickel or any of the alloys as set forth in the specification.
  • the maximal diameter of the core is less than 5 mm. and the thickness of the layer 3 is between 0.1 to lOu.
  • the cable of FIG. 2 is formed by twisting a plurality of wire conductors l as described in connection with FIG. 1.
  • the wires are twisted so that they substantially contact each other.
  • the aforedescribed surface layer 3 of the wire conductors reduces the resistance between the individual wires in contact with each other. As a result, high-quality connections between the cable and a connecting point such as a connector can be conveniently and safely made.
  • An electric wire conductor consisting a one-piece core wire of aluminum or aluminum alloy having a diameter of less than 5 mm., and an outer layer containing nickel encompassing said core wire bonded thereto, said outer layer having a thickness of O. l to 10 microns.
  • An electric cable comprising a plurality of twisted wire conductors, each of said wire conductors comprising a onepiece core wore of aluminum or aluminum alloy having a diameter of less than 5 mm., and an outer layer containing nickel encompassing said core wire bonded thereto, said outer layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 5 microns.

Landscapes

  • Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Wire Bonding (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)

Abstract

An electric conductor wire of aluminum or aluminum alloy with a diameter less than 5 mm., is covered with a layer containing nickel with a thickness in the range of from 0.1 to 10 Mu . In order to improve the adhesiveness of the layer, the layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with a proportion of zinc up to 75 percent.

Description

United States Patent Hansson 1 Jan. 18, 1972 [54] AN ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR WIRE [72] Inventor: I-Ians Olof Hansson, Sollentuna, Sweden [73] Assignee: Telefonaktlebolaget LM Ericsson,
Stockholm, Sweden [22] Filed: Nov. 24, I969 [211 App]. No.: 879,567
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Dec. 9, 1968 Sweden 16795/68 May 27, 1969 Sweden 7440/69 [52] U.S.CI ..l74/128, 29/19I.6, 29/197, 174/ 1 26 CP [5 l Int. Cl. ..H0lb 5/08 [58] Field ofSearch ..174/l26, 126.2,128, 94, 126 R,
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,233,410 4/1941 Frasch ..29/l91.6
2,427,727 9/1947 Huntley 1 74/94 3,254,970 6/1966 Dittrich ..29/ l 9 I .6 3,367,796 2/1968 Saums 17411262 UX FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 217,784 10/1958 Australia l74/126.2
OTHER PUBLICATIONS Dummer et al. Wires and R. F. Cables 1968 Pitman London pp. 21 table 36 Primary Examiner-E. A. Goldberg Attorney-Hane & Baxley [5 7] ABSTRACT An electric conductor wire of aluminum or aluminum alloy with a diameter less than 5 mm., is covered with a layer containing nickel with a thickness in the range of from 0.1 to 10 11.. In order to improve the adhesiveness of the layer, the layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with a proportion of zinc up to 75 percent.
7 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJANIBWYZ 3,636,242
INVENTOR. HANS 0L 0F HANSSON A 1- TOENE rs ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR WIRE This invention relates to an electric wire conductor, mainly comprising aluminum, with a diameter less than 5 mm.
Owing to the rising price of copper the latter metal has been replaced by aluminum or aluminum alloy in electrical cables.
In order to clamp-connect conductors of aluminum, it demands special expensive measures dependent on the tendency of the latter metal to oxidize. The occurrence of contact resistance can be so large due to the oxide layer that temperatures entailing the risk of fire were observed in the clamp-connections.
The use of aluminum conductors according to the presentinvention is made possible by providing the conductor on the surface with a layer containing nickel with a thickness in the range of from 0.1 to
Improved adhesiveness or bonding of the layer on the conductor is obtained according to the invention when the applied layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with a proportion of zinc in the range of from 25 percent to 75 percent. Good results are obtained when the alloy consists of zinc in the range of from 40 percent to 60 percent and it is particularly suitable to have an admixture of zinc in the range of from 45 percent to 55 percent. With nickel and zinc are here meant the respective metals of commercial grade, that is, impurities may be present to some extent.
The layer is applied by means of an electrochemical method known per se for example the fluoborate method.
The aluminum conductor in this manner provided with a layer according to the invention can be readily soldered with usual tin solder and resin fluxing material.
The manufacture may be started with a wire of substantially the desired final diameter, which is to be covered with a layer according to the invention, or the manufacture may be started with a thicker diameter, which is covered with a layer according to the invention and then is drawn to a desired thinner diameter.
The invention also includes twisted, multiwire cores where each single wire line is provided with a layer according to the invention. The layer hereby reduces the mutual resistance between the individual wires which is of great importance in order to obtain good contact at the connection of a wire at a connection point.
For wire armoring of electrical cables it can, for example for submarine cable, be suitable to use aluminum wires covered with a layer according to the invention. Such a wire armoring becomes light and resistant to corrosion.
A conductor with a layer according to the invention has qualities similar to those of a copper conductor and can be insulated with all usual insulating means, for example paper, plastics or oil.
in the accompanying drawing, several preferred embodiments of the invention are shown by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is a cross section of an electric wire conductor according to the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a cross section of a cable formed by wire conductors according to the invention.
Referring now to the figures more in detail, FIG. 1 shows an electric wire conductor 1 having a solid core wire 2 made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and sheathed by a layer 3 of nickel or any of the alloys as set forth in the specification.
As also set forth in the specification, the maximal diameter of the core is less than 5 mm. and the thickness of the layer 3 is between 0.1 to lOu.
The cable of FIG. 2 is formed by twisting a plurality of wire conductors l as described in connection with FIG. 1. The wires are twisted so that they substantially contact each other. The aforedescribed surface layer 3 of the wire conductors reduces the resistance between the individual wires in contact with each other. As a result, high-quality connections between the cable and a connecting point such as a connector can be conveniently and safely made.
I claim: 1. An electric wire conductor consisting a one-piece core wire of aluminum or aluminum alloy having a diameter of less than 5 mm., and an outer layer containing nickel encompassing said core wire bonded thereto, said outer layer having a thickness of O. l to 10 microns.
2. The electric wire conductor according to claim 1 wherein 7 said outer layer consists of nickel except for impurities.
3. The electric wire conductor according to claim 1 wherein said outer layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with at least 25 percent nickel and a balance of zinc except for impurities.
4. The electric wire conductor according to claim 1 wherein said outer layer consists of zinc in therange of 25 to percent, the balance being nickel except for impurities.
5. The electric wire conductor according to claim 4 wherein the zinc content of the outer layer is in the range of 40 to 60 percent.
6. The electric wire conductor according to claim 4 wherein the zinc content of the outer layer is in the range of 45 to 55 percent.
7. An electric cable comprising a plurality of twisted wire conductors, each of said wire conductors comprising a onepiece core wore of aluminum or aluminum alloy having a diameter of less than 5 mm., and an outer layer containing nickel encompassing said core wire bonded thereto, said outer layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 5 microns.

Claims (6)

  1. 2. The electric wire conductor according to claim 1 wherein said outer layer consists of nickel except for impurities.
  2. 3. The electric wire conductor according to claim 1 wherein said outer layer consists of an alloy of nickel and zinc with at least 25 percent nickel and a balance of zinc except for impurities.
  3. 4. The electric wire conductor according to claim 1 wherein said outer layer consists of zinc in the range of 25 to 75 percent, the balance being nickel except for impurities.
  4. 5. The electric wire conductor according to claim 4 wherein the zinc content of the outer layer is in the range of 40 to 60 percent.
  5. 6. The electric wire conductor according to claim 4 wherein the zinc content of the outer layer is in the range of 45 to 55 percent.
  6. 7. An electric cable comprising a plurality of twisted wire conductors, each of said wire conductors comprising a one-piece core wore of aluminum or aluminum alloy having a diameter of less than 5 mm., and an outer layer containing nickel encompassing said core wire bonded thereto, said outer layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 5 microns.
US879567A 1968-12-09 1969-11-24 An electric conductor wire Expired - Lifetime US3636242A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE16795/68A SE326744B (en) 1968-12-09 1968-12-09
SE744069 1969-05-27

Publications (1)

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US3636242A true US3636242A (en) 1972-01-18

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US879567A Expired - Lifetime US3636242A (en) 1968-12-09 1969-11-24 An electric conductor wire

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US (1) US3636242A (en)
BE (1) BE742781A (en)
CH (1) CH499854A (en)
DE (1) DE1961694B2 (en)
DK (1) DK124501B (en)
FR (1) FR2025700A1 (en)
GB (1) GB1292459A (en)
NL (1) NL170474C (en)
NO (1) NO134779B (en)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3810287A (en) * 1972-06-09 1974-05-14 Olin Corp Composite rod or wire
US3909209A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-09-30 Gould Inc Method of treating aluminum and aluminum alloys and article produced thereby
US4728080A (en) * 1983-09-13 1988-03-01 Bay Mills Limited Electric fence wire construction
US5443905A (en) * 1991-01-24 1995-08-22 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Heat and oxidation resistant composite electrical conductor
WO1996037931A1 (en) * 1995-05-26 1996-11-28 Formfactor, Inc. Spring element electrical contact and methods
US5994152A (en) * 1996-02-21 1999-11-30 Formfactor, Inc. Fabricating interconnects and tips using sacrificial substrates
US20020053734A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2002-05-09 Formfactor, Inc. Probe card assembly and kit, and methods of making same
FR2881871A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2006-08-11 Nexans Sa Electrical wire for forming single strand electrical conductor, has core with outer layer made of nickel/zinc alloy, where outer layer is passivated by chromium, molybdate or phosphate, and nickel and zinc alloy is core deposition on core
US20060237856A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2006-10-26 Formfactor, Inc. Microelectronic Contact Structure And Method Of Making Same
US20060286828A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2006-12-21 Formfactor, Inc. Contact Structures Comprising A Core Structure And An Overcoat
US20100093229A1 (en) * 1996-02-21 2010-04-15 Formfactor, Inc. Microelectronic contact structure and method of making same
US20120146204A1 (en) * 2006-03-27 2012-06-14 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Semiconductor devices and electrical parts manufacturing using metal coated wires
US20140138366A1 (en) * 2012-11-16 2014-05-22 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Self-adjusting wire for welding applications
RU169171U1 (en) * 2016-08-16 2017-03-09 Акционерное общество "Особое конструкторское бюро кабельной промышленности" (АО "ОКБ КП") INSTALLATION ELECTRICAL WIRE
RU2651874C2 (en) * 2016-08-16 2018-04-24 Акционерное общество "Особое конструкторское бюро кабельной промышленности" (АО "ОКБ КП") Mounting electric wire
RU189295U1 (en) * 2018-11-08 2019-05-21 Владимир Александрович Максимов Ice-free wire overhead line
RU197534U1 (en) * 2019-12-11 2020-05-12 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ДАНЦИГ" RAILWAY CONTACT NETWORK ROPE

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2233410A (en) * 1936-07-02 1941-03-04 Produits Chim Terres Rares Soc Process for direct nickel-plating of aluminum and its alloys
US2427727A (en) * 1943-09-24 1947-09-23 Gen Electric Leading-in wire
US3254970A (en) * 1960-11-22 1966-06-07 Metco Inc Flame spray clad powder composed of a refractory material and nickel or cobalt
US3367796A (en) * 1962-03-08 1968-02-06 Anaconda Wire & Cable Co Pyrolizable enamel coated wire comprising manganese and cobalt chelates

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2233410A (en) * 1936-07-02 1941-03-04 Produits Chim Terres Rares Soc Process for direct nickel-plating of aluminum and its alloys
US2427727A (en) * 1943-09-24 1947-09-23 Gen Electric Leading-in wire
US3254970A (en) * 1960-11-22 1966-06-07 Metco Inc Flame spray clad powder composed of a refractory material and nickel or cobalt
US3367796A (en) * 1962-03-08 1968-02-06 Anaconda Wire & Cable Co Pyrolizable enamel coated wire comprising manganese and cobalt chelates

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Dummer et al. Wires and R. F. Cables 1968 Pitman London pp. 21 table 36 *

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3810287A (en) * 1972-06-09 1974-05-14 Olin Corp Composite rod or wire
US3909209A (en) * 1973-11-05 1975-09-30 Gould Inc Method of treating aluminum and aluminum alloys and article produced thereby
US4728080A (en) * 1983-09-13 1988-03-01 Bay Mills Limited Electric fence wire construction
US5443905A (en) * 1991-01-24 1995-08-22 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Heat and oxidation resistant composite electrical conductor
US5477610A (en) * 1991-01-24 1995-12-26 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Method of manufacturing composite conductor having heat resistance or oxidation resistance
US20090291573A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2009-11-26 Formfactor, Inc. Probe card assembly and kit, and methods of making same
US20020053734A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2002-05-09 Formfactor, Inc. Probe card assembly and kit, and methods of making same
US8373428B2 (en) 1993-11-16 2013-02-12 Formfactor, Inc. Probe card assembly and kit, and methods of making same
US7601039B2 (en) 1993-11-16 2009-10-13 Formfactor, Inc. Microelectronic contact structure and method of making same
US20060237856A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2006-10-26 Formfactor, Inc. Microelectronic Contact Structure And Method Of Making Same
US20060286828A1 (en) * 1993-11-16 2006-12-21 Formfactor, Inc. Contact Structures Comprising A Core Structure And An Overcoat
WO1996037931A1 (en) * 1995-05-26 1996-11-28 Formfactor, Inc. Spring element electrical contact and methods
US5994152A (en) * 1996-02-21 1999-11-30 Formfactor, Inc. Fabricating interconnects and tips using sacrificial substrates
US20100093229A1 (en) * 1996-02-21 2010-04-15 Formfactor, Inc. Microelectronic contact structure and method of making same
US8033838B2 (en) 1996-02-21 2011-10-11 Formfactor, Inc. Microelectronic contact structure
US20060283622A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2006-12-21 Francis Debladis Electric wire having a core of aluminum or aluminum alloy
US7491890B2 (en) 2005-02-10 2009-02-17 Nexans Electric wire having a core of aluminum or aluminum alloy
EP1700933A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2006-09-13 Nexans Electrical lead wire with aluminium or aluminium alloy core
FR2881871A1 (en) * 2005-02-10 2006-08-11 Nexans Sa Electrical wire for forming single strand electrical conductor, has core with outer layer made of nickel/zinc alloy, where outer layer is passivated by chromium, molybdate or phosphate, and nickel and zinc alloy is core deposition on core
US20120146204A1 (en) * 2006-03-27 2012-06-14 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Semiconductor devices and electrical parts manufacturing using metal coated wires
US20140138366A1 (en) * 2012-11-16 2014-05-22 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Self-adjusting wire for welding applications
RU169171U1 (en) * 2016-08-16 2017-03-09 Акционерное общество "Особое конструкторское бюро кабельной промышленности" (АО "ОКБ КП") INSTALLATION ELECTRICAL WIRE
RU2651874C2 (en) * 2016-08-16 2018-04-24 Акционерное общество "Особое конструкторское бюро кабельной промышленности" (АО "ОКБ КП") Mounting electric wire
RU189295U1 (en) * 2018-11-08 2019-05-21 Владимир Александрович Максимов Ice-free wire overhead line
RU197534U1 (en) * 2019-12-11 2020-05-12 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ДАНЦИГ" RAILWAY CONTACT NETWORK ROPE

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1961694B2 (en) 1971-07-15
DE1961694A1 (en) 1970-06-18
GB1292459A (en) 1972-10-11
NL6917914A (en) 1970-06-11
BE742781A (en) 1970-05-14
FR2025700A1 (en) 1970-09-11
NL170474B (en) 1982-06-01
NO134779B (en) 1976-08-30
DK124501B (en) 1972-10-23
CH499854A (en) 1970-11-30
NL170474C (en) 1982-11-01

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