Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
  • C11D3/38672—Granulated or coated enzymes

Definitions

• compositions usually containing surfactant and/ or other conventional cleansing ingredients, comprising a soluble polymer-enzyme product wherein the enzyme is covalently bound, preferably one wherein the enzyme moiety comprises a protease, and especially such compositions embodying a plurality of polymer-enzyme products or a polymerplural enzyme product, or combinations thereof, thereby imparting an even greater operative range of enzymatic substrate and pH activity to the detergent composition; production and use of such compositions.
• NTA alkali salts of nitrilotriacetic acid
• EMA ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer
• Enzymes can be used in a soaking or prewash product designed for preparing the dirty item for greater detergency when subjected to conventional washing, or they can constitute a component included in a detergent formula containing the conventional cleansing ingredients. Enzymes suitable for such purposes in laundering are usually in the form of a fine powder.
• Enzymes have been used as cleansing co-adjuyants for many years. As long ago as 1915 Rohm discovered that fabrics could be cleaned more easily and at lower temperatures when pretreated with fats and protein-digesting enzymes. Rohm, German Patent 283,923 (May 15, 1915). Later, in 1932, enzymes were used in a soap composition which had improved cleaning powers. See Frelinghuysen, US. Pat. 1,882,279 (Oct. 11, 1932). Enzymes assist in laundering by attacking dirt and stains found on or in dirty materials, e.g., fabrics, dishes, floors, walls, and the like. Dirty matter and stains are broken down or altered by this attack, making them easier to remove during concurrent or subsequent washing.
• Such enzyme-containing compositions have presented numerous problems and still leave much to be desired in practice.
• the enzyme material is reactive in aqueous solution and consequently must be present in the detergent composition in dry form.
• the enzymes were sprayed directly upon or dry-mixed with surfactant, but this was found unsatisfactory in practice due ice to inactivation of the enzyme because of reaction between the enzyme and the surfactant upon which it was sprayed.
• This disadvantage has been obviated by provision of soluble particulate solid materials, such as sodium sulfate or the like, upon which the enzyme has been sprayed and thereafter dried. Lactose, calcium sulphate, and similar materials, as well as some of the usual bulking materials, have also been employed as enzyme carrier.
• insoluble combinations of polymers such as EMA, and an enzyme, in which the enzyme is covalently bound
• polymers such as EMA
• an enzyme in which the enzyme is covalently bound
• insoluble prodnets are unsuitable for incorporation in detergents because of their lowered enzymatic activity in aqueous solution against other solid, semisolid, or like materials, the removal of which is desired, and because of their insolubility, which we have found to permit residues of the polymer-enzyme product, with lingering enzymatic activity, on the item, object, or subject treated therewith.
• Only one instance of a reported soluble polymer-enzyme product is known to us. The product involved a different type of polymer. It was never suggested for employment in a detergent composition or for any other purpose.
• our soluble anionic trypsin-polymer and chymotrypsin-polymer products are unpredictably more useful in the alkaline detergent areas because of their unpredictable pH activity characteristics. This is even more unexpected since the substrate should have more complete accessib'ilty to the attached enzyme which is now not associated with a crosslinked system, as is characteristic of insolubles.
• the other soluble polymer-enzyme products employed by us as enzymatically-active components of detergent compositions especially those wherein the enzyme moiety is of microbiological origin, are even more distant from known polymer-enzyme products, and no such soluble polymer-enzyme products as employed by us according to the present invention, so far as we are aware, have been hitherto known.
• novel detergent compositions embodying novel watersoluble polymer-enzyme products are provided.
• compositions embodying soluble polymerenzyme products, in which the enzyme is covalently bound are the essence of the present invention.
• the enzyme moiety of the polymer-enzyme product comprises a protease, especially an alkaline protease.
• a preferred embodiment of the invention involves incorporation of a plurality of polymer-enzyme products into the detergent composition, and a still more preferred embodiment involves employment of a polymer-plural enzyme product having a plurality of enzymes covalently bound therein, thereby increasing the effective pH and substrate range of the composition substantially.
• compositions of the invention are characterized by improved color, improved stability, improved shelf life, prolonged activity of the enzymatically-active component of the composition in solution, and increased economy due to the necessity of employing reduced amounts of the enzyme material, due to its prolonged activity and stability, and reduced amounts of usual detergent bulking agent due to increased bulk of the enzyme-polymer component.
• Another object of this invention is to provide a detergent composition containing an enzymatically-active water-soluble polymer-enzyme product.
• Other, more specific, objects of this invention are to provide a detergent composition containing a soluble polymer-enzyme product wherein the enzyme is covalently bound; such compositions wherein the enzyme moiety of the enzyme-polymer product comprises a protease; and in general detergent compositions containing such polymer-enzyme products whereby the stability and useful life of the enzymatically-active component both in storage and in action is greatly improved.
• Still a further object involves the provision of such compositions embodying a plurality of polymer-enzyme products, or, preferably, a polymer-plural enzyme product, or combinations thereof.
• Another object of this invention is to provide a novel means of incorporating enzymes into a detergent composition which achieves greater enzyme stability, prolonged enzyme activity, and permits economy through the use of smaller amounts of enzyme material and detergent bulking agent.
• compositions incorporating soluble polymeric products comprising polymer chains, e.g., of the EMA type, having an enzyme covalently bonded thereto not only retain their enzymatic activity over long periods, especially in the dry state, but that the polymer-enzyme products Which are utilized therein are soluble in aqueous solutions to a sufficient extent that a high order of enzymatic, e.g., proteolytic, detergency is imparted to compositions containing the same.
• the polymer-enzyme materials employed have the further advantage that they do not impart the usual discoloration which characterizes detergent compositions containing enzymes in unbound form.
• compositions comprising these materials are highly stable, have a substantially improved shelf life and a significant prolongation of enzymatic activity in aqueous solution when employed as detergents.
• these compositions are characterized by a substantial freedom from the objectionable odor which characterizes compositions containing unbound enzymes, due to the fact that they may be incorporated into the detergent composition in a relatively pure form in which the enzymes themselves cannot be provided or employed. Therefore, perfumes or masking agents are not necessary.
• polymer-enzyme product in a detergent composition is of the essence of the invention, we have found that it is also possible and advantageous to employ mixtures of a plurality of such polymer-enzyme materials or, preferably, a polymer-enzyme product which has covalently bound therein not only a single enzyme, e.g., an alkaline protease, but also one or more additional enzymes which are not the same but which, rather, operate on ditferent substrates and at different pH ranges, thus to extend the operative range of enzymatic activity of the detergent composition still further.
• a single enzyme e.g., an alkaline protease
• a particularly advantageous polymer for incorporation into detergent compositions according to the invention involves a water-soluble polymer-enzyme product comprising a polymer which has covalently attached to the chains thereof not only an alkaline protease which is operative at a pH of 8 to 11, or even higher, but also an additional enzyme or enzymes, such as a neutral protease and amylase or lipase as well.
• a water-soluble polymer-enzyme product comprising a polymer which has covalently attached to the chains thereof not only an alkaline protease which is operative at a pH of 8 to 11, or even higher, but also an additional enzyme or enzymes, such as a neutral protease and amylase or lipase as well.
• detergent means any cleansing or cleaning agent, having as a synonym the word abstergent. It can be any of various types, as already well established in the art. For example, it can be of a type having a formula RCOOM, representing soaps, which are generally the alkali or metal salts of fatty acids, usually higher fatty acids, or the formula representative of turkey red oils, or sulfonated fatty acids, usually higher fatty acids, or (SO O) RCOOM, representative of monopole soap or highly sulfonated fatty acids, usually higher fatty acids, or the formula RSO M, representative of gardinols, or sulfonated fatty alcohols, usually higher fatty alcohols, sulfonated alkylbenzenes, e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and any other cleansing or cleaning agent even though of a formula different from those given in the foregoing, including nonionic detergents such as ethoxylates
• a detergent composition is any composition, preferably in the dry state, having any type of detergent included therein.
• representative detergents include cleaning compounds, whether for home use or use in industrial systems, including by way of illustration but not limitation retail products such as liquid and bar soaps, laundry detergents, dishwashing compounds, hard surface cleaners, all purpose cleaners, water softeners, detergent extenders, prewash or soaking compositions, and the like.
• EMA is a polymer of ethylene and maleic anhydride. Polymers of this type are of great value according to the present invention.
• EMA type polymer is defined hereinafter.
• EMA-enzyme or EMA/ enzyme is a copolymer of ethylene and maleic anhydride having enzyme covalently bonded thereto.
• the product is the same whether the enzyme is reacted directly with an anhydride group of the ethylene-maleic anhydried copolymer or with a carboxyl group of the ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, whether or not using an intermediate activating mechanism for carboxyl groups of the polymer.
• ⁇ Anhydride groups not participating in the reaction by which the product is produced in aqueous medium are present in the product as carboxyl or carboxylate groups. Such non-participating groups may, however, be converted to amide, imide, ester, et cetera, groups, as can be present in EMA-type polymers, as hereinafter defined.
• Water-insoluble means that the product concerned does not dissolve in water or aqueous solutions, although it may have such characteristics as a high degree of swelling due to water solvation, even to the extent of existence in gel form. Water-soluble means not Water-insoluble, and is further defined hereinafter.
• the enzymatically-active products used in the detergent compositions of the invention are water-soluble polymerenzyme products wherein the enzyme is bound covalently through a group which is non-essential for enzymatic activity to a polymer (a) comprising chains of carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride units or (b) comprising units of carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride groups separated by carbon chains of at least one and not more than four carbon atoms, said carbon chains being part of a unit which contains a maximum of eighteen carbon atoms, said polymer chains ordinarily being formed by polymerizing polymerizable acids or anhydrides or by copolymerizing a polymerizable acid or anhydride with another copolymerizable monomer, and preferably wherein the starting acid or anhydride and any additional copolymerizable monomer are unsaturated and such polymerization or copolymerization comprises addition type polymerization or copolymerization involving such unsaturation.
• Polymer-enzyme derivatives can be prepared by reacting the crystalline or crude enzyme or mixture of enzymes with the polymer in solution, resulting in formation of a polymeric product in which the enzyme is covalently bound. Since an anhydride or carboxyl is present in the polymer, e.g., an EMA-type polymer, covalent bonding of the enzyme to the polymer may be effected directly through reaction or coupling with an anhydride group or with a carboxyl group using a carboxyl activating agent. The product is the same in both cases.
• the pH range for the reaction depends upon the enzyme employed and its stability range. It is usually about to 9.5, preferably about 68, but adjustment must be made for individual cases.
• Isolation and purification is generally effected according to normal biochemical procedures, and by the general procedure of the examples which follow. Since covalent bonding of the enzyme to the polymer is desired, the reaction is ordinarily carried out at low temperatures and at relatively neutral pHs, in water or dilute aqueous buffer as solvent.
• the results are production of the desired active polymer-enzyme derivative, but degree of activity imparted to the polymeric product is sometimes lower than desired, possibly due to partial inactivation of the enzyme during the process.
• a mixed solvent system using a solvent in which the enzyme is at least partially soluble, usually in an amount up to about 50% by volume.
• Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is especially suitable as solvent together with water or aqueous buffer solution in a mixed solvent system.
• DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide
• the desired active enzymepolymer product is ordinarily obtained in higher yields and conversions to desirably active product, and introduction of desirably high amounts of enzyme activity into the polymer molecule is generally less difficult.
• the polymer in such reaction contains carboxyl or anhydride linkages, especially where the enzyme contains an amino hydroxyl (including phenolic hydroxyl), or sulfhydryl group not essential for its enzymatic activity.
• the polymer is preferably EMA or an EMA-type polymer, but it can be any of those types herein disclosed for coupling or reaction with an enzyme, and in any event it is adapted to effect covalent bonding with the enzyme to produce an enzyme-polymer product either directly or indirectly using an activating agent.
• Such groups are present in free or unbound form in inactive portions of enzyme molecules, as in a lysine, cysteine, serine, threonine, histidine, or tyrosine moiety of an enzyme molecule, where the particular moiety in question is not considered essential for enzymatic activity, either catalytic in nature or for substrate binding. Therefore, attachment to the polymer molecule is through reaction of the polymer with such group so as to avoid inactivation of the enzyme during attachment to the polymer molecule.
• the linkage is an amide, imide, ester, thioester, or disulfide group, such as formed by the carboxyl or anhydride with an amine or hydroxyl group in a non-essential moiety of the enzyme protein chain.
• Amides are conveniently formed by reacting pendant amino groups of the enzyme with carboxylic anhydride groups on the carrier polymer in water, in aqueous buffer media, or in mixed solvents.
• Amides, imides and esters are readily formed by activating carboxyl groups of the polymer, and reacting them with respective hydroxyl, amine or mercaptan groups on the other reactant. Such activation may be effected using various carbodiimides, carbodiimidazoles, Woodwards or Sheehans reagent, or the like, to form highly active intermediates capable of reacting with groups in the enzyme under mild conditions, the latter favoring retention of enzymatic activity.
• the polymer selected for such reaction can therefore be said to be adapted to couple or react with the enzyme, either directly or indirectly through use of an activating agent, as already indicated, and in any event to effect covalent bonding with the enzyme.
• the attachment procedures given are conducted by techniques adapted to include any requisite protection for the enzyme, which may include a reversible blocking of the enzymatically active site or sites, as for example in the case of papain, where mercuripapain or zinc papain may be employed as an intermediate for reaction with the polymer in order to effect greater yields upon attachment, the protecting atoms being removed subsequent to the attachment reaction.
• the reaction is preferably performed under substantially non-crosslinking conditions.
• the undesired crosslinking can be reduced by performing the attachment reaction in high dilution such that fewer reactions occur between several polymer molecules and a single enzyme molecule.
• high ratios of enzyme to polymer favor reaction of several enzyme molecules with a single polymer molecule. This, therefore, results in an agglomerated enzyme/polymer system Which maintains the desired soluble properties of the individual enzyme molecules.
• An additional way of favoring solubles formation is to run the reaction at high ionic strength to decrease aggregation of the native protein. While such procedures as described above are often desirable, it is not always necessary to use dilute solutions or high enzyme/polymer ratios to cause formation of soluble enzyme/polymer derivatives.
• water-soluble means that the product concerned dissolves in water or aqueous solutions. As usual, however, this does not mean that the product dissolves completely at all concentrations or at all pHs. On the other hand, these water-soluble products are characterized by being soluble at a variety of concentrations and pHs, and they are generally soluble at pHs of 7 or greater.
• the polymer-enzyme products of the invention are characterized by fundamentally the same enzymatic action as the parent native enzyme, but have all of the advantages which are attendant upon applicability in solution or suspension form together with increased stability and prolonged activity.
• the polymer-enzyme products of the invention are separable from native enzyme or substrates, as well as impurities and coloring matter of an undesired nature, by normal separation procedures such as centrifugation, electrophoresis, or chromatography.
• polymer to which the enzyme is coupled or reacted contains carboxyl or anhydride linkages, especially where the enzyme contains an amino, hydroxyl, or sulfhydryl group not essential for its enzymatic activity.
• the polymer may be EMA or an EMA- type polymer, or be any of those types disclosed herein for coupling or reaction with an enzyme, and in any event it is adapted to couple or react with the enzyme to effect covalent bonding and production of the desired soluble enzyme-polymer product.
• the carrier polymer is tailored to contain at least one reactive site for each polymer molecule with which the enzyme can react, either direcly or indirectly, to produce a covalent bond.
• this reactive site is preferably a carboxyl or carboxylic anhydride group.
• the polymeric reactant may be defined broadly as follows: a polymer (a) comprising chains of carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride units, or (b) comprising units of carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride groups separated by carbon chains of at least one and not more than four carbon atoms, said carbon chains being part of a unit which contains a maximum of eighteen carbon atoms, said polymer chains being formed by polymerization of polymerizable acids or anhydrides, or by copolymerizing a polymerizable acid or anhydride with another copolymerizable monomer, and preferably wherein the starting acid or anhydride and any additional copolymerizable monomer are unsaturated and such polymerization or copolymerization comprises addition type polymerization or copolymerization involving such unsaturation.
• R and R are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen (preferably chlorine), alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms (preferably methyl), cyano, phenyl, or mixtures thereof; provided that not more than one of R and R is phenyl;
• Z is a bivalent radical (preferably alkylene, phenylalkylene, lower-alkoxyalkylene, and lower-aliphatic acyloxyalkylene) comprising a carbon chain having one to four carbon atoms, inclusive, said carbon chain being a part of a unit which contains 1 to 18 carbon atoms, inclusive, q is zero or one
• X and Y are selected from hydroxy, O alkali metal, OR, OHNH OHR N, HR NH, OH-RNH -NRR, and
• x is 1 to 4 and p is zero or one, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenylalkyl, or phenyl, in each case of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, wherein R is H or R, wherein Q is oxygen or NR', and wherein W is a bivalent radical preferably selected from lower-alkylene, phenyl, phenylalkyl, phenylalkylphenyl, and alkylphenylalkyl having up to 20 carbon atoms, X and Y taken together can be an oxygen atom, and at least one of X and Y being hydroxyl or X and Y together consituting an oxygen atom, are preferred.
• EMA- type polymer Many of these polymers are commercially available and others are simple derivatives of commercially available products, which can be readily prepared either prior to or simultaneously with the enzyme attachment reaction, or produced as a minor modification of the basic polymer after attachment. Such polymers containing the above-described EMA-type units are hereinafter referred to as an EMA- type polymer.
• enzyme molecules have an extremely high molecular weight, even if the polymeric unit exemplified as usable for attachment of the enzyme occurs only once in a polymer chain, for example, once in every several hundred units, reaction of the enzyme with this unit will result in an enzymepolymer product having substantial enzymatic activity and one wherein the enzyme moiety constitutes a substantial portion of the molecular weight of the polymer-enzyme product. If more than one of the exemplified units is present, multiple attachments can be achieved with increased enzymatic activity of the product. As pointed out hereinafter, preferably the units of the formula given are recurring, n being at least 8.
• the symbols in the various recurring units do not ncemarily stand for the same thing in all of the recurring units.
• some of the X and Y groups may have meanings besides hydroxy or oxygen.
• some, but not all, of them may be present in the form of imide groups, that is, groups in which X and Y together are -NR- or NW(NRR) wherein R, W and R' have the values previously assigned.
• a preferred type of polymeric material is the polymer of an olefinically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or derivative with itself or in approximately equimolar proportions with at least one other monomer copolymerizable therewith.
• the polycarboxylic acid derivative can be of the non-vicinal type, including acrylic acid, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, or their respective derivatives, including partial salts, amides and esters or of the vicinal type, including maleic, itaconic, citraconic, a,a-dimethy1 maleic, u-butyl maleic, a-phenyl maleic, fumaric, aconitic, a-chloromaleic, a-bromomaleic, and a-cyanomaleic acids including their partial salts, amides and esters.
• Anhydrides of any of the foregoing acids are advantageously employed.
• Co-monomers suitable for use with the above functional monomers include ot-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1- or 2-butene, l-hexene, l-octene, 1- decene, l-dodecene, l-octadecene, and other vinyl monomers such as styrene, a-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl amine, vinyl chloride, vinyl formate, vinyl propionate, vinyl alkyl ethers, e.g., methylvinylether, alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, acrylamides and alkylacrylamides, or mixtures of these monomers. Reactivity of some functional groups in the copolymers resulting from some of these monomers permits formation of other useful functional groups in the formed copolymer, including hydroxy, lactone, amine and lactam groups.
• any of the said polybasic acid derivatives may be copolymerized with any of the other monomers described above, and any other monomer which forms a copolymer with dibasic acid derivatives.
• the polybasic acid derivatives can be copolymers with a plurality of comonomers, in which case the total amount of the comonomers will preferably be about equimolar with respect to the polybasic acid derivatives.
• these copolymers can be prepared by direct polymerization of the various monomers, frequently they are more easily prepared by an after-reaction modification of an existing copolymer.
• Copolymers of anhydrides and another monomer can be converted to carboxyl-containing copolymers by reaction with water, and to ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth metal and alkylamine salts thereof by reaction with alkali metal compounds, alkaline earth metal compounds, amines, or ammonia, either prior to, during, or subsequent to enzyme attachment.
• suitable derivatives of the above polymers include the partial alkyl or other esters and partial amides, alkyl amides, dialkyl amides, phenylalkyl amides or phenyl amides prepared by reacting carboxyl groups on the polymer chain with the selected amines or alkyl or phenylalkyl alcohol as well as amino esters, amino amides, hydroxy amides and hydroxy esters, wherein the functional groups are sepa rated by lower-alkylene, phenyl, phenylalkyl, phenylalkylphenyl, or alkylphenylalkyl, which are prepared in the same manner in each case with due consideration of preservation of enzyme attachment sites as previously stated.
• aryl groups may be present in place of phenyl groups.
• Particularly useful derivatives are those in which negatively-charged carboxyl groups are partially replaced with amine or amine salt groups. These are formed by reaction of said carboxyls with polyamines such as dimethylaminopropylamine or dialkylaminoalcohols such as dimethylaminoethanol, the former forming an amide linkage with the polymer and the latter an ester linkage. Suitable selection of the above derivatives permits control of several parameters of performance for the enzyme-polymer products used in the invention.
• dibasic acid or anhydride-olefin polymers especially maleic acid or anhydride-olefin polymers, of the foregoing type (EMA-type) are known, for example, from US. Pats. 2,378,629, 2,396,785, 3,157,595 and 3,340,680.
• the copolymers are prepared by reacting ethylene or other unsaturated monomer or mixtures thereof, as previously described, with the acid anhydride in the presence of a peroxide catalyst in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent for the monomers but nonsolvent for the interpolymer formed.
• Suitable solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorinated benzene and the like.
• the copolymer preferably contains substantially equimolar quantities of the olefin residue and the anhydride residue. Generally, it will have a degree of polymerization of 8 to 10,000, preferably about 100 to 5,000, and a molecular weight of about 1,000 to 1,000,000, preferably about 10,000 to 500,000.
• the properties of the polymer are regulated by proper choice of the catalyst and control of one or more of the variables such as ratio of reactants, temperature, and catalyst concentration or the addition of regulating chain transfer agents, such as diisopropyl benzene, propionic acid, alkyl aldehydes, or the like.
• the product is obtained in solid form and is recovered by filtration, centrifugation or the like. Removal of any residual or adherent solvent can be elfected by evaporation using moderate heating. Numerous of these polymers are commercially available. Particularly valuable copolymers are those derived from ethylene and maleic anhydride in approximately equimolar proportions. The product is commercially available.
• the maleic anhydride copolymers thus obtained have repeating anhydride linkages in the molecule, which are readily hydrolyzed by water to yield the acid form of the copolymer, rate of hydrolysis being proportional to temperature.
• the attachment reactions of the present invention are carried out in aqueous solutions or suspensions, or using Water-solvent mixtures, the product of the covalent bonding of the enzyme to EMA has carboxyl or carboxylate groups attached to its chains adjacent the attached enzyme instead of anhydride groups, due to hydrolysis of anhydride groups which do not react with the enzyme during the attachment reaction.
• nonreacting anhydride groups present in other polymers, such as EMA-type polymers which hydrolyze to carboxyl or carboxylate groups during the attachment reaction.
• the enzyme starting material may be obtained from any suitable source. It may comprise one or more of neutral and alkaline proteases, papain, asclepain, bromelin, bromelain, trypsin, chymotrypsin or the like. It may comprise an amylase, but a lipase may be used instead of or in addition to the amylase.
• a carbohydrase, esterase, nuclease, or other type of hydrolase may be a starting enzyme reactant.
• a hydrase, oxidoreductase, or demolase may also be employed, or a transferase or isomerase, depending upon the ultimate activity and exact application intended. At any rate, whatever enzyme or enzyme mixture is employed as starting material, it or they will be covalently bound into the water-soluble polymer-enzyme molecule.
• the enzyme or enzymes incorporated into the polymerenzyme product for use according to the present invention is preferably of microbiological origin.
• the objects of the invention can be accomplished without relying upon any relatively unavailable enzyme, and the invention can accordingly be practiced without fear of limitation due to unavailability of starting materials. This is indeed an important consideration from an economic standpoint.
• Especially suitable enzymes for detergent use are the following:
• B. subtilis alkaline proteases e.g.,
• Monsanto B. subtilis AM alkaline protease Subtilisin Novo Subtilopeptidase B
• Subtilisin Carlsberg Subtilopeptidase A, or crystalline Alealase
• Subtilisin BPN' Subtilisin C, Naganse
• Alkaline Protease Alkaline Protease (Daiwa Kasei) or crude or diluted forms of such enzymes such as Akalase (TM) or Matase (TM) or Bacterial Proteinase Novo, or Monsanto B. subtilis AM enzyme mixture.
• Subtilis neutral proteases such as Bacterial neutral proteinase (Monsanto) B. subtilis var. amylosacchariticus neutral protease Crystalline thermophilic bacterial protease (Thermolysin or Crystalline Thermoase, Daiwa Kasei) B. subtilis neutral protease (Miles Labs) Crude or diluted forms of such enzymes such as Monsanto B. subtz'lis AM enzyme mixture, Bacterial Proteinase Novo, or Thermoase or mixtures of any of the above enzymes or types of enzymes Diastase amylases such as B. subtilis amylase.
• Other proteases designated by the following names or trade names:
• Streptomyase (Streptomyces rectus protease), Aspergillus oryzae protease,
• Prosin 11 Lipases such as those produced by:
• Candida paralipolytica Aspergillus niger Rhizopus delemar Candida cylindracea (lipaseMY) Molipase (Torulopsis lipase) A great many enzymes are known and are suitable for incorporation into the water-soluble polymer-enzyme products used according to the invention. Numerous starting enzymes are available commercially, being obtained from various animal, vegetable and microbial sources. Many enzymes are obtained by microbial fermentation, e.g., production of enzymes by fungi or bacteria, using well-known fermentation methods such as those generally described in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 8, 173-204.
• the exact activity of the enzyme or enzymes employed as starting material is not critical, providing only that the starting enzyme has the desired activity suitable for the ultimately intended use of the polymer-enzyme product.
• Various analytical methods are available to determine the activity of enzymes and enzymatically active materials, for example, the protease activity of proteolytic enzymes can be determined by well-known casein digestion methods. According to such tests, a protease catalyzes the hydrolysis of casein for a certain period of time and temperature and at a certain pH; the reaction is stopped by the addition of trichloroacetic acid, and the solution is filtered.
• the color of the filtrate is developed by Folin phenol reagent, and the level of enzyme activity is measured spectrophotometrically in units of casein tyrosine. This method is more fully described in the Journal of General Physiology 30, 291 (1947) and in Methods of Enzymology 2, 33, by Academic Press, NY. (1955). Amylase activity is generally determined by the wellknown dinitrosalicyclic acid method of Bernfeld. Other tests are known and well-documented in the art.
• a particularly effective source of mixed enzymes which can be used as starting material is a mutated Bacillus subtilis organism.
• the process for producing this organism and enzymes therefrom is described in U.S. Patent 3,031,380.
• a culture of this Bacillus su'brilis (strain AM) organism has been deposited with the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, 111. 61604, and has been assigned No. NRRL B-3411.
• the enzymatically active material produced by this organism has been found generally to consist of two proteases, approximately 65-75% neutral protease (activity at pH of 7.0-7.5) and about -35% alkaline protease (activity at pH of 9 to 10).
• amylase A significant amount of amylase is also present. There are generally about 700 thousand to about 1.2 million units of neutral protease activity per gram of isolated solids and about 250 thousand to about 400 thousand units of alkaline protease activity per gram as determined by Ansons variation of the Kunitz Casein digestion method. There are generally about 300 thousand to 350 thousand units of amylase activity per gram as determined by the Bernfeld method. As pointed out in the cited patent, the relative proportions of protease to amylase will vary depending on the exact conditions of growth of the microorganism, but we have found that the neutral and alkaline protease and the amylase will be produced, in at least some amounts, almost regardless of changes in the culture medium and other conditions of growth of the microorganism. The ratio of the activity of the alkaline protease to the activity of the neutral protease in the starting materials and in the polymer-enzyme product is preferably not greater than about 0.25 to 1.2 to one.
• B. subtilis strain NRRL 644, B. subtzlis strain NRRL 941, and B. subtilis strain IAM 1523 Japanese Culture Col- 12 lection.
• Still other B. subtilis and other microorganisms are available which produce protease, a mixture of proteases, or protease and amylase, at least to a limited if not optimum extent.
• the so-called Streptomyces griseus neutral protease has a broad pH- activity range and may constitute one starting enzyme for incorporation into the products of the invention as may the acid protease produced by Aspergillus oryzae.
• Preferred polymers are selected from the group consisting of ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer,
• preferred enzymes comprise at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of alkaline protease, neutral protease, acid protease, amylase of diastase and lipase, acid protease particularly when attached to a cationic or basic polyelectrolyte, and all enzymes preferably being of microbiological origin,
• Such combinations of two or more enzyme-polymer products produce results superior to those obtained when only a single enzyme-polymer product is employed and accordingly represents one preferred embodiment of the process.
• Use of combinations of a plurality of enzymes in the form of a single polymerplural enzyme molecule is also contemplated by the present invention and represents another preferred embodiment thereof, inasmuch as a multiplicity of enzymatic activities can in this manner he imparted to the detergent composition at once, in the form of a stable product which is not subject to autolysis as are combinations or mere mixtures of enzymes.
• a polymerenzyme product containing a protease and an amylase or diastase and/or lipase, or both neutral and alkaline protease and amylase and/or lipase has been found especially suitable for use according to the invention and such represents an especially preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Enzymes other than those named in the foregoing may certainly be present in the molecule of the polymer-enzyme product employed, and will serve its own particular function in breaking down the stain, spot, or soil constituting its own special substrate.
• reaction of the polymer with the plurality of enzymes can obviously be carried out stepwise, one enzyme at a time, with or without intermediate isolation, or with all enzymes at once.
• the latter procedure is preferred for reasons of time, convenience, and economy.
• Activity of the samples was made by determining their activities toward hydrolysis of BAEE as measured by the (zero order) rate of reaction.
• the solutions were initially adjusted to have approximately equal activities or activities based upon equivalent protein contents. Activity was measured as a function of time (days).
• 65% of the original (BAEE) activity was present after 17 days in solution at room temperature whereas a trypsin solution had less than 10% of the original (BAEE) activity after 8 days in solution at room temperature.
• an unpurified SEMAT preparation retained ca. 60% of the original (BAEE) activity after 28 days in solution at room temperature.
• pH activity profiles-Activity of SEMAT samples and trypsin were made by determining the rate of hydrolysis of BAEE as measured by the change in absorbance at 225 m (Table 3).
• the supernatant was separated from the sedimented, crosslinked Trypsin-EMA adduct (IMET) and the superatographed on Sephadex G-100 (crosslinked dextran; phosphate buffer, pH 7.5); product taken from v Activity using BAEE substrate (ca. 1.32.7 10- M).
• the ratio Trypsin M M84 L84 L06 of soluble to insoluble adduct and the protein content pu iffl d 2.70 9.284 2.0 0.96 of the adduct varies with the ratio of trypsin to EMA 50 figfigfigfflfi %?3 3 employed in the preparation (Table 1).
• SEMAT purification For general purification ca. 100 mg. of crude SEMAT dissolved in a minimum amount of 10% sucrose/0.2 M phosphate of buffer pH 7.5 and placed on a column (ca. 5 x 40 cm.) of Sephadex G100 (TM-crosslinked dextran) equilibrated with phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. Elution was followed in the usual manner and fractions were collected. The void volume eluant was collected, dialyzed and lyophilized to yield product SEMAT.
• Sephadex G100 TM-crosslinked dextran
• chymotrypsin (crystalline) was dissolved in 60 ml. cold, distilled water. The two solutions were combined and'magnetically stirred overnight in a cold room. The mixture was then centrifuged to separate soluble and insoluble systems and the two were then lyophilized overnight. The lyophilized soluble and insoluble systems were exhaustively dialyzed against cold water and dialyzed. Weight soluble chymotrypsin/EMA (SEMAC), 1,441.82 mg. Weight insoluble chymotrypsin/EMA (IEMAC), 792.11 mg.
• Assay of chymotrypsin and SEMAC with ATEE see infra.).-ATEE activities of chymotrypsin and SEMAC (Fraction I) were determined using 0.1 M. phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. For assay 100 gamma ATEE (25 mg. in 1.25 ml. distilled acetonitrile) was added to 3 ml. of phosphate buffer. At zero time, 100 gamma of chymotrypsin solution (0.398 mg. chymotrypsin in 1 ml. phosphate buifer) or 100 gamma of SEMAC solution (12.750 mg., SEMAC in 1 ml.
• a solution of ATEE 40.06 mg. in 2 ml. acetonitrile
• hydrolysis was initiated by addition of gamma of the chymotrypsin or soluble EMA-chymotrypsin solutions and by addition of 25 gamma of the insoluble EMA- chymotrypsin.
• chymotrypsin had 60% of its initial activity
• the insoluble EMA-chymotrypsin had 97% of its initial activity
• the soluble EMA-chymotrypsin had 99% of its initial activity.
• the soluble EMA-chymotrypsin solution had 93% of its initial esterase activity.
• the identical enzyme-polymer product is produced from polyacrylic acid, using Woodwards reagent, N-ethyl-S-phenyl isooxazolium-5-sulfonate, as activator for the carboxyl groups of the polyacrylic acid.
• the supernatant solution is dialyzed against cold, distilled water and then lyophilized to yield a soluble solid which possesses 42% of the original neutral protease activity, 57% of the original alkaline protease activity, and 69% of the original amylase activity.
• the ratio of the activity of the alkaline protease to the activity of the neutral protease in the starting materials and in the polymer-enzyme products is preferably not greater than about 0.25 to 1.2 to one.
• Preparations 8 to 25-Other soluble polymer-enzyme products The following additional soluble polymer-enzyme products are prepared in accord with the procedure of Preparation 1. The percentages when given are the percentages of enzymatic activity in the soluble polymer-enzyme product compared with the activity of the starting native enzyme.
• compositions are dry mixed and packaged and are stable, colorless, odorless, and highly enzymatically active even after long periods of storage. They are also highly active in use and extremely effective in removing ordinarily difficultly removable stains of various types from the materials cleansed therewith by enzymatic action.
• compositions are those which embody the polymer-enzyme products of the foregoing preparations, reference being made to the preparation number:
• An all-purpose high sudser particularly suitable for use as a household laundry detergent, contains about 1-5%, e.g., 2% of a polymer-enzyme composition set forth in A-T preceding, and otherwise has the following formulation:
• Alkylbenzene sulfonate C -C and/or alkyl sulfate (C12C13) Tetrasodium pyrophosphate and/or sodium tripolyphosphate 20-50 Sodium sulfate 0-25 Sodium silicate 5-20 Carboxymethylcellulose 0.25-2.0 Optical brightener (dye) 0.02-0.5
• compositions are dry mixed and packaged and are stable, colorless, odorless and highly enzymaticallyactive even after long periods of storage. They are also highly active in use and extremely effective in removing ordinarily difficultly removable stains of various types from the materials cleansed therewith by enzymatic action.
• compositions are those which embody the polymer-enzyme products of the foregoing preparations, reference being made to the preparation number:
• compositions are dry mixed and packaged and are stable, colorless, odorless, germicidally and fungicidally active, and highly enzymatically-active even after long periods of storage. They 'are also highly active in use and extremely effective in removing ordinarily difi'icultly removable stains of various types from the materials cleansed therewith by enzymatic action.
• compositions are those which embody the polymer-enzyme products of the foregoing preparations, reference being made to the preparation number:
• compositions are dry mixed and packaged and are stable, colorless, odorless and highly enzymatically-active even after long periods of storage. They are also highly active in use and extremely effective in removing ordinarily difficultly removable stains of various types from the materials cleansed therewith by enzymatic action.
• compositions are those which embody the polymer-enzyme products of the foregoing preparations, reference being made to the preparation number:
• the level of protease activity in a suitable detergent composition should be, for example, such that polymer-protease products are present in the detergent composition at a level of 0.05 to about 5%, preferably about 0.5 to about 2%, by weight, when the polymer-protease has an activity of about 30,000500,000, preferably about 200,000500,000, casein-digesting units per gram at pH 10.0 in the case of an alkaline detergent composition such as one suitable for machine dishwashing, scouring, fabric Washing, or cleansing of various types, or at a pH of about 7.0 for a hand dishwashing or other neutral detergent composition, or equivalent hemoglobin units at a pH of about 5 for an acid type detergent composition such as may be employed in degreasing, e.g., removal of fats and greases, of metals or the like, or in cosmetic skin cleansers which may have a pH of
• a soluble enzyme-polymer product suitable for use in accordance with the present invention is one which has its activity at a pH in the range of about 4 to about 12, preferably about 7 to about 11, and at a temperature of about 10 C. to about C., preferably about 20 C. to about 76 C.
• the product will be enzymatically active in the pH range produced upon employment of the detergent composition in which embodied.
• the process for preparing polymer-enzyme detergent compositions of the invention comprises simply admixing the soluble polymer-enzyme product, usually in finelydivided solid form, and which is enzymatically active at a pH produced in use by the detergent or detergents with which combined, usually a pH of about 4 to about 12, preferably about 7 to about 11, a surfactant, i.e., a detergent, and any desired additional ingredients, thus to provide the novel detergent composition of the invention.
• the particular polymer-enzyme product selected for employment in accord with the present invention will obviously depend on the ultimate desired use and conditions of use including pH, desired solubility of the product, temperatures, and type of soil, spot, or stain which is to be degraded or changed.
• the contact between the substrate comprising said soil, spot, or stain and said polymer-enzyme product will obviously be maintained for a period of time sufficient to enable said polymerenzyme product to exert its enzymatic activity on said substrate, thereby either removing the same or making it susceptible to removal in or by subsequent washing or rinsing.
• the enzymatically active material may be chosen to give optimum activity and/or stability for any given set of conditions of use.
• the polymer-enzyme products as employed in the compositions of the invention are water soluble, i.e., soluble in water at least to some extent.
• a water-insoluble polymer-enzyme product can be produced in accord with the prior act, if desired, by crosslinking of the polymer molecule by any one of a number of standard procedures, such as by employing a diamine or polyol crosslinking agent e.g., hexamethylenediamine, either prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to the enzyme attachment reaction.
• a diamine or polyol crosslinking agent e.g., hexamethylenediamine
• any such insoluble polymerenzyme product should be converted to water-soluble form by conversion of groups in the polymer molecule to produce a salt, as by the addition of base or a solvent containing a base.
• Another way of rendering the insoluble polymer-enzyme product water-soluble is to use the product in a strongly alkaline solution having a pH of about 8 to about 12 as is effetced by some detergents, but use at such alkaline pH ranges can be made effectively only when an alkaline-acting enzyme, e.g., an alkaline protease, is incorporated into the polymer-enzyme molecule.
• an alkaline-acting enzyme e.g., an alkaline protease
• the activity of the enzymatically active polymer-enzyme product per gram is appreciable and is diluted before inclusion in end products such as detergents or presoaks.
• the amount of enzymatically active polymerenzyme product incorporated into the ultimate detergent end product will depend on the amount of activity desired in the end product.
• the activity of the enzymatically active polymer-enzyme product can be diluted to any desired level with any of the following illustrative ingredients: sodium sulfate, soda ash, starch, asbestos, calcium sulfate, diatomaceous earth, silica, powdered talc, kaolinate clay, or the like.
• the polymer-enzyme product When the polymer-enzyme product is admixed with a formulated deetrgent, it is generally desirable to select a diluent that has about the same bulk density as that of the detergent formulation.
• a diluent that has about the same bulk density as that of the detergent formulation.
• the above-mentioned materials have a wide density range from about 0.1 to about 1.3 grams per ml. can be used to give the enzymatically active polymer-enzyme product a bulk density of about 0.1 to about 1.4 grams per ml., the general bulk densities of current commercial detergents.
• soda ash, bulk density 0.35 gram per ml. can be used to dilute the enzyme activity, and the diluted polymer-enzyme product then incorporated into a bulk density detergent of about 0.3 to about 0.45 gram per ml.
• soda ash and/or silica can be used to dilute the enzyme activity and the diluted polymer-enzyme product admixed with a light bulk density detergent having a bulk density of about 0.3 to about 0.5 gram per ml.
• Detergent ingredients can also be used to dilute the activity of the polymer-enzyme product and include: trialkali metal phosphates such as trisodium phosphate; tri potassium phosphate; dialkali metal hydrogen phosphates such as disodium hydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate; alkali metal pyrophosphates, for example, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium hydrogen pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate; alkali metal tripolyphosphates; and alkali metal metaphosphates such as sodium hexametaphosphate.
• trialkali metal phosphates such as trisodium phosphate
• tri potassium phosphate dialkali metal hydrogen phosphates such as disodium hydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
• alkali metal pyrophosphates for example, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium hydrogen pyr
• aminopolycarboxylic acids and salts such as sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts of nitrilotriacetic acid, the sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts of aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid), as well as the free acids and the diphosphonic acids and salts, methylene diphosphonic acid and 1hydroxyl-1,1-ethylidenediphosphonic acid.
• the above materials are generally considered detergent builders, i.e., materials that enhance the detergency of the surfactant.
• One or two combinations of the above-mentioned builders can be used to dilute the enzyme activity to give bulk densities that about match that of the commonly used detergents, for example, 90% granular sodium tripolyphosphate and 10% enzymatically active polymer-enzyme product are admixed and 5% of this diluted polymer-enzyme product can be further admixed with a light bulk density detergent formulation having a bulk density of about 0.3 to about 0.5 grams/ml.
• the enzyme-polymer product can be diluted with one of the afore-mentioned inert ingredients, and then combined into the detergent corporation.
• a presoak product can be prepared by incorporating an enzyme-polymer and builder mixture.
• the builders are the alkali metal polyphosphates such as sodium tripolyphosphate or tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, or the like.
• some surfactant such as a nonionic including the alcohol ethoxylates, or an anionic including linear alkylbenzene sulfonates.
• a typical presoak enzyme product contains about 88% by weight of a detergent builder such as sodium tripolyphosphate or its equivalent, about 7- 11% by weight of C through C primary alcohol condensed with about 8 moles of ethylene oxide, and about 51% of an enzymatically active polymer-enzyme product.
• a detergent builder such as sodium tripolyphosphate or its equivalent
• Such compositions are also effective even through the ecective amount of polymer-enzyme product is reduced to below 1% by weight, e.g., 0.21%, representatively 0.5% by weight.
• Additional detergent ingredients that can be incorporated into the novel compositions of the invention include surfactants such as those produced by saponification of a fatty acid such as palmitic, oleic, and the like, and the synthetic organic surfactants including the anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric types and mixtures thereof.
• Anionic synthetic surface active agents are generally described as those which contain hydrophilic and lyophilic groups in their molecular structure and ionize in an aqueous medium to give anions containing both the lyophilic groups and hydrophilic groups.
• the alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; the alkane sulfates, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate; and the sulfated oxyethylated phenols, such as sodium tetradecyl phenoxy triethyleneoxy sulfate, are illustrative of the well-known class of anionic type of surface active compounds.
• Nonionic surface-active agents can be broadly described as compounds which do not ionize but which acquire hydrophilic characteristics from an oxygenated side chain such as a polyoxyethylene chain and lyophilic characteristics from fatty acids, phenols, alcohols, amides, or amines.
• the compounds are usually made by reacting an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, butylene oxide, propylene oxide, or the like with fatty acids, straight or branched chain alcohols, phenols, thiophenols, amides, and amines to form polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers and esters, polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenols and polyoxyalkylene thiophenols, polyoxyalkylene amides, and the like.
• Illustrative surface active agents include the product obtained from condensing ethylene oxide with the following: propylene glycol, ethylene diamine, diethylene glycol, dodecyl phenol, nonyl phenol, and the like.
• Ampohteric (or ampholytic) surface active agents can be broadly described as compounds which have both an anionic and cationic group in their structure.
• Illustrative of amphoteric surface active agents are the amido alkane sulfonates, such as sodium C-tridecyl, N-methyl, amido ethyl sulfonate, and the like.
• Additional detergent ingredients that can be combined with the enzyme-polymer product and which are highly advantageous are bacteriostats such as 3,4,4-trichlorocarbanilide and the like.
• a perborate bleach can also be admixed with the enzymatically active polymer-enzyme product. Either of the two above-mentioned ingredients can be admixed with the polymer-enzyme and then admixed with a detergent or they can be admixed with a detergent that includes perborate bleaches or bacteriostats and then combined with the polymer-enzyme.
• antiredeposition agents such as carboxymethylcellulose, optical brightening agents, corrosion inhibitors, hydrotropes such as benzene, toluene, or xylene sulfonates to improve detergent solubility, perfumes, inert fillers, blueing agents and the like.
• the soluble solid enzymatically active polymer-enzyme materials can readily be comminuted to pass through the standard US. 20 mesh screen, although larger particles can be produced if desired. Finely-divided solid polymerenzyme materials can be produced which are sufficiently fine to pass the standard US. 100 mesh screen. Generally, the greater part of the particles will be retained on a US. 400 mesh screen. Thus, the finely-divided solid enzymatically active polymer-enzyme materials used herein are generally within the range of from about 1 micron up to 100 microns and more commonly about microns to about 100 microns.
• the particle size of the polymer-enzyme product as used in the compositions of this invention ranges between about 10 (U.S. screen) and about +200 (U.S. screen) meaning that about 99% is retained on a No. 200 mesh screen.
• a preferred range is about 14 to +100 (U.S. screen), the particle size of commercially available detergent.
• dyes and pigments which are soluble or dispersible in water that is either watersoluble to the extent that at least 0.1 gram of material will dissolve in 100 grams of water at C. or to the extent that a dispersion or suspension of at least 0.5 gram of the coloring material can be made in 100 ml. of Water at 20 C.
• coloring materials include Rhodamine B, Maxilon Pink, Auramine, Crystal Violet, Safranine, Methylene Blue, Polar Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Sky Blue, Polar Yellow, Acridine Orange, and Aurora Pink.
• Colored polymer-enzyme can be admixed with detergent formulations to give a speckled appearance.
• Fluorescent colors can also be used to enhance the color of the dyes and pigments, such as Sodium Fluorescein. However, such coloring is not necessary, as the polymer-enzyme products used in the invention are generally colorless and odorless.
• a detergent formulation comprising polymer-enzyme product, an organic detergent active, and a builder can be prepared.
• an ordinary detergent that is, one that is commerically available, it is difiicult to remove soil or stain of a protein, hydrocarbon or fat nature such as blood, eggs, gravy, and the like.
• a detergent formulation containing one of the polymerenzyme products hereinbefore mentioned these soils can readily be removed.
• the amount of active polymerenzyme that must be incorporated into a detergent to remove the above-mentioned soil generally is in the range from about 0.05% to about 5% by weight and generally from about 0.1% to about 2%, usually not greater than about 1% by weight of the detergent composition.
• any of the organic actives as described hereinbefore can be used in the detergent formulations.
• a particularly good class of organic surfactants, the nonionics are condensation products of a hydrophobic compound having at least 1 active hydrogen atom and a lower alkylene oxide, for example, the condensation product of an aliphatic alcohol containing from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and from about 1 to about moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, or the condensation product of an alkyl phenol containing from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from about 1 to about 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
• nonionic detergents include condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic compound 24 formed by condensing propylene oxide with propylene glycol.
• a hydrophobic compound 24 formed by condensing propylene oxide with propylene glycol.
• Any of the aforementioned builders can be used in the detergent formulations.
• Particularly good builders are, for example, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, trisodium nitrilotriacetate, and l-hydroxyl-ethylidene diphosphonic acid.
• the detergent formulations which incorporate the novel polymer-enzyme material of the present invention may contain any of the usual ingredients, diluents and additives, for example, perfumes, antitarnishing agents, antiredeposition agents, bacteriostatic agents, dyes, fluorescent agents, suds builders, suds depressors, foam stabilizers such as fatty alkanolamides, and the like.
• the enzymatically active material can be directly admixed in the desired amount into the detergent formulation.
• Another method used in the production of a spray dried detergent is to divert a portion of the material that has already been spray dried and combine this-material with the desired amount of polymerenzyme and then reblend the mixture of polymer-enzyme and spray dried detergent with the main stream of the finished spray dried detergent particles.
• the following detergent composition is prepared by directly admixing the polymer-enzyme product with an existing detergent com osition.
• Example 8 Parts by weight Soluble Polymer-B. subtilis enzyme product (Prep- 1 sodium tripolyphosphate granules. 10% protease, 100,000 u/gm. neutral. 10 protease, 280,000 a/gm. alkaline.
• the active polymer-enzyme products employed in accord with the present invention can be employed as a component of ordinary bar or toilet soaps, in the usual amounts ranging from 0.05 to 5% by weight, and in combination with the now Well-established germicidal soaps containing hexochlorophene or the like, in the same concentrations. Ordinarily a weight concentration of less than 2% by weight, usually no greater than 1% by weight, is required, dependent of course, upon the exact use and duty for which the soap is ultimately intended.
• a suitable bar soap formulation is as follows:
• Example 9-Bar soap containing polymer-enzyme product Percent by Weight Sodium tallow fatty acid salts 50-80 Sodium coconut fatty acid salts 5-20 Ampholytic detergent, e.g., sodium coconut oil (Coco) fatty, acid acyl sarcosinate (Sarkosyl TM) or sodium tallowacyl methyltaurate Igepon TTM) 10-40 Polymer enzyme product (any of AT from Example 1) .05-5 preferably .l-2
• Suitable machine dishwashing detergent products have the following composition:
• Example 10-Machine dishwashing detergent composition containing polymer enzyme product Percent by weight Sodium carbonate -20 Sodium tripolyphosphate 40-85 Sodium silicate (SiO /Na O ratio of 2.8:1) 6-25 Water (of hydration) -15 Polymer enzyme product (any of A-T from Example 1) 0.1-5 preferably 0.5-2
• compositions are prepared, packaged, stored and used. They are again found to have all of the advantageous properties enumerated for the compositions of Example 1 in storage and upon use. Superior machine dishwashing is accomplished when employing these compositions.
• polymer-enzyme products of the invention may be employed as stable, long-acting, odorless, colorless, superior and advantageous replacements for the enzymes or enzyme components of existing detergent compositions, laundering compositions, and laundering products, of all types and kinds, as are already wellknown and established in the art, for example, those compositions disclosed in Guatamalan Patents P9596681, P9596676, and P9596677, incorporation of the active ingredients employed according to the present invention producing the remarkable advantageous results already fully documented in the foregoing.
• Detergent composition consisting essentially of an enzymatically-effective amount of an enzymatically-active polymer-enzyme product in which the enzyme is covalently bound, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene/maleic anyhdride copolymer, styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer,
• said polymer-enzyme product being water-soluble or convertible to water-soluble under conditions of use, and an organic surface active agent, said polymer-enzyme product being enzymatically active in the pH range effected by the detergent in use.
• composition of claim 1 in the form of an anionic, cationic, nonionic, or ampholytic detergent composition.
• composition of claim 1, wherein the enzyme moiety of the polymer-enzyme product comprises an enzyme selected from the group consisting of neutral protease, alkaline protease, acid protease, amylase and lipase.
• composition of claim 4 comprising a polymer-alkaline protease product.
• composition of claim 4 comprising a polymeramylase product.
• composition of claim 1 wherein a plurality of enzymatically-active polymer-enzyme products is present and comprises at least one polymer-enzyme product selected from the group consisting of polymer-neutral protease, polymer-alkaline protease, polymer-acid protease, polymer-amylase and polymer-lipase.
• composition of claim 1 wherein a polymer-plural enzyme product is present and comprises at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of neutral protease, alkaline protease, acid protease, amylase, and lipase.
• composition of claim 8 wherein the polymer-plural enzyme product comprises neutral protease and amylase.
• composition of claim 8 wherein the polymer-plural enzyme product comprises alkaline protease and another protease.
• composition of claim 10 wherein the ratio of the activity of the alkaline protease to the activity of the other protease in the polymer-plural enzyme product is not greater than about 0.25 to 1.2 to one.
• composition of claim 8, wherein the polymerplural enzyme product comprises neutral protease, amylase and alkaline protease.
• composition of claim 13 wherein a polymer-enzyme product and a polymer-plural enzyme product are present and the enzyme moiety of each of the polymer-enzyme product and polymer-plural enzyme product contains at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of neutral protease, alkaline protease, acid protease, amylase, and lipase.
• composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer of the polymer-enzyme product employed is an ethylenemaleic anhydride type polymer.
• composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of (A) ethylene/maleic a-nhydride copolymer, styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer, vinyl methyl ether/ maleic anhydride copolymer, vinylacetate/maleic anhydride copolymer, divinyl ether/maleic anhydride cyclocopolymer, polymaleic anhydride, polyacrylic anhydride, and cationic derivatives thereof,
• the enzyme moiety comprises at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of (b) neutral protease, alkaline protease, acid protease,
• amylase and lipase are amylase and lipase.
• composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer of the polymer-enzyme product employed is ethylene-maleic anhydride.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein all polymer-enzyme products employed contain as the enzyme moiety or moieties thereof enzymes entirely of microbiological origin.
• Composition of claim 1 comprising a detergent builder or bulking agent, and a polymer-enzyme product in which an alkaline protease is present as an enzyme moiety thereof.
• stains of an enzymatically-digestible nature which comprises the step of contacting therewith an effective amount of a water-soluble polymer-enzyme product in which the enzyme is covalently bound, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer,
• non-ionic, or ampholytic detergent composition and is enzymatically active at the pH range efiected by said detergent composition.
• Method of claim 20 wherein the polymer-enzyme product is employed in the form of an all-purpose or heavy duty detergent composition or in the form of a bar soap.
• polymer-enzyme product comprises as an enzyme moiety thereof a neutral or alkaline protease or amylase.
• polymer is selected from the group consisting of (a) ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer, vinyl methyl ether/ maleic anhydride copolymer, vinylacetate/maleic anhydride copolymer, divinyl ether/maleic anhydride cyclocopolymer, polymaleic anhydride, polyacrylic anhydride, and cationic derivatives thereof.
• Col, 16 line is s Page 32, line 32 M B M Col. 20,. line 6].

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• 1968
  • 1968-09-27 US US763356A patent/US3634258A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1969
  • 1969-09-22 CH CH1427469A patent/CH493630A/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1969-09-24 DE DE19691948177 patent/DE1948177A1/de active Pending
  • 1969-09-26 FR FR6933031A patent/FR2019082A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1969-09-26 NL NL6914621A patent/NL6914621A/xx unknown
  • 1969-09-26 BE BE739464D patent/BE739464A/xx unknown

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